A Construção Da Clínica Ampliada Na Atenção Básica

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A Construção Da Clínica Ampliada Na Atenção Básica View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Repositorio da Producao Cientifica e Intelectual da Unicamp GUSTAVO TENÓRIO CUNHA A CONSTRUÇÃO DA CLÍNICA AMPLIADA NA ATENÇÃO BÁSICA CAMPINAS 2004 i GUSTAVO TENÓRIO CUNHA A CONSTRUÇÃO DA CLÍNICA AMPLIADA NA ATENÇÃO BÁSICA Dissertação de Mestrado apresentada à Pós-Graduação da Faculdade de Ciências Médicas da Universidade Estadual de Campinas para obtenção do título de Mestre em Saúde Coletiva ORIENTADOR: PROF. DR. GASTÃO WAGNER DE SOUZA CAMPOS CAMPINAS 2004 iii FICHA CATALOGRÁFICA ELABORADA PELA BIBLIOTECA DA FACULDADE DE CIÊNCIAS MÉDICAS UNICAMP Cunha, Gustavo Tenório C914c A construção da clínica ampliada na Atenção Básica / Gustavo Tenório Cunha. Campinas, SP: [s.n.], 2004. Orientador: Gastão Wagner de Souza Campos Dissertação (Mestrado) Universidade Estadual de Campinas. Faculdade de Ciências Médicas. 1. *Programa saúde da família. 2. Saúde pública. 3. Saúde - planejamento. 4. Clínica médica. I. Gastão Wagner de Souza Campos. II. Universidade Estadual de Campinas. Faculdade de Ciências Médicas. III. Título. AGRADECIMENTOS E APRESENTAÇÃO Tudo o que foi pensado e escrito neste trabalho, tem uma história, muitos encontros e sentimentos. Muitas das escolhas dos caminhos teóricos se deram menos durante o mestrado, do que na vida estudantil e profissional. Um autor como Foucault, por exemplo, não chegou até mim sozinho numa folha de papel. Junto com ele estão momentos, estão professores que o apresentaram, estão pacientes que o tornaram necessário... enfim, cada escolha, cada saber, cada construção aparentemente “racional” está marcada por sentimentos e por vivências. Por isso acho pertinente tentar misturar apresentação com agradecimentos. Sem imaginar que seja possível fugir do inevitável gosto de “vai mandar um beijinho para quem?” misturado com “este trabalho não seria possível sem...” Entrei na FCM-UNICAMP em 1989 e fui salvo do curso de medicina pela maravilhosa campanha presidencial daquele ano. Sem o Partido dos Trabalhadores e o Movimento Estudantil (o DCE e a DENEM, principalmente), eu fatalmente teria ou desistido do curso, ou muito pior, me adaptado a sua lógica. Padilha, William, Chico, Valéria, Vítor, Lia, Rogério, Kika, e tanta gente mais... muitos até hoje com participação cotidiana na minha vida. Talvez eu nunca tenha aprendido tanto como nos primeiros anos da Universidade, assim como também nunca fui tão reprovado em tantas disciplinas. Hoje eu entendo porque vomitei, como diria Rubem Alves, os primeiros anos do curso médico. Era um currículo putrefeito. A todos os amigos e professores que compartilharam os momentos intensos da vida político-afetiva daqueles anos, o mais profundo agradecimento. Ao sair do ciclo básico foi a vez de vivenciar o espaço hospitalar. Foi, digamos, o nascimento da clínica...A sobrevivência no espaço hospitalar não teria sido possível sem o prof. Mário Saad que, com inteligência e bom humor, abriu a possibilidade de outros olhares dentro do hospital. Até hoje ainda me pego chamando algum paciente de “cumpadre”. Aos amigos que compartilharam comigo a aventura do hospital universitário devo o mais profundo agradecimento. Eu realmente não teria suportado a instituição hospitalar se tivesse sido obrigado a conviver com a submissão entusiasmada à ideologia hospitalar e à competição ensandecida, hegemônica entre os alunos de medicina. vii Recentemente, lendo um editorial do BMJ1 que comentava um ditado comum (também) entre os estudantes britânicos, de que o “hospital universitário seria ótimo sem os pacientes”, lembrei-me dos duros e instrutivos tempos de interno. Até onde me lembro, na maioria das vezes dentro da instituição, o paciente oscilava entre um objeto de aprendizado e um empecilho para maximização de procedimentos. O poeta de que mais me lembro nesses tempos é Álvaro de Campos, e a sobrevivência da diferença no moedor de carne não aconteceu sem esforço. Alguns tomaram antidepressivos por todos nós. Alguns facilitaram mais informações privilegiadas em momentos decisivos, do que outros. Alguns foram mais hipocondríacos que outros. Todos (en)cobrimos faltas de todos. Todos nos transformamos. A todos os meus amigos do internato, aos “Feios Sujos e Malvados”, o mais profundo agradecimento. Os meus pais tiveram uma paciência infinita com “os meus tempos” durante a graduação. Seguramente as rezas da minha mãe foram imprescindíveis. O espírito revolucionário da luta contra a ditadura arrefeceu muito, mas norteou a escolha dos livros que alimentaram a minha infância e adolescência, e marca meu olhar sobre o mundo. Uma parte muito considerável dos autores citados neste trabalho me foi apresentada durante a residência em saúde pública. A residência, ao