Notes

Preface

1. D. M. West and J. M. Orman (2003) Celebrity Politics (Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall). 2. G. Turner (2006) ‘The Mass Production of Celebrity “Celetoids”, Reality TV and the “Demotic Turn”’, International Journal of Cultural Studies, 9(2), 153–65. 3. N. Ribke (2015) ‘Entertainment Politics: Brazilian Celebrities’ Transition to Politics: Recent History and Main Patterns’, Media Culture & Society, 31(3), 35–49. 4. See Chapter 5. 5. West and Orman, Celebrity Politics; D. M. West (2007) ‘Angelina, Mia, and Bono: Celebrities and International Development’, Development, 2, 1–9; N. Wood and K. C. Herbst (2007) ‘Political Star Power and Political Parties: Does Celebrity Endorsement Win First-time Votes?’, Journal of Political Marketing, 6(2–3), 141–58. 6. J. Stanyer (2013) Intimate Politics (Cambridge: Polity); J. Alexander (2010) ‘Barack Obama Meets Celebrity Metaphor’, Society, 47(5), 410–18; D. Kellner (2009) ‘Barack Obama and Celebrity Spectacle’, International Journal of Communication, 3, 715–41. 7. Printed press journalists are not considered for this study since their migration to politics and the relation of their profession with the field of politics precedes the celebrity culture phenomenon. On this issue, see M. Weber (1976) ‘Towards a Sociology of the Press’, Journal of Communication, 26(3), 96–101. 8. On this issue, see S. Livingstone (2003) ‘On the Challenges of Cross- National Comparative Media Research’, European Journal of Communication, 18(4), 477–500.

1 Celebrity Politics: a Theoretical and Historical Perspective

1. C. W. Mills (1999) The Power Elite (London: Oxford University Press), pp. 90–1. 2. Mills, The Power Elite, p. 74. 3. D. J. Boorstin (2012) ‘From Hero to Celebrity: the Human Pseudo-Event’ in The Image: a Guide to Pseudo-Events in America (New York: Random House), pp. 96–7. 4. F. Alberoni (1973) L’é lite senza potere: Ricerca sociologica sul divismo (Milano: Bompani). 5. R. Dyer (1986) Heavenly Bodies: Film Stars and Society (New York: St. Martin’s Press).

177 178 Notes

6. D. M. West and J. M. Orman (2003) Celebrity Politics (Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall); S. J. Ross (2011) Hollywood Left and Right: How Movie Stars Shaped American Politics (London: Oxford University Press); D. T. Critchlow (2013) When Hollywood Was Right: How Movie Stars, Studio Moguls, and Big Business Remade American Politics (New York: Cambridge University Press). 7. J. Street (2004) ‘Celebrity Politicians: Popular Culture and Political Representation’, The British Journal of Politics & International Relations, 6(4), 435–52; D. Marsh, P. ’t Hart, and K. Tindall (2010) ‘Celebrity Politics: the Politics of the Late Modernity?’, Political Studies Review, 8(3), 322–40. 8. L. Braudy (1997) The Frenzy of Renown: Fame and Its History (New York: Vintage Books, 1st Vintage Books Edition). 9. Braudy, The Frenzy of Renown, pp. 42–3. 10. C. Rojek (2001) Celebrity (London: Reaktion Books), pp. 51–98. 11. R. De Cordova (2001) Picture Personalities: the Emergence of the Star System in America (Champaign, IL: University of Illinois Press), p. 98. 12. On the history of radio in these countries, see B. McCann (1999) Thin Air and the Solid State: Radio, Culture, and Politics in Brazil’s Vargas Era (PhD dissertation, Yale University); L. C. Saroldi and S. V. Moreira (2005) Rádio Nacional, o Brasil em sintonia (3a. ed.) (Rio de Janeiro: J. Zahar Editor); M. Merkin and C. Ulanovsky (1995) Días de radio: historia de la radio argentina (Espasa Calpe). 13. Several historical and historical/fictional biographies on Eva Peron’s life have discussed the impact that her early career as a theatre and radio- novelas actress had on her public interventions as a political figure. See, for example, M. Navarro (1994) Evita (Argentina: Planeta), pp. 33–94; A. Dujovne Ortiz (1996) Eva Perón: la biografía (El País, Punto de Lectura); T. E. Martínez (1997) Santa Evita (Barcelona: Seix Barral); D. Fagundes Haussen (2001) Rádio e política: tempos de Vargas e Perón, Vol. 9 (Edipucrs). 14. G. Turner (2004) Understanding Celebrity (London: Sage). 15. J. Gamson (1994) Claims to Fame: Celebrity in Contemporary America (Berkeley: University of California Press). 16. D. Hesmondhalgh (2007) The Cultural Industries (Los Angeles and London: Sage), p. 21. 17. On Brazilian celetoids’ move to politics, see Chapter 9. On the move of Argentine’s ‘accidental celebrities’ – people who became famous because of tragic and unplanned events – into Argentine national politics, see Chapter 8. The passage of Israeli accidental celebrities to politics has not been studied yet, but there are several prominent cases, such as Noam Shalit, the father of kidnapped soldier Gilad Shalit, and Karnit Goldwasser, the widow of an IDF soldier whose body was abducted by Hezbollah, of accidental celebrities who have ventured (unsuccessfully) into politics. 18. P. D. Marshall (1997) Celebrity and Power: Fame in Contemporary Culture (Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press). 19. P. Bourdieu (1983) ‘The Field of Cultural Production, or: The Economic World Reversed’, Poetics, 12(4), 311–56. 20. Marshall, Celebrity and Power, pp. ix–x. Notes 179

21. R. Van Krieken (2012) Celebrity Society (London and New York: Routledge), p. 10. 22. T. J. Scheff (2005) ‘Looking-Glass Self: Goffman as Symbolic Interactionist’, Symbolic Interaction, 28(2), 147–66. 23. M. Wilmington (13 July 2003) ‘Arnold Inc. He’s a Bodybuilder, a Restaurateur and a Likely Candidate for California Governor. But an Actor? That’s Debatable’, Chicago Tribune, p. 5. 24. On these intellectuals as a status group see M. Lamont (1987) ‘How to Become a Dominant French Philosopher: the Case of Jacques Derrida’, American Journal of Sociology, 93(3), 584–622; J. Karabel (1996) ‘Towards a Theory of Intellectuals and Politics’, Theory and Society, 25(2), 205–33; P. Bourdieu (1984) Distinction: a Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste (Harvard University Press); Z. Bauman (2013) Legislators and Interpreters: On Modernity, Post-Modernity and Intellectuals (New York: John Wiley & Sons). On celebrities as a status group, see C. Kurzman (2007) ‘Celebrity Status’, Sociological Theory, 25(4), 348–68. 25. W. J. Ong (1982/2012) Orality and Literacy: the Technologizing of the Word (New York and London: Routledge), pp. 77–114. 26. ‘Uma confusao chamada Silvio Santos: O dono de SBT anuncia a sua can- didatura a presidencia e vira a sucessao de cabeca pra baixo’ (8 November 1989), Veja, p. 41. 27. B. Lynfield (11 August 1989) ‘Gaon Wants Mayor Job’, The Jerusalem Post, p. 2. 28. A. Rosmarin (1985) The Power of Genre (Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press), pp. 23–4. 29. R. Altman (1999) Film/Genre (London: BFI Publishing); J. Feuer (1992) ‘Genre Study and Television’, in R. C. Allen (ed.) Channels of Discourse, Reassembled: Television and Contemporary Criticism (London: Routledge), pp. 138–59; S. Neale (2001) ‘Studying Genre’, in G. Creeber (ed.) The Television Genre Book (London: London Film Institute), pp. 1–3; J. Mittell (2001) ‘A Cultural Approach to Television Genre Theory’, Cinema Journal, 40(3), 3–24. 30. Feuer, ‘Genre Study and Television’; G. Turner (2001) ‘Genre, Format and Live Television’, in G. Creeber (ed.) The Television Genre Book (London: British Film Institute), pp. 6–7. 31. De Cordova, Picture Personalities, p. 98. 32. Altman, Film/Genre, p. 89. 33. S. Neale (2000) Genre and Hollywood (London: Routledge), p. 31. 34. Marshall, Celebrity and Power, p. 231. 35. J. Bennett and S. Holmes (2010) ‘The “Place” of Television in Celebrity Studies’, Celebrity Studies, 1(1), 65–80. 36. J. Street (2002) ‘Bob, Bono and Tony B: the Popular Artist as Politician’, Media Culture & Society, 24, 433–41. 37. J. Langer (1981) ‘Television’s Personality System’, Media, Culture & Society, 3(4), 351–65; J. Bennett (2008) ‘The Television Personality System: Televisual Stardom Revisited after Film Theory’, Screen, 49(1), 32–50. 38. ‘George Clooney: the Playboy Interview’ (50 Years of the Playboy Interview) (4 October 2012), Playboy, 160–3. 180 Notes

