Arch 5563: Advanced Building Technology Exercise 2: Studio Precedent Weichao Guan Deuk-Geuk Hong A C E G I

B D F H J

Rem Koolhaas in 1987

Born Remment Lucas Koolhaas Ram Koolhaas was born on 17 November 1944 in , . He was a journalist for the Haagse Post before starting studies, in 1968, in architecture at the Architectural 17 November 1944 (age 69) Association School of Architecture in London, followed, in 1972, by further studies with O. Mathias Ungers at Cornell University in Ithaca, New York, followed by studies at the Insti- Rotterdam, Netherlands tute for Architecture and Urban Studies in New York City. 1

He founded OMA with Elia and Zoe Zenghelis and as a collaborative office practicing architecture and urbanism in 1975. OMA notified their name through a Nationality Dutch series of groundbreaking entries in major competitions and now OMA is a leading international partnership practicing architecture, urbanism, and cultural analysis. 2 Alma mater Architectural Association A B School of Architecture, Cor- OMA presented their innovative ideas through an residence:VILLA DALL’AVA in France, 1991 , and EDUCATORIUM in Netherlands, 1997 , showed a streamlined shape by concrete C nell University with a special interior space. They designed a monumental building: CCTV – HEADQUARTERS in China in 2002 and they started to work with engineer firm ARUP from this project. the project, NETHERLANDS EMBASSY in Germany, 2003 D, has the sequence of circulation and showed how the public (corridor, stair, unprogramed) spaces are related with private Awards Pritzker Prize (2000) spaces and context of the site. Through IIT MCCORMICK TRIBUNE CAMPUS CENTER, in the USA, 2003 E and CENTRAL LIBRARY, 2004 F, OMA presented strong and innovative Praemium Imperiale (2003) public spaces. DEE AND CHARLES WYLY THEATER, in the USA, 2009 G, was designed with limited budget, but they solved the problem by movable stages, seats and walls. Royal Gold Medal (2004)) Leone d’oro alla carriera OMA has collaborated with the engineer firm ARUP in several important projects such as CCTV – HEADQUARTERS (2002), CASA DA MUSICA (2005) H, TAIPEI PERFORMING ARTS CEN- (2010) TRE (2009) I and (2013) J. The ARUP also worked with OMA as a structural advisor/consultant in project.

Practice OMA In Koolhaas’ critics position, he is controversial to both other architects and citizens. Some people appreciate their distinguished attitude towards the word ‘CONTEXT’, while others AMO criticize their arrogance such as CCTV – HEADQUARTERS. OMA was focusing on the massing and programming of the building, like how to arrange the space for various functions such as hotel, office, residential, public and parking? How to Projects organize the vertical circulations in order to realize the concept of “vertical city”? COLLABORATORS In The Project “DE ROTTERDAM” HYPERBUILDING, THAILAND, BANGKOK, 1996 A self-contained city in the Phra Pradaeng peninsula Building code consultant: ABT Bouwkunde, Velp / Delft Structural engineer: Corsmit, Rotterdam Structural advisor in SD phase: Arup, London Service engineers: Techniplan, Rotterdam (offices, hotel) / Valstar Simonis, Rijswijk (apartments, plinth) Façades: Permasteelisa, Middelburg (offices, hotel, plinth) / TGM, Asten (apartments) Fire safety / building physics: DGMR, Arnhem Lighting consultant ground floor / atrium: Arup, Amsterdam Scenography / lighting consultants hotel: Ducks Scéno, Paris / Les Eclaireurs, Lyon Construction phase Executive architect: B+M, The Hague Elevators / escalators / building maintenance units: Kone, The Hague MEP: Roodenburg, Krimpen aan den IJssel Contractor: Züblin, Stuttgart / Antwerp / Vlaardingen Reception desks ground floor:Smeulders, Nuenen

Rem Koolhaas published : A Retroactive Manifesto for Manhattan in 1978. The documents the symbiotic relationship between its mutant metropolitan culture and the unique architecture to which it gave rise. Though this book, Rem Koolhass argues that it often appears that the architecture generated the culture. Delirious New York explores Manhattan’s urbanism by commenting diverse seemingly unrelated episodes. It establishes Manhattannism; Manhattan is the product of an unformulated movement. In OMA, The manifesto of Manhattan’s urbanism has developed in his various projects. In 1996, in a project,”Hyperbuilding” in Bangkok, for example, Rem Koolhaas’ concern was on less developed cities rather than almost ‘completed’ urban conditions of, such as Japan or the US. On the other hand, Bangkok has a more reliable condition with the virtues of the Hyperbuilding, as described in the following passage: “The site is Phra Pradaeng, a green reserve on the west bank of the Chao Phraya River on the other side of the city. The density of the Hyper- building contrasts with the virgin environment, which is close to the new business development and important urban infrastructures. To preserve the environment and the necessary proximity between home and work space, the Hyper- building is ‘a self-contained city’, but it is not disconnected from the surrounding urban dynamic. To achieve urban variety and complexity, the building is structured as a metaphor of the city: towers constitute streets, horizontal elements are parks, volumes are districts, and diagonals are boulevards.” 3

