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S, M, L, XL: Sebuah Pandangan Peralihan Modern Urbanisme Menuju Postmodern Urbanisme

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S, M, L, XL: Sebuah Pandangan Peralihan Modern Urbanisme Menuju Postmodern Urbanisme Affrilyno S, M, L, XL: Sebuah Pandangan Peralihan Modern Urbanisme Menuju Postmodern Urbanisme Affrilyno Program studi Arsitektur, Fakultas Teknik, Universitas Tanjungpura, Indonesia [email protected] ABSTRAK Teori Bigness yang digulirkan Rem Koolhaas merupakan teori yang menurut Rem Koolhaas mampu menghasilkan logika sendiri. Sekalipun teori ini dianggap sebagai bentuk yang berbeda dalam wacana arsitektur, namun keberadaannya memiliki pertumbuhan tersendiri. Ihwal teori ini berakar pada tatanan program Manhattanism yang ditulis Rem Koolhaas pada bukunya, Delirious New York (1978). Pada buku selanjutnya, S, M, L, XL (1995), Rem Koolhaas secara lebih terperinci memberikan implementasi aktual dari Manhattanism melalui berbagai proyek yang terealisasi maupun tidak terealisasi beserta tulisan-tulisan yang melingkupinya. Melalui karya tekstualnya, Rem Koolhaas telah mengembangkan pendekatan yang spesifik terhadap urbanisme dan arsitektur. Terkait problematika dalam arsitektur dan urbanisme yang menggulirkan permasalahan terhadap penolakan kompleksitas, kurangnya kontrol, oposisi, kontradiksi, dan skala yang besar, Rem Koolhaas justru merangkul kondisi ini dan menyatakannya sebagai titik awal untuk proyek-proyek mereka. Dalam konteks urban secara spesifik, Rem Koolhaas menyatakan permasalahan urban tidak lagi dapat dikendalikan dengan cara 'klasik' Modernisme. Permasalahan yang ada selanjutnya berfungsi sebagai sarana struktural untuk mengakomodasi permasalahan yang tidak dapat dikontrol. Isu-isu ini selanjutnya berperan sebagai instrumen baru dalam tatanan urbanisme dan arsitektur. Kata kunci: Rem Koolhaas, S M L XL, Bigness, Urbanisme Kontemporer ABSTRACT Theory of Bigness as Koolhaas refers to it generates its own logic. Although the concept suffers from neglect in architectural discourse, it has prospered on its own. The program for Manhattanism has been established in 'Delirious New York' (1978). Furthermore, in the next book, S, M, L, XL (1995), Rem Koolhaas gives a record of the actual implementation of Manhattanism throughout the various (un)realized projects and texts. Through his books, Rem Koolhaas has developed a very specific approach towards urbanism and architecture. Related to the scope of the problems in architecture and urbanism like instead of denial of complexity, lack of control, opposition, contradiction, and bigness, Koolhaas embrace these conditions and declare them as the starting point for their projects. The urban context specifically, Koolhaas stated, no longer can be controlled in the 'classical' manner of Modernism. These issues serve as the structural means to accommodate what cannot be controlled. They are the new instruments of urbanism and architecture. Keywords: Rem Koolhaas, S M L XL, Bigness, Comtemporary Urbanism 1. Pendahuluan peningkatan kualitas dari lingkungan 1.1. Urban Desain: peralihan modern binaan. urbanisme menuju postmodern Urban desain pada awalnya mencuat urbanisme pada akhir tahun 1960 sebagai sebuah Pada tahun 1960-an, arsitektur, kritik terhadap lingkungan binaan yang perencanaan, arsitektur lansekap dan dihasilkan oleh para arsitek modern, profesi lainnya saling menyalahkan satu perencana kota, arsitek lansekap dan sama lainnya sebagai penyebab dari profesional lain yang terkait dalam menurun atau mundurnya kualitas urban. pembangunan lingkungan binaan. Motif Keberadaan urban desain dikembangkan yang menjadikan urban desain semakin lebih sebagai sebuah sarana untuk penting peranannya dapat dilihat dari tiga membangun “jembatan” antara perbedaan hal yang utama yaitu: kepentingan ekologi, profesi desain dan perencanaan dan kepentingan ekonomi dan kepentingan memfokuskan kepada pengembangan dan sosial dan budaya. Langkau Betang: Vol. 2, No.1 (ISSN 2355-2484) Hal. 54 “S, M, L, XL: Sebuah Pandangan Peralihan Modern Urbanisme” cerita, dongeng, serta catatan perjalanan 1.2. S, M, L, XL dan Urban Desain: dan meditasi dari kota kontemporer, namun peralihan modern urbanisme menuju juga berupa esai dan manifesto yang pada postmodern urbanisme dasarnya adalah kritik dan visi Rem Dari pengantar yang telah disampaikan Koolhaas dan O.M.A dalam memandang mengenai urban desain diatas serta sub arsitektur dan urbanisme. judulnya akan menimbulkan banyak S, M, L, XL juga memberikan sebuah pertanyaan yang mengacu kepada urban gambaran dari implementasi yang nyata desain dan hubungannya dengan kata dari O.M.A terhadap teori "Manhattanism" kunci S, M, L, XL. Seperti apakah S, M, L, melalui berbagai tulisan, konsep dan XL yang telah disebutkan serta kaitan S, M , proyek (walau kebanyakan belum L, XL ini dengan urban desain terkait terealisisakan). Dengan tampilan yang peralihan