39. S. Waisbord (2004) ‘McTV: Understanding the Global Popularity of Television Formats’, Television & New Media, 5(4), 359–83; J. Sinclair, E. Jacka, and S. Cunningham (1996) New Patterns in Global Television: Peripheral Vision (London: Oxford University Press). 40. G. Mazzoleni and W. Schulz (1999) ‘Mediatization of Politics: a Challenge for Democracy?’, Political Communication, 16(3), 247–61; W. Schulz (2004) ‘Reconstructing Mediatization as an Analytical Concept’, European Journal of Communication, 19(1), 87–101; J. Strömbäck (2008) ‘Four Phases of Mediatization: an Analysis of the Mediatization of Politics’, The International Journal of Press/Politics, 13(3), 228–47. 41. D. L. Swanson and P. Mancini (1996) Politics, Media, and Modern Democracy: an International Study of Innovations in Electoral Campaigning and their Consequences (Westport, CT: Praeger); S. Walgrave and P. V. Aelst (2006) ‘The Contingency of the Mass Media’s Political Agenda-Setting Power: Toward a Preliminary Theory’, Journal of Communication, 56, 88–109. 42. J. Blumler and D. Kavanagh (1999) ‘The Third Age of Political Communication: Influences and Features’, Political Communication, 16, 209–30; J. Strömbäck and D. V. Dimitrova (2011) ‘Mediatization and Media Interventionism: a Comparative Analysis of Sweden and the United States’, The International Journal of Press/Politics, 16(1), 30–49. 43. D. Campus (2010) ‘Mediatization and Personalization of Politics in Italy and France: the Cases of Berlusconi and Sarkozy’, International Journal of Press/Politics, 15(2), 219–35. 44. N. Postman (2006) Amusing Ourselves to Death: Public Discourse in the Age of Show Business (Penguin Books); K. Newton (2006) ‘May the Weak Force Be With You: the Power of the Mass Media in Modern Politics’, European Journal of Political Research, 45(2), 209–34; D. K. Thussu (2008) News as Entertainment: the Rise of Global Infotainment (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage). 45. Street, ‘Celebrity Politicians’. 46. L. Van Zoonen (2005) Entertaining the Citizen: When Politics and Popular Culture Converge (Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers), p. 15.

2 Female Models in Israeli Politics: from the Runway to TV, and from the Small Screen to the Knesset

1. This chapter was originally published as an academic article. See N. Ribke (2014) ‘Modeling Politics? Female Fashion Models’ Transition into Israeli Politics’, European Journal of Cultural Studies, 17(2), 170–86. 2. Yair Lapid’s career is analysed in detail in Chapter 3. 3. See P. Murphy (1992) ‘The Intractability of Reputation: Media Coverage as a Complex System in the Case of Martha Stewart’, Journal of Public Relations Research, 22(2), 209–37. 4. E. Berkovitch (31 July 1998) ‘I Have an Incredible Influence on People, Don’t I?’ Yediot Aharonot, 34–42, 94; S. Macover (19 July 2002) ‘Everything for the Knesset’, Yediot Aharonot, 26–32; N. Zommer (15 February 2005) ‘I’ll Have an Incredible Clone’, Yediot Aharonot, 14; Z. Brot and Y. Yarkoni Notes 181

(8 December 2005), ‘A Cosmetic Change: Pnina Rosenblum to the Knesset’, Yediot Aharonot, 3. 5. Z. Brot and Y. Yechezkeli (14 December 2005) ‘A Beautiful Swearing-in’, Yediot Aharonot, 5. 6. J. Entwistle (2002) ‘The Aesthetic Economy: the Production of Value in the Field of Fashion Modeling’, Journal of Consumer Culture 2(3), 317–39. 7. C. Brundson (2003) ‘Lifestyling Britain: the 8–9 Slot on British Television’, International Journal of Cultural Studies, 6(1), 5–23; T. O’Sullivan (2005) ‘From Television Lifestyle to Lifestyle Television’, Chapter 2 in D. Bell and J. Hollows (eds) Historicizing Lifestyle: Mediating Taste, Consumption and Identity from the 1900s to 1970s (Aldershot: Ashgate), pp. 21–34; A. Smith (2010) ‘Lifestyle Television Programmes and the Construction of the Expert Host’, European Journal of Cultural Studies, 13(2), 191–205. 8. S. Macover (29 April 2008) ‘I, Anastasia’, Maariv, 28–32, 76; N. Palter (23 December 2008) ‘A Beautiful List’, Yediot Aharonot, 8. 9. N. Couldry (2003) ‘Media Meta-Capital: Extending the Range of Bourdieu’s Field Theory’, Theory and Society, 32(6), 653–77. 10. Brot and Yechezkeli, ‘A Beautiful Swearing-in’; Palter, ‘A Beautiful List’. 11. M. Delli Carpini and B. L. Williams (2001) ‘Let Us Infotain You: Politics in the New Media Age’, Chapter 8 in W. L. Bennett and R. M. Entman (eds) Mediated Politics: Communication in the Future of Democracy (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press), pp. 160–81; D. K. Thussu (2007) News as Entertainment: the Rise of Global Infotainment (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage), pp. 8, 9. 12. Y. Bar-On (20 February 2009) ‘I Don’t Want to Be an Ornament’, Makor Rishon, 8–9. 13. A. Lev-Adler (8 April 2009) ‘Gala Knesset Members’, Yediot Aharonot, 39–42; Z. Brot (5 October 2010) ‘The Voice of the People and the Celeb’, Yediot Aharonot, 32; Z. Brot (5 October 2010) ‘Take Me, Anastasia’, Yediot Aharonot, 13. 14. Z. Brot (23 July 2009) ‘Bitch, Go Back to Modeling’, Yediot Aharonot, 2; Z. Brot (11 January 2012) ‘Knesset Members Behave Like Clowns’, Yediot Aharonot, 2–3. 15. Lev-Adler, ‘Gala Knesset Members’. 16. E. Bardenstein (21 December 2008) ‘Anastasia Michaeli has Joined Israel Beytenu’, Maariv, 5; M. Brizon (26 December 2008) ‘Wondering Knesset Members’, Yediot Aharonot, 2. 17. R. Dyer (1986) Heavenly Bodies: Film Stars and Society (New York: St. Martin’s Press); S. Holmes (2005) ‘“Starring … Dyer?”: Re-Visiting Star Studies and Contemporary Celebrity Culture’, Westminster Papers in Communication and Culture, 2(2), 6–21. 18. M. Hofnung (2006) ‘Financing Internal Party Races in Non-Majoritarian Political Systems: Lessons from the Israeli Experience’, Election Law Journal, 5(4), 372–83; R. Hazan and G. Rahat (2010) Democracy within Parties: Candidate Selection Methods and Their Political Consequences (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, Comparative Politics Series). 19. S. Macover (31 December 2004) ‘The Best’, Maariv, 58–62. 182 Notes

20. D. Shumsky (2004) ‘Post-Zionist Orientalism? Orientalist Discourse and Islamophobia among the Russian-Speaking Intelligentsia in Israel’, Social Identities, 10(1), 83–99. 21. Brizon, ‘Wondering Knesset Members’. 22. E. Aharonovitch (1 July 2010) ‘Not a Model’, Haaretz, retrieved from: . 23. Palter, ‘A Beautiful List’. E. Bardenstein (26 December 2008) ‘Pokazat’, Maariv, 16. 24. S. Blau (19 December 2008) ‘Little Sister’, Haaretz, retrieved from: ; I. Shahar (22 December 2008) ‘Pregnant TV Star May Be Just the Ticket for Israel Beytenu’, Haaretz, retrieved from: . 25. J. Entwistle (2002) ‘The Aesthetic Economy: the Production of Value in the Field of Fashion Modeling’, Journal of Consumer Culture, (2)3, 317–39. 26. U. Ben-Eliezer (1997) ‘Rethinking the Civil-Military Relations Paradigm: Relation between Militarism and Praetorianism through the Inverse Example of Israel’, Comparative Political Studies, 30(30), 356–74. 27. D. Caspi and Y. Limor (1999) The In/Outsiders: the Media in Israel (Cresskill, NJ: The Hampton Press Communication Series); O. Meyers (2007) ‘Memory in Journalism and the Memory of Journalism: Israeli Journalists and the Constructed Legacy of Haolam Hazeh’, Journal of Communication, 57, 719–38. 28. Dyer, Heavenly Bodies, p. 30. 29. M. Al-Haj (2004) Immigration and Ethnic Formation in a Deeply Divided Society: the Case of the 1990s Immigrants from the Former Soviet Union (The Netherlands: Brill), p. 84. 30. A. Cohen and B. Susser (2009) ‘Jews and Others: Non-Jewish Jews in Israel’, Israel Affairs, 15(1), 52–65. 31. A. Prashizky and L. Remennick (2012) ‘“Strangers in the New Homeland?” Gendered Citizenship among Non-Jewish Immigrant Women in Israel’, Women’s Studies International Forum, 35(3), 173–83. 32. E. Bardenstein (22 March 2006) ‘Not Just a Blonde’, Maariv, 4–5. 33. L. Galili (3 March 2006) ‘Compared to Them, Even Avigdor Lieberman Looks Like a Liberal Politician’, Haaretz, retrieved from: . 34. (7 March 2007) ‘Herut, the Demographic Danger’, Walla, retrieved from: . 35. S. Iyengar, N. A. Valentino, S. Ansolabehere, and A. F. Simon (1997) ‘Running as a Woman: Gender Stereotyping in Political Campaigns’, in P. Norris (ed.) Women, Media, and Politics (New York: Oxford University Press); M. Caul (1999) ‘Women’s Representation in Parliament: the Role of Political Parties’, Party Politics, 5(1), 79–98. 36. N. Berkovitch (1997) ‘Motherhood as a National Mission: the Construction of Womanhood in the Legal Discourse in Israel’, Women’s Studies International Forum, 20(5), 605–19. 37. D. Spector (18 May 2010) ‘My Michaeli’, Maariv, 11. Notes 183

38. Berkovitch, ‘Motherhood as a National Mission’. 39. N. Yuval-Davis (1997) Gender & Nation (London: Sage Publications).