The Hyperbuilding’s feature ‘a self-contained city’ became a reality in 1997. OMA won in a competition in Rotterdam, which project is conceived as a vertical city. Three interconnected mixed-use towers accommodating offices,- apart ments, a hotel, conference facilities, shops, restaurants, and cafes. The project is called “De Rotterdam”.

Rotterdam is a very interesting subject for OMA because the urban conditions are suitable to apply their urbanism. The city was destroyed in the beginning of the Second World War, so the city was almost completely gone and only a few buildings were left. After the war, the city had been rebuilt as one of the largest ports in the world. However, by the 80s and 90s the city was no longer facing a busy harbor, but empty warehouses; it became a kind of a ghost town. In this context, De Rotterdam became important for the city to project the next phase of its existence and to undo the ghost town. De Rotterdam is located on the Pier and it is on the other side of the river. The only way to get there is a single bridge, and De Rotterdam stimulates the liveliness on the Pier and reinforces the southern development of the city. This build- ing lures people across the bridge into the southern district of the city. The project is the largest multifunctional building in the Netherlands and it not only creates a bustling vertical city that is active 24 hours a day, but also will enable the site to develop into a genuine city center. This building accommodates functions that create synergetic uses of the different programs through the diverse occupants. For instance, residents can utilize the fitness and catering facilities, and office users can benefit from the conference and hospitality facilities in the hotel and catering establishments. The different programs are organized into different blocks, which provide the great flexibility to the individual users. The clustering of these blocks into a functioning combination creates a seemingly random composition that allows the building to mingle into its context. Taking the combined usage as the basis, OMA developed their very striking architectural and urban concept. The ground floor is largely devoted to public facilities and combined with entrance lobbies of the offices, apartments and hotel. These three access cores serve the different parts of the building and provide access for each different program.

1. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rem_Koolhaas 2. http://oma.eu/ 3. El Croquis: OMA Rem Koolhaas I, 2006 4. http://www.derotterdam.nl 5. http://www.archdaily.com 6. http://www.dailytonic.com Circulation

As the largest architecture in Netherland, De Rotterdam is a mixed-use tower conceived as "vertical city", which accommodatesoffice, hotel, residential, conference facility, fitness, shop, restaurant and more than 1000 parkingspaces. Consequently the organization of circulation is obvious to be the most important issue for the design.At the first level, there are 3 separate entrances and lobbies for office, hotel and residential, a couple of small entrances for restaurant, retail, bicycle, service and cargo, and 4 lanes for overground and underground parking. Each wing has a core containingscissors stairwells, zoning elevators, plumbing, electricity and ventilation cavities, starting from the basements straight up to 150m high. Cores have size change at mid height where low-rise and high-rise meet. The 24 elevatorsare grouped to serve different zones efficiently and 3 pairs of escalators provide a faster access between the bottom 7 levels. The ground space with a footprint area of 3850㎡ is extremely tight to keep all circulations running properly at the same time.However, all difficulties have been solved and everything looks in a great harmony. I think the excellent capability of organizing circulationsvertically and horizontally is what Koolhaas has relied on to make his concept of "vertical city" so successful.Moreover, overground parking is not regarded as a common strategy for tower building. In this situation, Koolhaas seems to make a compromise to the riverside soil condition and excavating cost.

Elevator Access Stair Access Ramp & Escalator Access Structure

Structure system is the most crucial aspect to tower buildings, especially to De Rotterdam that has three independent wings interconnectedmerely at mid height and base levels. The problem is to make the three wings work as a whole to resist all kinds of loads including the significantwind load due to its 100m width. Besides, constructingthree huge cantilevering masses at 90m height is really a brave but demanding decision.

Slab Cast on site FlatSlab Floor is used throughout the whole building. As a result, the floor slab becomes twice thicker as the normal one and needs more concrete.However it can provide a larger clearance without any restrain of girders or beams, which is also beneficial to lighting condition and plumbing arrangement. Based on our observation, we think the slabs are neither post-tension nor pre-tension. Since no cables, anchors or tunnels have been discovered at the edge of slabs.