modern urbanisme menuju penuh nuansa grafis dan penuh dengan postmodern urbanisme?. warna, buku ini juga menggariskan S, M, X, XL adalah sebuah buku karya beberapa tulisan dan konsep yang O.M.A, Rem Koolhaas dan Bruce Mau, kemudian menjadi teori-teori dalam yang isinya merupakan kumpulan dari arsitektur dan urbanisme. "Bigness" dan perencanaan arsitektur, esai, manifesto "Generic City" misalnya, menjadi bahan diari, foto dan sketsa, kartun, cerita, rujukan teori dalam konteks arsitektur dan dongeng, catatan perjalanan dan meditasi urban di kalangan akademisi. dari kota kontemporer. Buku dengan Terkait dengan urban desain, buku S, M, ketebalan 1376 halaman ini dipublikasikan L, XL merupakan buku yang bercerita pertama kali di New York, Amerika Serikat mengenai gambaran proses keterkaitan pada tahun 1995 oleh The Monacelli Press. arsitektur dan urbanisme berikut hal-hal Buku ini merupakan kumpulan visi karya- yang melingkupinya dan akan lebih mudah karya terbaik dari O.M.A (Office for "membaca” buku S, M, L, XL ini dengan Metropolitan Architecture) dengan Rem sudut pandang yang cenderung ke arah Koolhaas sebagai pendirinya. urban desain sebagai jembatan dalam Rem Koolhaas dengan nama lengkap melihat arsitektur dan urbanisme sebagai Remment Lucas Koolhaas yang lahir pada sebuah lingkup yang berjalan bersama. tahun 1944 adalah seorang arsitek, ahli Judul dari buku ini, S, M, L, XL itu teori arsitektur, urbanis dan akademis sendiri secara tidak langsung telah "Professor in Practice of Architecture and mengisyaratkan lingkup dari isinya, yang Urban Design" di Graduate School of merupakan kumpulan dari setiap karya dan Design di Harvard University, Amerika esai terpilih dan selanjutnya disusun Serikat. Arsitek kelahiran Belanda ini berdasarkan skalanya dari suatu yang kecil mengeyam pendidikan di Netherlands Film (small), kemudian suatu yang sedang and Television Academy di Amsterdam, (medium) dan selanjutnya suatu yang Belanda, kemudian di London, Inggris pada besar (large) hingga suatu ekstra besar tahun 1968 di Architectural Association (extra large) atau secara jelasnya disusun School of Architecture dan melanjutkannya dengan pedoman skala yaitu: Small, pada tahun 1972 di Cornell University, Medium, Large, dan Extra Large. Ithaca, New York, Amerika Serikat. Bersama dengan arsitek Elia Zenghelis, Zoe Zenghelis dan Madelon Vriesendorp, Rem Koolhaas mendirikan firma arsitektur OMA (The Office for Metropolitan Architecture) pada tahun 1975 di London, Inggris. Bersama dengan O.M.A dan seorang desainer grafis, Bruce Mau, Rem Koolhaas berkolaborasi menuangkan karya serta pemikirannya ke dalam buku S, M, L, XL tersebut. Buku S, M , L, XL ini tidak hanya berisikan kumpulan karya O.M.A dan Rem Koolhaas yang berupa perencanaan arsitektur, diari, foto dan sketsa, kartun, Langkau Betang: Vol. 2, No.1 (ISSN 2355-2484) Hal. 55 Affrilyno kemungkinan dalam mengkreasikan sesuatu yang baru dan inovatif. Secara keseluruhan S, M, L, XL memperkenalkan sebuah persepsi baru dalam melihat arsitektur, urbanisme, kota dan urbanisasi itu sendiri. 2. S, M, L, XL Ada hal yang menarik untuk diperhatikan lebih jauh bahwa ternyata struktur penyusunan buku S, M, L, XL bukan merupakan susunan yang terpisah berdasarkan tingkatan skalanya dan tidak saling terhubung satu sama lainnya, namun lebih merupakan suatu kesatuan secara arsitektural. Small, Medium, Large Gambar 1: Sampul dan contoh isi buku dan Extra Large memang merujuk kepada S, M, L, XL. Sumber: S, M, L, XL, dokumentasi, konsep tingkatan secara skala, namun 2015 pembatasan dari tingkatan skala ini sendiri sebenarnya tidaklah terlalu tajam dan hal Secara global, materi yang ini memberikan sebuah pemisahan yang disampaikan dalam buku ini berdasarkan jelas dalam permasalahan arsitektural, skalanya dimana S (small) dan M (medium) urbanisme, ukuran dan kompleksitas serta lebih ditujukan pada permasalahan atau isu sekaligus memperlihatkan sebuah yang diangkat dari tingkatan domestik kesatuan atau "benang merah" adanya hingga publik. Selanjutnya L (large) lebih keterkaitan dan saling mempengaruhi difokuskan pada hal yang dicetuskan Rem antara bagian dalam Small, Medium, Large Koolhaas sebagai “the architecture of dan Extra Large secara arsitektural. Bigness” dan terakhir XL (extra large) S, M, L, XL dapat dikatakan telah merujuk kepada karya-karya dalam skala menjadi sebuah perspektif baru berikut aksi urban dengan esai penting Rem Koolhaas yang melingkupinya. Sebuah aksi absolut terkait dengan urbanisme yaitu “What Ever yang menjungkirbalikkan asumsi tentang Happened to Urbanism”. arsitektur, desain dan urbanisme. Rem Dalam S, M, L, XL, Koolhaas mencoba Koolhaas melihat arsitektur sebagai menggambarkan sebuah keindahan yang sebuah kegiatan yang fokus utamanya dilihat dari sudut pandang yang berbeda. sebagai sebuah “penambahan” kepada Rem Koolhaas mendeskripsikan keindahan dunia (as adding to the world),
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