3 Like Father Like Son: Converting Media Capital into Political Power (or, How an Israeli Television Presenter Became Finance Minister)

1. P. D. Marshall (1997) Celebrity and Power: Fame in Contemporary Culture (Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press), p. 4. 2. C. Rojek (2001) Celebrity (London: Reaktion Books). 3. J. Gamson (1994) Claims to Fame: Celebrity in Contemporary America (Berkeley: University of California Press), pp. 40–77. 4. Yair Lapid’s ‘autobiography’ of his father contains rich information about his family’s social and cultural background and the role they played in the Israeli printed press. See Y. Lapid (2010) Memories After My Death: the Story of Yosef (Tomi) Lapid (Jerusalem: Keter) [Hebrew]. 5. R. Reynolds (1992) Super Heroes: a Modern Mythology ( Jackson, Miss. University Press of Mississippi), p. 63. 6. R. Leshem (15 December 2000) ‘Lapid’s Guide to Life’, Yediot Aharonot, 34–40 [Hebrew]. 7. S. Leibovich (14 October 2005) ‘Garage Sale at Maxwell’s House’, Maariv, retrieved from: . 8. Lapid, Memories, pp. 224–30; R. Mann (7 February 2010) ‘The Father, the Son, and the Spirit of the Times’, The Seventh Eye [Hebrew]. 9. Lapid, Memories, p. 230. 10. A. Govrin (1987) ‘On Newspapers and Journalists: Tomi Lapid’s Son’, Otot, 26–7, 56 [Hebrew]; Y. Fried (3 May 1991) ‘Accused of being Macho’, Hadashot, 26–7 [Hebrew]; R. Miberg (18 May 2005) ‘Yair is “The Best”’, NRG [Hebrew], retrieved from: . 11. Y. Gvirtz (10 November 1993) ‘Yair Lapid’s Novel’, Yediot Aharonot, 26–8 [Hebrew]; A. Lam (4 May 2001) ‘Because I’m His Wife’, Yediot Aharonot, 26–7, 33, 86 [Hebrew]; S. Golden (3 January 2003) ‘Schwarzenegger Only for Kids’, Yediot Aharonot, 1 [Hebrew]. 12. Although Lapid regularly writes about his sons and wife, and has done so since the beginning of his journalistic career, it was only in 2010 that he publicly mentioned for the first time his daughter, who suffers from autism. On this issue, see L. Rosenfeld-Sofer (20 June 2012) ‘The Real Life of Yair Lapid’, Mako [Hebrew], retrieved from: ; S. Makover-Balikov (3 January 2013) ‘Yair Lapid: “I Have Learnt from My Father’s Mistakes”’, Maariv [Hebrew], retrieved from: http://www.nrg .co.il/online/1/ART2/426/161.html. 13. A. Jackont (13 January 1989) ‘The Double Head: a Thriller: Review of Yair Lapid’s Book’, Yediot Aharonont, 23 [Hebrew]; N. Manheim (15 November 2001) ‘Lihi’s Husband on the Bestseller List’, Ynet [Hebrew], retrieved from: . 184 Notes

14. R. Miberg (13 January 1995) ‘A Sabbath Duel: an Interview with Yair Lapid’, Maariv, 14–20 [Hebrew]; A. Lam (22 August 1997) ‘Amnon Levi Won, But He Didn’t Beat Me’, Yediot Aharonot, 17 [Hebrew]. 15. N. Humble (2001) The Feminine Middlebrow Novel, 1920s to 1950s: Class, Domesticity, and Bohemianism (Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press), p. 53. 16. B. Susser and G. Goldberg (2005) ‘Escapist Parties in Israeli Politics’, Israel Affairs, 11(4), 636–54. 17. H. Ram and Y. Yadgar (2008) ‘“A Jew is Allowed to be Anti-Semitic Too”: “Neo-Racism” and “Old” Racism – the Case of Israel’s Shinuy Party’, in Y. Shenhav and Y. Yonah (eds) Racism in Israel ( Jerusalem: Hakibutz Hameuhad and Van Leer Institute) [Hebrew]. 18. E. Hadas (5 May 1995) ‘I’m Not Nice, I’m Polite’, Yediot Aharonot, 2 [Hebrew]; R. Klein (31 August 1995) ‘Yair Lapid Sent Flowers’, Maariv, 5 [Hebrew]. 19. Miberg, ‘A Sabbath Duel’. 20. Y. Bronowsky (29 August 1997) ‘Excessively Nice’, Haaretz, 8 [Hebrew]; Golden, ‘Schwarzenegger’. 21. ‘Yair Lapid Live at 20:00’ (31 December 1999), Tel Aviv [Hebrew], retrieved from: ; Golden, ‘Schwarzenegger’. 22. Miberg, ‘A Sabbath Duel’. 23. B. Ehrenreich (1983) The Hearts of Men: American Dreams and the Flight from Commitment, 1st edition (Garden City, NY: Anchor Press/ Doubleday), pp. 44–6. 24. G. Amir (30 January 2003) ‘Tomi’s Day’, Ha’ir, 32–6 [Hebrew]; M. Goraly (11 May 2005) ‘Tomi Lapid’, Maariv, 51 [Hebrew]. 25. The full interview may be watched online at the following link: . Originally broadcast 26 February 2003 on Reshet, one of the concessionaries running Israeli commercial channel 2. Interview transcribed and translated by the author. 26. S. Kadmon (27 January 2006) ‘Lapid’s Guide for Breakdown’, Yediot Aharonot, 10–12 [Hebrew]. 27. N. Duek (21 November 2005) ‘The Gospel according to Tomi Lapid: No Change’, Yediot Aharonot, 2–3 [Hebrew]. 28. Susser and Goldberg, ‘Escapist Parties’. 29. G. Meron (24 December 2004) ‘I Don’t Want to be Omri Sharon’, Yediot Aharonot, 4–5 [Hebrew]; Miberg, ‘The Best’, retrieved from: ; R. Tal (19 March 2010) ‘Prime [Time] Minister’, Maariv, 38–52 [Hebrew]. 30. A. Wein (3 March 2003) ‘Yair Lapid to Lead an Advertising Campaign for Bank Hapoalim’, Globes [Hebrew], retrieved from: ; A. Friedman (13 January 2013) ‘There is a Past: Yair Lapid’s Best TV Moments’, Maariv/ NRG [Hebrew]. 31. The ad campaign was produced by the Adler Chomsky & Warchavsky advertising agency, and may be watched from the following link: . Notes 185

32. N. Livneh (21 May 2003) ‘Lapidism’, Haaretz [Hebrew], retrieved from: ; R. Abrutzky (27 November 2007) ‘When Money Controls the Media’, NRG [Hebrew], retrieved from: ; N. Yadlin (7 November 2007) ‘Yair Lapid Invalidated’, NRG [Hebrew], retrieved from: . 33. R. Schehnik (27 October 2005) ‘Three Things You Didn’t Know about Yair Lapid’, Yediot Aharonot, 14–15 [Hebrew]. 34. A. Tzoref (28 March 2003) ‘Yair Lapid to Receive an Annual $200,000 for Hapoalim Campaign Ad’, The Marker [Hebrew], retrieved from: . 35. G. Izicovitch (7 December 2007) ‘Sewing the Minister’s Suit’, NRG [Hebrew], retrieved from: ; G. Izicovitch (12 December 2008) ‘Yair Lapid: ‘I Love Ehud Olmert Very Very Much’, The Marker [Hebrew], retrieved from: . 36. Y. Ten-Brink (5 May 2009) ‘Pissing on the Bonfire on Friday Studio’, NRG [Hebrew], retrieved from: ; Y. Binart (1 January 2008) ‘Too Israeli’, NRG [Hebrew], retrieved from: . 37. S. Golding (19 March 2010) ‘Nine o’Clock at the Square’, Haaretz [Hebrew], retrieved from: ; M. Bengal and A. Bender (10 June 2010) ‘Political Text’, Maariv, 6–7 [Hebrew]. 38. A. Bender (17 January 2010) ‘A Lapid-Blocking Bill’, Maariv, 6–7 [Hebrew]; R. Tal (19 March 2010) ‘Who’s Afraid of Yair Lapid’, Maariv, 18–19 [Hebrew]. 39. M. Mualem and O. Bar-Zohar (10 June 2010) ‘The Broadcasting Authority: “Yair Lapid Needs to Decide Whether He Wants to Make News or Be a Politician”’, Haaretz [Hebrew], retrieved from: ; L. Averbach (14 June 2010) ‘Yair Lapid to Channel 2 News Board: ‘I Am Not Going into Politics’, Globes [Hebrew], retrieved from: . 40. Y. Ben-Eliezer (7 February 2010) ‘Yair Lapid, Forget about Politics!’, NRG [Hebrew], retrieved from: . 41. Z. Rosenhek and M. Shalev (2013) ‘The Political Economy of Israel’s “Social Justice” Protests: a Class and Generational Analysis’, Contemporary Social Science, 9(1), 1–18. 42. E. Y. Alimi (2012) ‘“Occupy Israel”: a Tale of Startling Success and Hopeful Failure’, Social Movement Studies, 11(3–4), 402–7. 43. Y. Lapid (20 July 2011) ‘The Slaves’ Revolt’, Yediot Aharonot, 2–3 [Hebrew]. 44. R. Schehnik (6 November 2011) ‘Leading the Column’, 4–5 [Hebrew]. 45. Y. Karni, T. Brot, and I. Eichner (9 January 2012) ‘He is Moving to the Knesset Channel’, Yediot Aharonot, 2 [Hebrew]; T. Tzimuki, Y. Karni, and T. Brot (9 January 2012) ‘The Cooling-off Law Cannot be Applied to Lapid’, Yediot Aharonot, 3 [Hebrew]. 46. (29 April 2012) ‘Yair Lapid Asked to Register Yesh Atid: “The Middle Class Has Got No Voice”’, The Marker [Hebrew], retrieved 186 Notes

