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Preface 1 Celebrity Politics: a Theoretical and Historical Perspective

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Preface 1 Celebrity Politics: a Theoretical and Historical Perspective Notes Preface 1. D. M. West and J. M. Orman (2003) Celebrity Politics (Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall). 2. G. Turner (2006) ‘The Mass Production of Celebrity “Celetoids”, Reality TV and the “Demotic Turn”’, International Journal of Cultural Studies, 9(2), 153–65. 3. N. Ribke (2015) ‘Entertainment Politics: Brazilian Celebrities’ Transition to Politics: Recent History and Main Patterns’, Media Culture & Society, 31(3), 35–49. 4. See Chapter 5. 5. West and Orman, Celebrity Politics; D. M. West (2007) ‘Angelina, Mia, and Bono: Celebrities and International Development’, Development, 2, 1–9; N. Wood and K. C. Herbst (2007) ‘Political Star Power and Political Parties: Does Celebrity Endorsement Win First-time Votes?’, Journal of Political Marketing, 6(2–3), 141–58. 6. J. Stanyer (2013) Intimate Politics (Cambridge: Polity); J. Alexander (2010) ‘Barack Obama Meets Celebrity Metaphor’, Society, 47(5), 410–18; D. Kellner (2009) ‘Barack Obama and Celebrity Spectacle’, International Journal of Communication, 3, 715–41. 7. Printed press journalists are not considered for this study since their migration to politics and the relation of their profession with the field of politics precedes the celebrity culture phenomenon. On this issue, see M. Weber (1976) ‘Towards a Sociology of the Press’, Journal of Communication, 26(3), 96–101. 8. On this issue, see S. Livingstone (2003) ‘On the Challenges of Cross- National Comparative Media Research’, European Journal of Communication, 18(4), 477–500. 1 Celebrity Politics: a Theoretical and Historical Perspective 1. C. W. Mills (1999) The Power Elite (London: Oxford University Press), pp. 90–1. 2. Mills, The Power Elite, p. 74. 3. D. J. Boorstin (2012) ‘From Hero to Celebrity: the Human Pseudo-Event’ in The Image: a Guide to Pseudo-Events in America (New York: Random House), pp. 96–7. 4. F. Alberoni (1973) L’é lite senza potere: Ricerca sociologica sul divismo (Milano: Bompani). 5. R. Dyer (1986) Heavenly Bodies: Film Stars and Society (New York: St. Martin’s Press). 177 178 Notes 6. D. M. West and J. M. Orman (2003) Celebrity Politics (Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall); S. J. Ross (2011) Hollywood Left and Right: How Movie Stars Shaped American Politics (London: Oxford University Press); D. T. Critchlow (2013) When Hollywood Was Right: How Movie Stars, Studio Moguls, and Big Business Remade American Politics (New York: Cambridge University Press). 7. J. Street (2004) ‘Celebrity Politicians: Popular Culture and Political Representation’, The British Journal of Politics & International Relations, 6(4), 435–52; D. Marsh, P. ’t Hart, and K. Tindall (2010) ‘Celebrity Politics: the Politics of the Late Modernity?’, Political Studies Review, 8(3), 322–40. 8. L. Braudy (1997) The Frenzy of Renown: Fame and Its History (New York: Vintage Books, 1st Vintage Books Edition). 9. Braudy, The Frenzy of Renown, pp. 42–3. 10. C. Rojek (2001) Celebrity (London: Reaktion Books), pp. 51–98. 11. R. De Cordova (2001) Picture Personalities: the Emergence of the Star System in America (Champaign, IL: University of Illinois Press), p. 98. 12. On the history of radio in these countries, see B. McCann (1999) Thin Air and the Solid State: Radio, Culture, and Politics in Brazil’s Vargas Era (PhD dissertation, Yale University); L. C. Saroldi and S. V. Moreira (2005) Rádio Nacional, o Brasil em sintonia (3a. ed.) (Rio de Janeiro: J. Zahar Editor); M. Merkin and C. Ulanovsky (1995) Días de radio: historia de la radio argentina (Espasa Calpe). 13. Several historical and historical/fictional biographies on Eva Peron’s life have discussed the impact that her early career as a theatre and radio- novelas actress had on her public interventions as a political figure. See, for example, M. Navarro (1994) Evita (Argentina: Planeta), pp. 33–94; A. Dujovne Ortiz (1996) Eva Perón: la biografía (El País, Punto de Lectura); T. E. Martínez (1997) Santa Evita (Barcelona: Seix Barral); D. Fagundes Haussen (2001) Rádio e política: tempos de Vargas e Perón, Vol. 9 (Edipucrs). 14. G. Turner (2004) Understanding Celebrity (London: Sage). 15. J. Gamson (1994) Claims to Fame: Celebrity in Contemporary America (Berkeley: University of California Press). 16. D. Hesmondhalgh (2007) The Cultural Industries (Los Angeles and London: Sage), p. 21. 17. On Brazilian celetoids’ move to politics, see Chapter 9. On the move of Argentine’s ‘accidental celebrities’ – people who became famous because of tragic and unplanned events – into Argentine national politics, see Chapter 8. The passage of Israeli accidental celebrities to politics has not been studied yet, but there are several prominent cases, such as Noam Shalit, the father of kidnapped soldier Gilad Shalit, and Karnit Goldwasser, the widow of an IDF soldier whose body was abducted by Hezbollah, of accidental celebrities who have ventured (unsuccessfully) into politics. 18. P. D. Marshall (1997) Celebrity and Power: Fame in Contemporary Culture (Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press). 