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Exercise 2.WPS Arch 5563: Advanced Building Technology Exercise 2: Studio Precedent Weichao Guan Deuk-Geuk Hong A C E G I B D F H J Rem Koolhaas in 1987 Born Remment Lucas Koolhaas Ram Koolhaas was born on 17 November 1944 in Rotterdam, Netherlands. He was a journalist for the Haagse Post before starting studies, in 1968, in architecture at the Architectural 17 November 1944 (age 69) Association School of Architecture in London, followed, in 1972, by further studies with O. Mathias Ungers at Cornell University in Ithaca, New York, followed by studies at the Insti- Rotterdam, Netherlands tute for Architecture and Urban Studies in New York City. 1 He founded OMA with Elia and Zoe Zenghelis and Madelon Vriesendorp as a collaborative office practicing architecture and urbanism in 1975. OMA notified their name through a Nationality Dutch series of groundbreaking entries in major competitions and now OMA is a leading international partnership practicing architecture, urbanism, and cultural analysis. 2 Alma mater Architectural Association A B School of Architecture, Cor- OMA presented their innovative ideas through an residence: VILLA DALL’AVA in France, 1991 , and EDUCATORIUM in Netherlands, 1997 , showed a streamlined shape by concrete C nell University with a special interior space. They designed a monumental building: CCTV – HEADQUARTERS in China in 2002 and they started to work with engineer firm ARUP from this project. the project, NETHERLANDS EMBASSY in Germany, 2003 D, has the sequence of circulation and showed how the public (corridor, stair, unprogramed) spaces are related with private Awards Pritzker Prize (2000) spaces and context of the site. Through IIT MCCORMICK TRIBUNE CAMPUS CENTER, in the USA, 2003 E and SEATTLE CENTRAL LIBRARY, 2004 F, OMA presented strong and innovative Praemium Imperiale (2003) public spaces. DEE AND CHARLES WYLY THEATER, in the USA, 2009 G, was designed with limited budget, but they solved the problem by movable stages, seats and walls. Royal Gold Medal (2004)) Leone d’oro alla carriera OMA has collaborated with the engineer firm ARUP in several important projects such as CCTV – HEADQUARTERS (2002), CASA DA MUSICA (2005) H, TAIPEI PERFORMING ARTS CEN- (2010) TRE (2009) I and SHENZHEN STOCK EXCHANGE (2013) J. The ARUP also worked with OMA as a structural advisor/consultant in DE ROTTERDAM project. Practice OMA In Koolhaas’ critics position, he is controversial to both other architects and citizens. Some people appreciate their distinguished attitude towards the word ‘CONTEXT’, while others AMO criticize their arrogance such as CCTV – HEADQUARTERS. OMA was focusing on the massing and programming of the building, like how to arrange the space for various functions such as hotel, office, residential, public and parking? How to Projects Volume Magazine organize the vertical circulations in order to realize the concept of “vertical city”? COLLABORATORS In The Project “DE ROTTERDAM” HYPERBUILDING, THAILAND, BANGKOK, 1996 A self-contained city in the Phra Pradaeng peninsula Building code consultant: ABT Bouwkunde, Velp / Delft Structural engineer: Corsmit, Rotterdam Structural advisor in SD phase: Arup, London Service engineers: Techniplan, Rotterdam (offices, hotel) / Valstar Simonis, Rijswijk (apartments, plinth) Façades: Permasteelisa, Middelburg (offices, hotel, plinth) / TGM, Asten (apartments) Fire safety / building physics: DGMR, Arnhem Lighting consultant ground floor / atrium: Arup, Amsterdam Scenography / lighting consultants hotel: Ducks Scéno, Paris / Les Eclaireurs, Lyon Construction phase Executive architect: B+M, The Hague Elevators / escalators / building maintenance units: Kone, The Hague MEP: Roodenburg, Krimpen aan den IJssel Contractor: Züblin, Stuttgart / Antwerp / Vlaardingen Reception desks ground floor:Smeulders, Nuenen Rem Koolhaas published Delirious New York: A Retroactive Manifesto for Manhattan in 1978. The book documents the symbiotic relationship between its mutant metropolitan culture and the unique architecture to which it gave rise. Though this book, Rem Koolhass argues that it often appears that the architecture generated the culture. Delirious New York explores Manhattan’s urbanism by commenting diverse seemingly unrelated episodes. It establishes Manhattannism; Manhattan is the product of an unformulated movement. In OMA, The manifesto of Manhattan’s urbanism has developed in his various projects. In 1996, in a project,”Hyperbuilding” in Bangkok, for example, Rem Koolhaas’ concern was on less developed cities rather than almost ‘completed’ urban conditions of, such as Japan or the US. On the other hand, Bangkok has a more reliable condition with the virtues of the Hyperbuilding, as described in the following passage: “The site is Phra Pradaeng, a green reserve on the west bank of the Chao Phraya River on the other side of the city. The density of the Hyper- building contrasts with the virgin environment, which is close to the new business development and important urban infrastructures. To preserve the environment and the necessary proximity between home and work space, the Hyper- building is ‘a self-contained city’, but it is not disconnected from the surrounding urban dynamic. To achieve urban variety and complexity, the building is structured as a metaphor of the city: towers constitute streets, horizontal elements are parks, volumes are districts, and diagonals are boulevards.” 