from: ; S. Kadmon (10 February 2012) ‘Enjoying at Their Expense’, Yediot Aharonot, 4–5 [Hebrew]. 47. R. Hovel (24 January 2013) ‘Lapid’s Classroom, or How to Prepare a List without any Incumbent Politicians’, Haaretz [Hebrew], retrieved from: ; N. Cohen (26 January 2013) ‘Lapid’s Pearl: Former Boarding School Student, Fighter for Equal Rights’, Ynet [Hebrew], retrieved from: . 48. A. Novik and H. Cohen (12 January 2012) ‘Shas vs. Lapid: “Lapid is a Snooty, Smarmy and Cunning Individual, Fed by Hatred”’, Yediot Aharonot, 4 [Hebrew]. 49. I. Ulitzky (24 January 2013) ‘How Much is Yair Lapid Worth: Israel’s New Middle Class Hero’, Forbes Israel [Hebrew], retrieved from: ; H. Sheffer (24 January 2013) ‘Lapid’s Supporters in the Business World’, Calcalist [Hebrew], retrieved from: ; A. Libsker (31 January 2013) ‘Human Capital: Stay Close to Yair’, Calcalist [Hebrew], retrieved from: . 50. R. Alpher (13 February 2010) ‘A Probable Conversation with a Yair Lapid Supporter’, Haaretz [Hebrew], retrieved from: ; S. Kadmon (13 January 2012) ‘A Ratings Bombshell’, Yediot Aharonot, 4–5 [Hebrew]; R. Hovel (21 January 2013) ‘Candidate Lapid’s Optimistic Performance Tour’, Haaretz [Hebrew], retrieved from: . 51. Y. Dror (22 June 2012) ‘Facebook Took Yair Lapid by Surprise’, Haaretz [Hebrew], retrieved from: . 52. N. Cohen (7 May 2013) ‘Lapid Threatened, and Lapid Will Keep His Word: “The Middle Class Shall Pay”’, Ynet [Hebrew], retrieved from: ; S. Amsterdamsky (10 March 2013) ‘My Brothers the Tax Payers’, Calcalist [Hebrew], retrieved from: . 53. N. Strassler (30 March 2013) ‘Help from Outside: Trachtenberg, Eckstein, Ben-Bassat Advise Lapid Privately at his Home’, The Marker [Hebrew], retrieved from: . 54. G. Katzovitz (1 March 2013) ‘Mrs. Cohen from Hadera? Yair Lapid is Disconnected’, Globes, retrieved from: ; M. Sela (8 November 2013) ‘Yair Lapid is Still Waiting for Applause’, Haaretz [Hebrew], retrieved from: . 55. Yair Lapid’s Facebook page (31 March 2013), . Content translated by the author. 56. A. Ben (1 July 2013) ‘The Problem with Yair Lapid’, Haaretz, retrieved from: ; U. Misgav (20 March 2014) ‘Yair Lapid: No Respect, no Shame’, Haaretz, retrieved from: . Notes 187

4 Tropicalizing Politics: Gilberto Gil’s Perplexing Miscegenation of Music and Politics

1. F. Altman and A. Monteiro (20 January 1988) ‘O Batente do Batuque’, Veja, 5–8. 2. H. Winant (1992) ‘Rethinking Race in Brazil’, Journal of Latin American Studies, 24(1), 173–92; B. McCann (2004) Hello, Hello Brazil: Popular Music in the Making of Modern Brazil (Duke University Press), pp. 19–41. 3. J. Cardoso and M. Paz (7 January 1979) ‘Este e o meu lugar’, Folha de São Paulo, 8–10; G. Gil and A. Chediak (1992) Gilberto Gil, Vol. 2 (Irmãos Vitale). 4. G. Gil and R. Zappa (2013) Gilberto bem perto (Nova Fronteira), pp. 3–33. 5. H. Kraay (1998) ‘Introduction: Afro-Bahia, 1790s–1990s’, in H. Kraay (ed.) Afro-Brazilian Culture and Politics: Bahia, 1790s to 1990s (Me Sharpe), p. 18. 6. F. D. Maggiora (writer and producer) (2012) ‘Gilberto Gil. In Canal Encuentro’ (Argentine Public Channel), Músicos de Latinoamérica, retrieved from: . 7. G. Gil and R. Zappa (2013) Gilberto bem perto (Nova Fronteira), pp. 30–3. 8. M. Ridenti (2000) Em busca do povo brasileiro: artistas da revolução, do CPC à era da TV (Editora Record); M. Napolitano (2001) ‘Em busca do tempo perdido: utopia revolucionária e cultura engajada no Brasil’, Revista de Sociologia e Politica, 16, 149–52; R. Castro (2012) Bossa Nova: the Story of the Brazilian Music that Seduced the World (Chicago Review Press). 9. C. Veloso (2008) Verdade tropical (Companhia de Bolso). 10. C. Kurzman (2007) ‘Celebrity Status’, Sociological Theory, 25(4), 348–68. 11. E. Gaspari (2002) A ditadura envergonhada (Editora Companhia das Letras); T. E. Skidmore (1988) The Politics of Military Rule in Brazil, 1964–85 (New York: Oxford University Press); M. H. Alves (1987) Estado eoposição no Brasil (1964–1984) (Petrópolis: Vozes). 12. M. Napolitano (2001) ‘Seguindo a canção’: engajamento político e indústria cultural na MPB, 1959–1969 (São Paulo: Annablume: FAPESP); N. Ribke (2011) ‘Telenovela Writers under the Military Regime in Brazil: Beyond the Cooption and Resistance Dichotomy’, Media, Culture & Society, 33(5), 659–73. 13. G. Gil and A. Chediak (1992) Gilberto Gil (Irmãos Vitale), p. 21. 14. ‘Terno escuro, colarinho, gravata: E o Gilberto Gil’ (27 November 1972), O Globo, 3. 15. Gil and Zappa, Gilberto bem perto, pp. 1–36. 16. Napolitano (2001), ‘Seguindo a canção’. 17. R. Terra and R. Calil (directors) (2010) Uma noite em 67 [Film/DVD]. Video Filmes (Producer). 18. C. A. Perrone (2002) ‘Nationalism, Dissension, and Politics in Contemporary Brazilian Popular Music’, Luso-Brazilian Review, 39(1), 65–78; P. C. de Araújo (2006) Roberto Carlos em detalhes (Planeta). 19. M. Napolitano (1998) ‘A Invenção da Música Popular Brasileira: um campo de reflexão para a História Social’, Latin American Music Review/ Revista de Música Latinoamericana, 19(1), 92–105. 188 Notes