19. P. Bourdieu (1983) ‘The Field of Cultural Production, or: The Economic World Reversed’, Poetics, 12(4), 311–56. 20. Marshall, Celebrity and Power, pp. ix–x. Notes 179 21. R. Van Krieken (2012) Celebrity Society (London and New York: Routledge), p. 10. 22. T. J. Scheff (2005) ‘Looking-Glass Self: Goffman as Symbolic Interactionist’, Symbolic Interaction, 28(2), 147–66. 23. M. Wilmington (13 July 2003) ‘Arnold Inc. He’s a Bodybuilder, a Restaurateur and a Likely Candidate for California Governor. But an Actor? That’s Debatable’, Chicago Tribune, p. 5. 24. On these intellectuals as a status group see M. Lamont (1987) ‘How to Become a Dominant French Philosopher: the Case of Jacques Derrida’, American Journal of Sociology, 93(3), 584–622; J. Karabel (1996) ‘Towards a Theory of Intellectuals and Politics’, Theory and Society, 25(2), 205–33; P. Bourdieu (1984) Distinction: a Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste (Harvard University Press); Z. Bauman (2013) Legislators and Interpreters: On Modernity, Post-Modernity and Intellectuals (New York: John Wiley & Sons). On celebrities as a status group, see C. Kurzman (2007) ‘Celebrity Status’, Sociological Theory, 25(4), 348–68. 25. W. J. Ong (1982/2012) Orality and Literacy: the Technologizing of the Word (New York and London: Routledge), pp. 77–114. 26. ‘Uma confusao chamada Silvio Santos: O dono de SBT anuncia a sua can- didatura a presidencia e vira a sucessao de cabeca pra baixo’ (8 November 1989), Veja, p. 41. 27. B. Lynfield (11 August 1989) ‘Gaon Wants Mayor Job’, The Jerusalem Post, p. 2. 28. A. Rosmarin (1985) The Power of Genre (Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press), pp. 23–4. 29. R. Altman (1999) Film/Genre (London: BFI Publishing); J. Feuer (1992) ‘Genre Study and Television’, in R. C. Allen (ed.) Channels of Discourse, Reassembled: Television and Contemporary Criticism (London: Routledge), pp. 138–59; S. Neale (2001) ‘Studying Genre’, in G. Creeber (ed.) The Television Genre Book (London: London Film Institute), pp. 1–3; J. Mittell (2001) ‘A Cultural Approach to Television Genre Theory’, Cinema Journal, 40(3), 3–24. 30. Feuer, ‘Genre Study and Television’; G. Turner (2001) ‘Genre, Format and Live Television’, in G. Creeber (ed.) The Television Genre Book (London: British Film Institute), pp. 6–7. 31. De Cordova, Picture Personalities, p. 98. 32. Altman, Film/Genre, p. 89. 33. S. Neale (2000) Genre and Hollywood (London: Routledge), p. 31. 34. Marshall, Celebrity and Power, p. 231. 35. J. Bennett and S. Holmes (2010) ‘The “Place” of Television in Celebrity Studies’, Celebrity Studies, 1(1), 65–80. 36. J. Street (2002) ‘Bob, Bono and Tony B: the Popular Artist as Politician’, Media Culture & Society, 24, 433–41. 37. J. Langer (1981) ‘Television’s Personality System’, Media, Culture & Society, 3(4), 351–65; J. Bennett (2008) ‘The Television Personality System: Televisual Stardom Revisited after Film Theory’, Screen, 49(1), 32–50. 38. ‘George Clooney: the Playboy Interview’ (50 Years of the Playboy Interview) (4 October 2012), Playboy, 160–3. 180 Notes 39. S. Waisbord (2004) ‘McTV: Understanding the Global Popularity of Television Formats’, Television & New Media, 5(4), 359–83; J. Sinclair, E. Jacka, and S. Cunningham (1996) New Patterns in Global Television: Peripheral Vision (London: Oxford University Press). 40. G. Mazzoleni and W. Schulz (1999) ‘Mediatization of Politics: a Challenge for Democracy?’, Political Communication, 16(3), 247–61; W. Schulz (2004) ‘Reconstructing Mediatization as an Analytical Concept’, European Journal of Communication, 19(1), 87–101; J. Strömbäck (2008) ‘Four Phases of Mediatization: an Analysis of the Mediatization of Politics’, The International Journal of Press/Politics, 13(3), 228–47. 41. D. L. Swanson and P. Mancini (1996) Politics, Media, and Modern Democracy: an International Study of Innovations in Electoral Campaigning and their Consequences (Westport, CT: Praeger); S. Walgrave and P. V. Aelst (2006) ‘The Contingency of the Mass Media’s Political Agenda-Setting Power: Toward a Preliminary Theory’, Journal of Communication, 56, 88–109. 42. J. Blumler and D. Kavanagh (1999) ‘The Third Age of Political Communication: Influences and Features’, Political Communication, 16, 209–30; J. Strömbäck and D. V. Dimitrova (2011) ‘Mediatization and Media Interventionism: a Comparative Analysis of Sweden and the United States’, The International Journal of Press/Politics, 16(1), 30–49. 43. D. Campus (2010) ‘Mediatization and Personalization of Politics in Italy and France: the Cases of Berlusconi and Sarkozy’, International Journal of Press/Politics, 15(2), 219–35. 44. N. Postman (2006) Amusing Ourselves to Death: Public Discourse in the Age of Show Business (Penguin Books); K. Newton (2006) ‘May the Weak Force Be With You: the Power of the Mass Media in Modern Politics’, European Journal of Political Research, 45(2), 209–34; D. K. Thussu (2008) News as Entertainment: the Rise of Global Infotainment (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage). 45. Street, ‘Celebrity Politicians’. 46. L. Van Zoonen (2005) Entertaining the Citizen: When Politics and Popular Culture Converge (Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers), p.
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