3 The Hyperbuilding’s feature ‘a self-contained city’ became a reality in 1997. OMA won in a competition in Rotterdam, which project is conceived as a vertical city. Three interconnected mixed-use towers accommodating offices,- apart ments, a hotel, conference facilities, shops, restaurants, and cafes. The project is called “De Rotterdam”. Rotterdam is a very interesting subject for OMA because the urban conditions are suitable to apply their urbanism. The city was destroyed in the beginning of the Second World War, so the city was almost completely gone and only a few buildings were left. After the war, the city had been rebuilt as one of the largest ports in the world. However, by the 80s and 90s the city was no longer facing a busy harbor, but empty warehouses; it became a kind of a ghost town. In this context, De Rotterdam became important for the city to project the next phase of its existence and to undo the ghost town. De Rotterdam is located on the Pier and it is on the other side of the river. The only way to get there is a single bridge, and De Rotterdam stimulates the liveliness on the Pier and reinforces the southern development of the city. This build- ing lures people across the bridge into the southern district of the city. The project is the largest multifunctional building in the Netherlands and it not only creates a bustling vertical city that is active 24 hours a day, but also will enable the site to develop into a genuine city center. This building accommodates functions that create synergetic uses of the different programs through the diverse occupants. For instance, residents can utilize the fitness and catering facilities, and office users can benefit from the conference and hospitality facilities in the hotel and catering establishments. The different programs are organized into different blocks, which provide the great flexibility to the individual users. The clustering of these blocks into a functioning combination creates a seemingly random composition that allows the building to mingle into its context. Taking the combined usage as the basis, OMA developed their very striking architectural and urban concept. The ground floor is largely devoted to public facilities and combined with entrance lobbies of the offices, apartments and hotel. These three access cores serve the different parts of the building and provide access for each different program. 1. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rem_Koolhaas 2. http://oma.eu/ 3. El Croquis: OMA Rem Koolhaas I, 2006 4. http://www.derotterdam.nl 5. http://www.archdaily.com 6. http://www.dailytonic.com Circulation As the largest architecture in Netherland, De Rotterdam is a mixed-use tower conceived as "vertical city", which accommodatesoffice, hotel, residential, conference facility, fitness, shop, restaurant and more than 1000 parkingspaces. Consequently the organization of circulation is obvious to be the most important issue for the design.At the first level, there are 3 separate entrances and lobbies for office, hotel and residential, a couple of small entrances for restaurant, retail, bicycle, service and cargo, and 4 lanes for overground and underground parking. Each wing has a core containingscissors stairwells, zoning elevators, plumbing, electricity and ventilation cavities, starting from the basements straight up to 150m high. Cores have size change at mid height where low-rise and high-rise meet. The 24 elevatorsare grouped to serve different zones efficiently and 3 pairs of escalators provide a faster access between the bottom 7 levels. The ground space with a footprint area of 3850㎡ is extremely tight to keep all circulations running properly at the same time.However, all difficulties have been solved and everything looks in a great harmony. I think the excellent capability of organizing circulationsvertically and horizontally is what Koolhaas has relied on to make his concept of "vertical city" so successful.Moreover, overground parking is not regarded as a common strategy for tower building. In this situation, Koolhaas seems to make a compromise to the riverside soil condition and excavating cost. Elevator Access Stair Access
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