20. G. Gil (1967) Louvaç ã o. LP (Philips), Track 12. 21. Terra and Calil, Uma noite em 67. 22. C. Dunn (2001) Brutality Garden: Tropicália and the Emergence of a Brazilian Counterculture (UNC Press); L. Leu (2006) Brazilian Popular Music: Caetano Veloso and the Regeneration of Tradition (Ashgate Publishing); C. E. Alvahydo (2007) Tropicália: ‘o antes o agora eo depois’ segundo Caetano Veloso (University of Georgia); C. Basualdo (2007) Tropicália: uma revolução na cultura brasileira (1967-1972) (Editora Cosac Naify). 23. R. A. Dreifuss (2006) 1964, A conquista do Estado: ação política, poder e golpe de classe (Vozes); M. Rapoport and R. Laufer (2000) ‘Os Estados Unidos diante do Brasil e da Argentina: os golpes militares da década de 1960’, Revista Brasileira de Política Internacional, 43(1), 69–98. 24. Veloso, Verdade. 25. M. Machado (Director) (2012) Tropicália. [Film/DVD]. Bossa Nova Films (Producer). 26. Dunn, Brutality Garden, p. 156; Gil and Zappa, Gilberto bem perto, pp. 1–36. 27. N. Motta (2000) Noites tropicais (Objetiva), pp. 172–3; F. D. Maggiora (director) (2012) Gilberto Gil; Machado (2012) Tropicália. 28. Gil and Zappa (2013) ‘O Exilio e a Volta’, Gilberto bem perto, p. 24; de Araújo, Roberto Carlos, p. 411. 29. Gil and Zappa, Gilberto bem perto. 30. Perrone, ‘Nationalism, Dissension, and Politics’. 31. J. L. Sammons (2007) ‘Censoring Samba: an Aesthetic Justification for the Protection of Speech’, Stetson Law Review, 37, 855. 32. Cardoso and Paz, ‘Este e o meu lugar’. 33. ‘Um cantor no manicomio’, (10 July 1976) Folha de São Paulo, p. 30; ‘Gil regresa e comeca tratamento hoje’ (21 July 1976) O Globo, p. 6; Gil and Zappa, Gilberto bem perto, p. 24. 34. J. Cardoso (7 August 1977) ‘Gil, Redizendo’, Folha de São Paulo, 19–22. 35. J. A. Silva (24 October 1980) ‘MPB uma discussao enfumacada’, Folha de São Paulo, 31. 36. ‘A Bohemia Engajada se Deleita’ (3 October 1982) Folha de São Paulo, 10; J. L. Teixeira (22 January 1984) ‘Tudo pronto para o comicio monstro da Praca da Se’, Folha de São Paulo, 6; H. D. Souza (25 January 1984) ‘Roteiro preve 4 horas de discursos e musica’, Folha de São Paulo, 7. 37. R. Loprete (28 December 1986) ‘O secretario de cultura Gilberto Gil ja quer ser prefeito de Salvador’, Folha de São Paulo, 1; M. Suzuki (31 October 1987) ‘Gilberto Gil e candidato a prefeitura de São Paulo’, Folha de São Paulo, p. A–4. 38. D. Tupy (22 April 1979) ‘Gil tipo exportacao’, Folha de São Paulo, 4; ‘Visita de Tutu gera tensao na Bahia’ (16 May 1987), Folha d eSão Paulo, p. A–4. 39. Altman and Monteiro, ‘O Batente do Batuque’. 40. M. Suzuki (8 August 1988) ‘Gil seguira na politica e diz que Waldir Pires vetou a sua candidatura’, Folha de São Paulo, p. A–5; ‘Guerra Funk’ (22 August 1988) Folha de São Paulo, p. A. 41. ‘Gil se lanca a vereador com ataque a Waldir’ (8 August 1988) O Globo, 2; J. C. Pedroso (18 January 1989) ‘Sua Excelencia o Vereador’, O Globo, 1. 42. Maggiora, Gilberto Gil. Notes 189

43. M. Suzuki, ‘Gilberto Gil e candidato a prefeitura de São Paulo’. 44. ‘Em Salvador, torcedores fazem um novo carnaval’ (20 February 1989) O Globo, 3. 45. ‘Gil quer viajar para acertar’ (14 June 1989) O Globo, p. 5. 46. J. M. d. Carvalho (2000) ‘Dreams Come Untrue’, Daedalus, 129(2), 57–82. 47. M. Suzuki (8 August 1988) ‘E um choque concluir que ha racismo nisto’, Folha de São Paulo, p. A–5; Gil and Zappa, Gilberto bem perto, p. 12. 48. N. Ribke (2015) ‘Entertainment Politics: Brazilian Celebrities’ Transition to Politics, Recent History and Main Patterns’, Media, Culture & Society, 31(3), 35–49. 49. F. Alberoni (1973) L’é lite senza potere. Ricerca sociologica sul divismo (Milano: Bompiani; R. Dyer (1986) Heavenly Bodies: Film Stars and Society (New York: St. Martin’s Press); P. D. Marshall (1997) Celebrity and Power: Fame in Contemporary Culture (Minneapolis, Minnesota: University of Minnesota Press); R. Van Krieken (2012) Celebrity Society (London and New York: Routledge). 50. ‘Gilberto Gil encontra FHC no Alvorada e pode ser indicado para ministro de meio ambiente’ (14 December 1998) Folha de São Paulo, 5; ‘Lula ganha apoio do Gil e outros verdes’ (1 August 2001) O Globo, 4. 51. Gil and Zappa, Gilberto bem perto, p. 12. 52. ‘Muitos ministros no carnaval no ultimo carnaval dos Gils’ (23 February 2005) O Globo, 2; ‘Flora Gil: Diretora da Gegê Produções’ (2010 interview): . 53. M. Bergamo (10 January 2005) ‘Expresso 2222’, Folha de São Paulo, E–2; J. Linhares (12 September 2007) ‘Os Poderes da Super Flora’, Veja, 114–15. 54. G. Barros (20 January 2007) ‘Atras do trio eletrico’, Folha de São Paulo, B–2. 55. Alberoni, L’é lite senza potere. 56. C. W. Mills (1999) The Power Elite (Oxford University Press). 57. N. M. Jensen and S. Schmith (2005) ‘Market Responses to Politics: the Rise of Lula and the Decline of the Brazilian Stock Market’, Comparative Political Studies, 38(10), 1245–70; M. d. L. R. Mollo and A. Saad-Filho (2006) ‘Neoliberal Economic Policies in Brazil (1994–2005): Cardoso, Lula and the Need for a Democratic Alternative’, New Political Economy, 11(1), 99–123. 58. D. Paraná (2003) Lula, o filho do Brasil (Editora Fundação Perseu Abramo); R. Bourne (2008) Lula of Brazil: the Story So Far (University of California Press). 59. R. Galhardo (18 December 2002) ‘Gil diz que aceitara o Ministerio da Cultura: “Subo en nesse palco”’, O Globo, 4. 60. Pedroso, ‘Sua Excelencia o Vereador’. 61. H. Sukman (5 September 2004) ‘A utopia do poder ao palco’, O Globo, pp. 1–2. 62. R. Barthes (1998) ‘Myth Today’, Cultural Theory and Popular Culture: a Reader, 3, 293–302. 63. T. Skidmore (1993) ‘Bi-racial USA vs. Multi-racial Brazil: Is the Contrast Still Valid?’, Journal of Latin American Studies, 25(2), 373–86. 64. A. Rubim (2013) ‘Políticas culturais do governo Lula’, Revista Lusófona de Estudos Culturais, 1(1), 224–42. 190 Notes

65. L. Calabre (2009) ‘Desafios à construção de políticas culturais: balanço da gestão Gilberto Gil’, PROA: Revista de Antropologia e Arte, 1(01), 293–302. 66. C. Veloso (30 January 2011) ‘Dois Lados?’, O Globo, 2; ‘Projeto de lei divide autores e artistas’ (29 January 2011), O Globo, 2. 67. L. Rohter (11 March 2007) ‘Gilberto Gil Hears the Future, Some Rights Reserved’, New York Times, retrieved from: . 68. M. Preto (2 February 2001) ‘Duelo de Compadres’, Folha de São Paulo, retrieved from: ; C. Veloso (30 January 2011) ‘Dois Lados?’, O Globo, p. 2. 69. ‘Gilberto Gil: “Economia mudou da chaminé para o software, do soft power”’ (4 April 2012), Estado de São Paulo, retrieved from: . 70. D. Borim (2004) ‘Black Tropicalist in Power’, Lusotopie, 181–9. 71. A. Duarte (30 June 2007) ‘Gil aumenta a banda’, O Globo, pp. 1–2; E. Monteiro (23 July 2007) ‘Duas vidas de Gil’, O Globo, 1. 72. ‘Fim do carnaval’ (6 August 2008), Veja, 72. 73. S. Pardellas (9 July 2008) ‘O ministro sumiu’, Istoe; L. Sander (31 July 2008) ‘Apos licenca Gil volta ao pais e pede demissao’, Folha de São Paulo, pp. A1–A6. 74. Galhardo (18 December 2002); L. Jardim (30 March 2005) ‘Ele equilibra se em carreiras paralelas’, Veja, 34. 75. L. Braudy (1997) The Frenzy of Renown: Fame and its History (New York: Vintage Books); D. J. Boorstin (2012) The Image: a Guide to Pseudo-events in America (Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group), pp. 96–7.