Column Columns are classified into three sizes, 600mm*600mm, 800mm*800mm and 1000mm*1000mm.Grids of columns around cores are the thickest while columns at high-rise part are the thinnest. The rest ones are in Column & Truss medium size. Under this condition, it is effective to save material and avoid of being over rigid.

Shear Wall The dimension of the core in west residential wing is reduced since cavities for ventilation and plumbing are transferred into each room. So that most shear walls are distributedin this wing,they can contributeto both reinforcing the structure and dividing interior spaces rather than setting column in resident's living room.

Truss Groups of concrete trusses are used to support the huge cantilevered masses and prevent them from twisting. The red steel members are used to stiffen the columns that hold cantilevered mass above. Meanwhile they are framing an interesting view for eyes behind them.

Shear Walls

Force in Truss Members Envelope

In our common sense, the envelope of a tower building is pure, transparent, simple and regular. De Rotterdam's envelope does match all these features, but through the study we are surprised to see how it is deeply considered and delicately designed. From the photos of a distant view, it recognizable that De Rotterdam conveys a strong feeling of upward direction with a dense unconcealed mullion system. By inspecting a quantity of close-up photos, we categorize its Pattern 1 envelope into eight patterns, some of which look similar but are distinguished from each other in details.

Pattern 1 This is the most typical and widest used one on the elevation of De Rotterdam. It is assembled at all three wings from8th floor to the top. It is composed of two pieces of glass and three strips of mullions. In addition that at the mid height where the technical level locates, glass is replaced by shutter.

Pattern 2 Pattern 2 This pattern derives from the first one, which is designed for natural ventilation at high rise levels. It can be found at the east and mid wings that are hotel and office from8th floor to the top. What appeals to us is its innovative way of making opening, the mullion between the two pieces of glass is able to be pushed out to a small angle instead of glass being pushed out. We are not sure the efficiency of ventilation provided by the gap, but it is good for safety and a clean look from outside.

Pattern 3 This one is also a derivation from the first one, only applied at few places of the west residential Pattern 3 wing, from8th floor to the top providing natural ventilation. The glass can be pulled backward paralleled or angled for more efficient ventilating.

Pattern 4 Pattern 4 is different from all above, it is a balcony structure system with handrail, glass panels and spandrel columns. This pattern only exists at the very west end of the residential wing. The spandrel columns are set every glass panel wide, connecting every two adjacent floors by the plates at the edge of slabs. And the glass panels with handrail are bolted to these spandrels.

Pattern 4 Pattern 5 Appearing at 6th and 7th level, the envelope of thetwo levels forpublic activity is using this pattern. Because of higher clearance between floors, each of the units is supported at both ends and midpoint by a spandrel column behind, and there are four shorter pieces of glass in one unit.

Based on the lecture about curtain wall systems, we think the envelope pattern 1-5 of De Rotterdam are using the Unit System, which means the wall is composed entirely of large framed units preassembled at the factory.

Pattern 5 Pattern 6

Pattern 7

Envelope Detail Drawings

Curtain Wall -Unit System Pattern 8

Pattern 6 With a continuous corrugated surface, this decorative pattern made by concrete is installed at the perimeter of the three levels for parking from 3rd floor to 5th floor . Pattern 7 In our consideration, this pattern of envelope being adopted at the 1st and 2nd floor is Stick System, which means the mullion members are installed first, followed by the transoms, the panels, and then the glazing units. The dimension of the frame members is much smaller comparing withthe Unit System's, so that larger pieces of glass can be used to provide more visibility for the lobby and commercial behind.

Pattern 8 The last pattern is the most special one. Positioned at the roof of the entrance lobby of De Rotterdam, it is designed for a better lighting condition between the long span from north to south. The structural frames beneath work much like purlin and rafter system of roof. Plumbing and Lighting

A set of plumbing system of a tower should include water supply for living, water supply for firefighting and drainage. Water supply for living is composed of cold water, heated water and Water Supply For Living -Cold & Hot drinking water. Water supply for firefighting includes hydrant and automatic sprinkler system. Meanwhile drainage includes snow and rain, toilet wastewater containing solids,sink wastewater, kitchen wastewater withmuch oil, cooling wastewater which can be recycled. In consideration of the limited information we can acquire from magazines and Internet, we have to assume "De Rotterdam" to be a common case in terms of plumbing system.

Except those normal lighting equipment, De Rotterdam building has been creatively designed with a set of spotlights at the foot of each wings. When night comes, beams of light will go all the way up to generate an elegant atmosphere.