contrário da graduação, foi uma experiência muito positiva. Especificamente agradeço ao talento, carinho e paciência do Émerson e do Mau (Maurício Chakkour), que foram tutores do meu grupo a maior parte do tempo, e que iluminaram as nossas experiências práticas com uma vasta bibliografia (detalhadamente estudada), que serviu de base para o enfrentamento dos desafios como clínico e como gestor. As leituras e debates do segundo ano de residência em boa parte sustentam este trabalho. A perspicácia para o “novo”, a percepção das “intenções” e “transferências” em situações concretas, também foram ofertas daqueles tempos. O grupo da residência (Luis, Rafa, o Paulo João, a Kath) e o pessoal do aprimoramento (Adriana, Gabriela, Cíntia e a Georgia) entre outros que fizeram parte de um momento de grande aprendizado. Além disso, na residência eu tomei contato com uma 1 Editor's choice: “The difficulties of putting patients first”. The point of medicine is to look after patients. Yet every medical student hears the tired joke that the perfect hospital is one without patients. If they were to disappear then so would the bad smells, blood, chaos, stress, and waiting lists. As a medical student doing a locum I had a sneaking worry that the teaching hospital was run for the benefit of the doctors not the patients. (BMJ, 2002;325, 30 November) viii característica da área de Planejamento e Gestão em Saúde: a construção de Sínteses Teóricas a partir do diálogo com diferentes campos do conhecimento, com vistas à ação prática. Essa é uma característica desafiadora, tão interessante à intervenção na realidade concreta, quanto perturbadora das lógicas departamentais fragmentadas da academia, e que marcou a minha vida profissional e está presente nesse trabalho. Ainda na residência médica comecei a trabalhar num projeto piloto de intervenção num assentamento rural em Mogi-Mirim. As primeiras vivências da clínica na atenção básica começaram ali. Muito especialmente graças ao Antônio Carlos – Secretário de Saúde na época – que topou nosso projeto de intervenção no assentamento, e ao Émerson Merhy que supervisionou o projeto na residência. Naqueles idos, a Marta me ensinou os primeiros rudimentos da homeopatia. O pessoal do assentamento do Vergel não leu, mas escreveu Paulo Freire. E me ensinou a gostar perigosamente da sonoridade de conjugações próprias, como “ponhar”, entre outras. Como médico generalista do PSF na Cidade de Cerquilho participei de uma proposta apaixonada e radical: 100% da rede municipal existente até então foi transformada em PSF de um mês para o outro. Isto em uma cidade acostumada ao Pronto Atendimento e exatamente um ano antes das acirradíssimas eleições municipais. Isso é que foi tomar a terra de assalto... Agradeço demais à Ana Regina que, pacientemente, me ensinou as “manhas” da clínica na atenção básica. À “minha” equipe de Agentes Comunitários (Ione, Silvana, Karina e Natália) que também me ensinou clínica demais. Ao Roberto Ruiz que idealizou junto com a Huda “o assalto”, e nos apoiou o quanto pode enquanto esteve lá. E a todos os colegas que seguraram juntos a imensa reação ao projeto e os conflitos de diversas ordens, que provocamos voluntária e involuntariamente naquela cidade. Boa parte das reflexões sobre a clínica na atenção básica aconteceu nessa experiência, como generalista e como coordenador da unidade em que atuavam três equipes de PSF. Eu talvez não tivesse conseguido me desvencilhar da imensa força com que os serviços de saúde nos prendem ao cotidiano, e vir fazer o mestrado, se não fosse a paciente atenção dos queridos Sérgio e June. Desde a bibliografia da prova de mestrado, até a imensa quantidade de textos “canadenses”, as ofertas teóricas e o apoio logístico foram sempre muito importantes. ix Com o pessoal da SMS-CAMPINAS, médicos e enfermeiros compartilhei cursos de clínica (saúde do adulto e saúde da mulher), num momento particularmente rico, que foi o da formação de generalistas do PSF-Paidéia. Uma parte significativa das reflexões feitas neste trabalho aconteceu nos debates que os desafios de transformação da clínica provocaram em todos nós. Agradeço muitíssimo à professora Olga, que aceitou corajosamente o desafio de coordenar junto comigo o primeiro curso de clínica do adulto para os profissionais do Paidéia, apostando no diálogo e no compromisso com a atenção básica, como método de trabalho. No mesmo tempo, o Gastão fez diversas reuniões com médicos e enfermeiros da rede, para discutir o papel do profissional generalista. Estas reuniões, embora extremamente tensas, foram riquíssimas e possibilitaram aprofundamento das reflexões sobre a clínica na atenção básica. Ainda na SMS-CAMPINAS com um grupo bastante grande foi possível participar da aventura de construir um Antiprotocolo, ou Roteiro de Enfrentamento de Agravos
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