5 The Harvard Lawyer vs the Bad Boy from the Bronx: Explaining the Political Performance Gaps between Rubén Blades and Willie Colón

1. D. M. Randel (1991) ‘Crossing Over with Rubén Blades’, Journal of the American Musicological Society, 44(2), 301–23. 2. R. Rosario (1979) ‘Salsero with a Message’, Nuestro, 56–8. 3. According to Blades, Noriega plotted against his father because he disapproved of his proximity to General Omar Torrijos, Panama’s leader in 1969–81. See D. Manrique (29 August 2002) ‘Rubén Blades, El Salsero de Hollywood’, El Pais (Spain), retrieved from: . In another version, Blades’ father was closely connected to the circles that had plotted against Torrijos, but although he was not personally involved in the coup, he was forced to go into exile. See J. A. Moreno-Velazquez (14 April 2000) ‘Rubén Blades, un hombre en tiempo por los tiempos’, El Diario La Prensa (New York), p. 28. For Noriega’s status as a CIA agent, see Notes 191

P. D. Scott and J. Marshall (1998) Cocaine Politics: Drugs, Armies, and the CIA in Central America (Berkeley: University of California Press). 4. His writing was heavily influenced by the 1960s Nueva Canción (‘New Song’) movement in Latin America. 5. R. Parker (1985) ‘The Vision of Rubén Blades: Panama’s Salsa King Finds New Worlds to Conquer’, Americas, 37, 15–19. 6. P. Brittmarie Janson (1987) ‘Political Facets of Salsa’, Popular Music, 6(2), 149–59. 7. P. Manuel (1991) ‘Latin Music in the United States: Salsa and the Mass Media’, Journal of Communication, 41(1), 104–16. 8. L. S. Gonzalez (1999) ‘Reclaiming Salsa’, Cultural Studies, 13(2), 237–50. 9. D. Mato (1998) ‘On the Making of Transnational Identities in the Age of Globalization: the US Latina/o-“Latin” American case’, Cultural Studies, 12(4), 598–620. 10. W. Coló n and R. Blades (1978) Siembra [LP] (New York: Fania Records). 11. (2 February 1993) ‘Pablo Milanes and Rubén Blades Dispute Over Castro’, New York Transfer News, retrieved from: . 12. Willie Colón’s parents were born in the United States to Puerto Rican parents. Tito Puente, another leading salsa and latin jazz musician, was born in Puerto Rico but moved to New York with his family at a very early age. See E. Morales (2003) ‘The Story of Nuyorican Salsa’, in his book The Latin Beat: the Rhythms and Roots of Latin Music from Bossa Nova to Salsa and Beyond (Cambridge, MA: Da Capo Press, Perseus Books), pp. 55–93. 13. G. Lim (July 1988) ‘Panamanian Pandemonium: Rubén Blades: Musician, Actor, Activist’, LA Style, retrieved from:; G. Rivera (1999) ‘Q&A: a Conversation With Rubén Blades’, Jazz Conclave, retrieved from: . 14. See R. Grosfoguel (1999) ‘Puerto Ricans in the USA: a Comparative Approach’, Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 25(2), 233–49. 15. R. Palmer (4 April 1984) ‘The Pop Life: Rubén Blades’s Salsa’, New York Times, retrieved from: ; D. Shewey (7 June 1984) ‘Buscando America’, Rolling Stone Magazine, p. 47; P. Hamill (19 August 1985) ‘Hey It’s Rubén Blades: a Latin Star makes his Move’, New York Magazine, pp. 42–9; P. McGilligan (September 1986) ‘The Ten Sexiest Men in America’, Playgirl, pp. 39–43; D. Fricke (23 April 1987) ‘Rubén Blades’s Latin Revolution’, Rolling Stone Magazine, pp. 36–42. 16. E. Lopetegui (12 September 1993) ‘From Pop to Populism: Rubén Blades’s Music is Filled with Messages of Social Justice’, Los Angeles Times, p. 5. 17. Hamill, ‘Hey It’s Rubén Blades’. 18. N. Beausoleil (1994) ‘Make-up in Everyday Life: an Inquiry into the Practices of Urban American Women of Diverse Backgrounds’, in N. Sault (ed.) Many Mirrors: Body Image and Social Relations (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers), pp. 33–57. 192 Notes

19. D. Kellner (1996) ‘Sports, Media Culture and Race: Some Reflections on Michael Jordan’, Sociology of Sport Journal, 13(4), 458–68; M. Lafrance and G. Rail (2001) ‘Excursions into Otherness: Understanding Dennis Rodman and the Limits of Subversive Agency’, in D. L. Andrews and S. J. Jackson (eds) Sport Stars: the Cultural Politics of Sporting Celebrity (London: Routledge), pp. 36–50. 20. Rosario, ‘Salsero with a Message’. 21. Lim, ‘Panamanian Pandemonium’. 22. M. Weber (1968) On Charisma and Institution Building, Selected Papers, edited with an introduction by S. N. Eisenstadt (Chicago: University of Chicago Press), p. 21. 23. M. Mehler (July 1984) ‘All Come to Look for America’, Record, p. 30; P. Span (5 November 1985) ‘Rubén Blades and the Spirit of Salsa: the Activist Singer-Turned-Actor Harbors No “Crossover Dreams” of His Own’, Washington Post, retrieved from: . 24. A political party founded by and named posthumously after Panamanian former President Arnulfo Arias Madrid. Initially it adopted a nationalistic ideology that appealed mainly to the middle classes. During military rule in Panama (1968–89) the party was outlawed. Since the 1980s it has embraced a more centre-right ideology, substituting its initial hardline nationalism for a more positive attitude towards the United States. 25. The Democratic Revolutionary Party (Spanish: Partido Revolucionario Democrático, or PRD) was a political party founded in 1979 by General Omar Torrijos. Defined as a centre-left party with close links with the military officers who overtook power in 1969, the PRD turned to the right after Torrijos’ death, which occurred under suspicious circumstances. The party was led by General Manuel Noriega, a CIA agent, until the US’s invasion of Panama in 1989. 26. M. E. Scranton (1995) ‘Panama’s First Post-Transition Election’, Journal of Inter-American Studies and World Affairs, 37(1), 69–100. 27. H. French (21 February 1994) ‘Panama Journal: Democracy at Work, Under Shadow of Dictators’, New York Times. 28. On the social and cultural effect of the Reagan years, see M. P. Rogin (1987) Ronald Reagan, the Movie and Other Episodes in Political Demonology (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press); S. Jeffords (1994) Hard Bodies: Hollywood Masculinity in the Reagan Era (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press). 29. G. Garcia (1986) ‘Salsa’s Rubén Blades’, Interview (UK), pp. 209–11; L. Shaw (2013) ‘Interview with Rubén Blades’, in L. Shaw (ed.) Song and Social Change in Latin America (Plymouth, UK: Lexington Books), pp. 175–88. 30. For some of the extremely positive profile articles on Blades in the mainstream American press during this period, see S. Holden (18 August 1985) ‘Rubén Blades Turns his Talents to Movies’, The New York Times, retrieved from: ; B. Baroll (9 September Notes 193

1985) ‘Salsa with a Political Spin’, Newsweek, p. 97; R. Harrington (29 November 1985) ‘Blades: Electric and Political’, Washington Post, retrieved from: ; S. Korones (May 1987) ‘Rubén Blades: Salsa Star with a Mission’, Cosmopolitan, p. 144; E. Fernandez ( January 1987) ‘Rubén Blades Crossover Dreaming’, Elle, pp. 51–2. 31. E. Fernandez (September 1992) ‘La Encrucijada de Rubén Blades’, Mas, 4(5), 42–7. 32. R. Sanchez (3 May 1994) ‘His Toughest Audience: With Five Days to go on the Presidential Campaign Trail, Rubén Blades is Discovering that Performing for a Sold-out Concert Hall is a Breeze Compared with Winning over Panamanians Hungry for Change’, Newsday, retrieved from: . 33. W. Sonnleitner (2010) ‘Las últimas elecciones en América Central:¿el quiebre de la tercera ola de democratizaciones?’, Foro Internacional, 808–49. 34. A. Benjamin (23 February 2005) ‘Blades ya no canta’, La Prensa, retrieved from: ; S. Steward (26 July 2004) ‘Salsa with a Tang of Politics: He Has Run for the Presidency of Panama and Acted with Johnny Depp: Sue Steward Talks to Rubén Blades, the Salsero Superstar Like No Other’, The Daily Telegraph (UK), p. 17. 35. J. Ibarz (14 September 2004) ‘La apuesta de Blades: “Dejo la música para hacer política”’, La Vanguardia, retrieved from: . 36. A. Gurza (21 October 2006) ‘Window on Panama: Oft Considered a Detour on the Road to Somewhere Else, Panama Is So Much More. Business is Booming, Culture Abounds and the Music is Hot’, The Record (Kitchener, Ontario), retrieved from: ; I. Lakshmanan (22 January 2007) ‘In Panama City’s Old Quarter, a Rebirth Takes Place; American Helping Restore Buildings’, Boston Globe, retrieved from: . 37. A. Gurza (23 March 2007) ‘El Ministro Blades is Still the Salsa King’, Daily Press, retrieved from: ; C. Panky (25 January 2007) ‘Rubén Blades: Cuestiona el trato de “Fania All Star” a sus artistas’, La Prensa, p. 1. 38. Lakshmanan (22 January 2007) ‘Rebirth’; A. Gurza (4 March 2007) ‘Ending his Tour of Political Duty; Ruben Blades Returns to Music after a Trying Mission in Panama’, Los Angeles Times, retrieved from: . 39. S. Pineda (2010) ‘Rubén Blades: política a son de Salsa’, Magis, Febrero- Marzo, 26–32. 40. W. Coló n (1971) La Gran Fuga [LP], Fania Records. 41. P. Yglesias (2005) Cocinando!: Fifty Years of Latin Album Cover Art (New York: Princeton Architectural Press), pp. 112–13. 42. Fania artists have also mentioned Blaxploitation and Mafia movies of the period as influential in the design aesthetics of Fania Records’ cover art. 194 Notes

See D. McCabe (director) (2011) ‘The Salsa Revolution’, Episode 2, Latin Music USA (TV series: PBS). 43. McCabe, ‘The Salsa Revolution’, Episode 2. 44. Morales, ‘The Story of Nuyorican Salsa’, p. 66. 45. D. McCabe (2011) ‘Politics, Society & Salsa: Rubén Blades & Willie Colón’, Episode 8, Latin Music USA (TV series: PBS). 46. P. Bourdieu (1977) Outline of a Theory of Practice (translated by R. Nice) (Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press), p. 72. 47. McCabe (2011) ‘The Salsa Revolution’, Episode 2. 48. Colón’s work received poor reviews from American newspapers. See for example, J. O. N. Pareles (10 August 1986) ‘Pop: From Willie Colón, Pan American Music’, New York Times, retrieved from: ; P. Watrous (29 January 1990) ‘Reviews/Music: Salsa from Willie Colón and His Band’, The New York Times, retrieved from: . 49. (5 January 2001) ‘Denuncia censura’, Reforma (Mexico City), p. 14. 50. E. Alvarez (13 December 1997) ‘Willie Colón, el actor’, Reforma (Mexico City), p. 12; C. Huerta (31 October 1999) ‘Willie Colónizara con su humorismo’, Reforma (Mexico City), p. 14. 51. See for example, E. Morales (6 September 1994) ‘El Malo Wants the Bronx (and Westchester, Too)’, The Village Voice, p. 20; Gonzalez (1999) ‘Reclaiming Salsa’. 52. J. P. Fried (12 June 1994) ‘Neighborhood Report: North Bronx. Salsa King Aims for Congress’, The New York Times, retrieved from: . 53. Morales ‘El Malo Wants the Bronx’; M. Purdy (10 September 1994) ‘Geo- graphy, Not Ideology, Counts in District 17’, New York Times, retrieved from: . 54. M. Perez-Rivas (8 September 1994) ‘A Swan Song for the Incumbent? Colón and Engel Face Off’, Newsday, retrieved from: . 55. G. Borrero (8 August 2007) ‘Willie Colón insiste en su verdad’, El Diario La Prensa (New York), p. 4. 56. G. Borrero (31 October 2005) ‘Tildan a Willie “vende patria”’, El Diario La Prensa (New York), p. 4 57. D. Kirsten (28 November 2001) ‘Mayor Mike Might Add a Dash of Salsa’, The New York Post, p. 18; J. Rutenberg and D. Cardwell (17 September 2005) ‘As Ferrer Gains Support, Bloomberg Chooses to Withhold Some’, The New York Times, retrieved from: . 58. D. Seifman (24 March 2011) ‘Salsa Porn Rap’, New York Post, p. 13. 59. (18 June 2013) ‘De segundón fracasado califica ministra de Venezuela a Willie Colón’, La Jornada (Mexico City), retrieved from: ; (12 April 2013) ‘Convocan protesta en San Juan contra Willie Colón por atacar a Nicolás Maduro’, EFE News Service (Madrid), retrieved from: . Notes 195

60. (10 April 2013) ‘Alejandro Sanz y Willie Colón envían mensajes de apoyo a Capriles’, EFE News Service (Madrid), retrieved from: . 61. W. Neuman (11 April 2013) ‘Star Hurls Musical Barbs before Venezuela’s Vote’, The New York Times, retrieved from: . 62. (9 April 2013) ‘Nicolás Maduro y Willie Colón enfrentados en “guerra musi- cal”’, Panamericana (Peru), retrieved from: ; (9 April 2013) ‘Maduro responde con una canción a Willie Colón’, El Nuevo Dia (Puerto Rico), retrieved from: . 63. (20 January 2013) ‘Critica vocalista de Calle 13 comentarios de Willie Colón sobre Chávez’, NOTIMEX, retrieved from: . 64. Gurza, ‘El Ministro Blades’. 65. (8 June 2007) ‘Reta TV a Chávez’, Mural, p. 14. 66. (17 September 2000) ‘Arremete Willie Colón contra los Estefan’, La Jornada (Mexico City), retrieved from: ; (29 September 2000) ‘Willie Colón contra el Grammy: Pretenden enterrar el talento latino’, El Informador (Mexico), p. 7–D; (29 September 2001) ‘Denuncia censura’, Reforma (Mexico City), p. 14. 67. (10 May 1998) ‘Liberen a Willie!’, Reforma (Mexico City), p. 5. 68. J. Street (2002) ‘Bob, Bono and Tony B: the Popular Artist as Politician’, Media, Culture & Society, 24(3), 433–41.

6 The American Pattern of Celebrity Politics: from Military Role Model to Civilian Hero?

1. Clint Eastwood was elected as mayor of a small coastal town in California in 1986, but refrained from moving into national politics. 2. M. Ryan and D. M. Kellner (1990) Camera Politica: the Politics and Ideology of Contemporary Hollywood Film, Vol. 604 (Indiana: Indiana University Press); S. Jeffords (1994) Hard Bodies: Hollywood Masculinity in the Reagan Era (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press); S. J. Ross (2011) Hollywood Left and Right: How Movie Stars Shaped American Politics (New York: Oxford University Press). 3. Jeffords, Hard Bodies; M. S. Kimmel (2006) Manhood in America: a Cultural History (New York: Oxford University Press); M. A. Messner (2007) ‘The Masculinity of the Governator: Muscle and Compassion in American Politics’, Gender & Society, 21(4), 461–80; M. P. Rogin (1987) Ronald Reagan, the Movie and Other Episodes in Political Demonology (Berkeley: University of California Press). 4. D. J. Boorstin (2012) The Image: a Guide to Pseudo-Events in America (Random House Digital, Inc.); R. Dyer (1986) Heavenly Bodies: Film Stars and Society (New York: St. Martin’s Press); J. Gamson (1994) Claims to 196 Notes

Fame: Celebrity in Contemporary America (Berkeley: University of California Press); P. D. Marshall (1997) Celebrity and Power: Fame in Contemporary Culture (Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press). 5. Ross, Hollywood Left and Right, pp. 51–87. 6. D. T. Critchlow (2013) When Hollywood Was Right: How Movie Stars, Studio Moguls, and Big Business Remade American Politics (New York: Cambridge University Press). 7. Critchlow, When Hollywood Was Right. 8. On Reagan’s cooperation with the FBI’s investigations during the late 1940s of a ‘communist infiltration’ in Hollywood, see Critchlow, When Hollywood Was Right, p. 84; S. Rosenfeld (2012) Subversives: the FBI’s War on Student Radicals, and Reagan’s Rise to Power (Macmillan Publishing: Picador). 9. Critchlow, When Hollywood Was Right, p. 4. 10. S. Neale (2000) Genre and Hollywood (London: Routledge), p. 31. 11. R. Roberts and J. S. Olson (1997) John Wayne: American (New York: Simon & Schuster), pp. 5, 42. 12. J. T. Campbell (2000) ‘“Print the Legend”: John Wayne and Postwar American Culture’, Reviews in American History, 28(3), 465–77. 13. Roberts and Olson, John Wayne; A. Spark (1984) ‘The Soldier at the Heart of the War: the Myth of the Green Beret in the Popular Culture of the Vietnam Era’, Journal of American Studies, 18(1), 29–48. 14. M. A. Anderegg (1991) Inventing Vietnam: the War in Film and Television (Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press), p. 25. 15. G. Wills (1997) John Wayne’s America (New York: Simon & Schuster), p. 311. 16. Roberts and Olson, John Wayne, p. 609–10; Critchlow, When Hollywood Was Right, p. 210. 17. To cite just a handful of the most relevant biographies for this work, see G. Wills (1987) Reagan’s America: Innocents at Home (New York: Doubleday); L. Cannon (1991) President Reagan: the Role of a Lifetime (New York: Simon & Schuster); S. Vaughn (1994) Ronald Reagan in Hollywood: Movies and Politics (Cambridge University Press); E. Jarecki (writer) (2011) Reagan (HBO film); T. W. Evans (2013) The Education of Ronald Reagan: the General Electric Years and the Untold Story of his Conversion to Conservatism (New York: Columbia University Press). 18. Evans, The Education of Ronald Reagan; Jarecki, Reagan. 19. Wills, Reagan’s America, p. 347. 20. Rogin, Ronald Reagan, pp. 3–21. 21. Cannon, President Reagan, pp. 190–1; Rogin, Ronald Reagan, pp. 11–15. 22. P. Phelan (1999) ‘Performance and Death: Ronald Reagan’, Cultural Values, 3(1), 100–22. 23. Wills, Reagan’s America; R. E. Denton (1988) The Primetime Presidency of Ronald Reagan: the Era of the Television Presidency (New York: Praeger). 24. Marshall, Celebrity and Power, p. 231. 25. P. Smith (1993) Clint Eastwood: a Cultural Production, Vol. 8: Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press), pp. 101–7. Notes 197

26. R. Schickel (1997) Clint Eastwood: a Biography (Random House Digital, Inc.). 27. W. McClain (2010) ‘Western, Go Home! Sergio Leone and the “Death of the Western” in American Film Criticism’, Journal of Film & Video, 62(1/2), 52–66. 28. R. Hunter (2012) ‘The Ecstasy of Gold: Love, Greed and Homosociality in the Dollars Trilogy’, Studies in European Cinema, 9(1), 69–78. 29. C. Plantinga (1998) ‘Spectacles of Death: Clint Eastwood and Violence in Unforgiven’, Cinema Journal, 65–83; T. Modleski (2010) ‘Clint Eastwood and Male Weepies’, American Literary History, 22(1), 136–58. 30. A. Barra (22 December 1996) ‘Unforgivable’, Los Angeles Times, retrieved from: . 31. W. M. Michael (19 March 1986) ‘Quiet Little Carmel is Suddenly Having a Very Noisy Race: Clint Eastwood Seeks to Be California Town’s Mayor, and the Spotlight is On’, Wall Street Journal, p. 1; M. Corwin (10 April 1988) ‘Eastwood No “Dirty Harry” in Last Scene as Mr. Mayor’, Los Angeles Times, p. 3. 32. J. Hubner (1 April 1986) ‘Hizzoner Dirty Harry? Election Victory Would Surely Make his Day’, Chicago Tribune, p. 1. 33. International United Press (10 April 1986) ‘Reagan Welcomes Eastwood to Ranks’, Chicago Tribune, p. 16. 34. M. A. Stein (9 April 1986) ‘Eastwood Wins Easy Victory in Carmel Vote’, Los Angeles Times, p. 1. 35. According to Susan Jeffords, Dirty Harry is in sync with the spirit of 1960s and 1970s films, representing a social background of widespread distress, disillusionment, alienation, and fragmentation. She argues that although ‘Harry Callahan may kill the serial murderer Scorpio in Dirty Harry, he throws away his badge at the end of the film in disgust at the inability of the police department to jail a known murderer’ ( Jeffords, Hard Bodies, pp. 17–18). 36. R. Wood (2003) Hollywood from Vietnam to Reagan – and Beyond (New York: Columbia University Press); Kimmel, Manhood in America. 37. Marshall, Celebrity and Power, p. 4. 38. For some of the recent official and unofficial biographies of Schwarzenegger, see N. Andrews (2004) True Myths: Arnold Schwarzenegger (Bloomsbury Publishing); L. Leamer (2005) Fantastic: the Life of Arnold Schwarzenegger (Macmillan); L. Krasniewicz and M. Blitz (2006) Arnold Schwarzenegger: a Biography (Greenwood Publishing Group). 39. R. Salladay (13 November 2004) ‘TV Ads Advocate “Amend for Arnold”; Schwarzenegger Backers Campaign to Change the US Constitution on Presidential Eligibility’, Los Angeles Times, p. b.8. 40. Messner, ‘The Masculinity of the Governator’. 41. E. Boyle (2008) Building a Body for Governance: Embodying Power in the Shifting Media Images of Arnold Schwarzenegger (PhD dissertation, University of British Columbia), pp. 69–70. 42. M. Soller (10 August 2003) ‘California Politics: the Gubernator’, Los Angeles Times, p. 6. 198 Notes

43. A. Lazzeri (26 September 2003) ‘Arnie KOs Rivals in TV Clash’, The Sun, p. 40; E. Goodman (27 September 2003) ‘The Terminator’s “Woman Problem”’, The Washington Post, pp. 0–A25. 44. (15 November 2003) ‘It’s Official: Arnold’s Win Certified’, Daily News, p. N5. 45. Ross, Hollywood Left and Right, p. 363. 46. Ross, Hollywood Left and Right, pp. 405–7. 47. Andrews, True Myths, pp. 100–1, 222; E. Boyle (2010) ‘The Intertextual Terminator: the Role of Film in Branding “Arnold Schwarzenegger”’, Journal of Communication Inquiry, 34(1), 42–60. 48. C. W. Ostrom and D. M. Simon (1989) ‘The Man in the Teflon Suit? The Environmental Connection, Political Drama, and Popular Support in the Reagan Presidency’, Public Opinion Quarterly, 53(3), 353–87. 49. For an account of Enron’s damage to California State’s economy, see T. Clarke (2005) ‘Accounting for Enron: Shareholder Value and Stakeholder Interests’, Corporate Governance: an International Review, 13(5), 598–612; for a humorous but quite accurate description of external factors that affected California State’s economy during Davis’s term, see B. Maher (24 July 2003) ‘Commentary: Recalls Are for Cars, Not California Governors; When Did the Target Parking Lot Replace the Voting Booth?’, Los Angeles Times, p. 15. 50. I. Morgan (2004) ‘Jimmy Carter, Bill Clinton, and the New Democratic Economics’, The Historical Journal, 47(4), 1015–39; E. King and M. Schudson (1995) ‘The Press and the Illusion of Public Opinion: the Strange Case of Ronald Reagan’s “Popularity”’, in T. L. Glasser and C. T. Salmon (eds) Public Opinion and the Communication of Consent (New York: The Guilford Press), pp. 132–55. 51. N. Ribke (2015) ‘Entertainment Politics: Brazilian Celebrities’ Transition to Politics, Recent History and Main Patt erns’, Media, Culture & Society, 31(3), 35–49. 52. J. G. Cawelti (2003) ‘Chinatown and Generic Transformation in Recent American films’, Film Genre Reader, 3, 260–1. 53. A. Blake (6 January 2014) ‘Actor Steven Seagal Considering Run for Arizona Governor’, The Washington Post, retrieved from: . 54. P. Vale (6 January 2014) ‘Steven Seagal Wants to Be Governor of Arizona’, The Huffington Post, retrieved from: . 55. V. Canby (8 April 1988) ‘Review/Film: Above the Law, a Detective’s Battle’, The New York Times, retrieved from: ; V. Canby (9 October 1992) ‘Review/Film: Steven Seagal on a Ship in Hot Water’, The New York Times, retrieved from: . Notes 199

56. B. Weinraub (26 October 1992) ‘The Talk of Hollywood: Director Who Blends Action with a Bit of Art’, The New York Times, retrieved from: . 57. J. Maslin (28 April 1991) ‘Seagal Packs More than a Wallop’, New York Times, retrieved from: . 58. L. Rohter (23 October 1990) ‘Small Budget, Small Star, Big Hit’, New York Times, retrieved from: . 59. Boyle, Building a Body for Governance. 60. A. Newman (4 March 1994) ‘Steven Seagal’s Box-Office Smash Scorned in Alaska. Movies: Native Americans and Oil Executives Agree: On Deadly Ground Got Everything Dead Wrong’, Los Angeles Times, p. 6; D. Kronke (13 May 1996) ‘When Action Stars Are the Ones Shouting “Action!”’, Los Angeles Times, p. 9. 61. J. Laycock (25 September 1997) ‘Goodbye Superstar’, The Windsor Star, p. 8. 62. A. Anischchuk (13 March 2013) ‘Vladimir Putin Appears with Steven Seagal to Promote Soviet-Style Fitness Program’, The Huffington Post; J. Ollie (15 March 2013) ‘Steven Seagal Helps Vladimir Putin to Promote Fitness Plan’, Time. 63. A. Anischchuk (6 January 2013) ‘French Actor Depardieu Meets Putin, Picks up Russian Passport’, Reuters, retrieved from: . 64. R. Corliss (13 August 2010) ‘The Expendables: Sly and the Family Clones’, Time, retrieved from ; E. Boyle and S. Brayton (2012) ‘Ageing Masculinities and “Muscle Work” in Hollywood Action Film: an Analysis of The Expendables’, Men and Masculinities, 15(5), 468–85. 65. Canby (8 April 1988) ‘Review’; J. Maslin (6 October 1990) ‘Review/Film: Savagery Trails Drug Agent Back to Middle America’, The New York Times, retrieved from: . 66. K. Thomas (28 June 1993) ‘Spy Takes on Steven Seagal’, USA TODAY, p. 2; B. Weinraub (23 January 2004) ‘US Offers Evidence Linking Hollywood Figure to Threat’, The New York Times, p. A15, retrieved from: . 67. For some of the most hilarious impersonations of Steven Seagal, see H. Stern (2009) ‘The Howard Stern Show: Howard Stern on Steven Seagal’, retrieved on 2 March 2014 from ; W. Sasso (actor) (26 September 1998) ‘Steven 200 Notes

Seagal’s America’, MadTV, retrieved from: . 68. C. A. Rothe (1998) ‘The Legal Future of Reality Cop Shows: Parker v. Boyer Dismisses 1983 Claims against Police Officers and Television Stations Jointly Engaged in Searches of Homes’, Villanova Sports & Entertainment Law Journal, 5, 481–515. 69. N. Genzlinger (22 November 2009) ‘Familiar Faces Chasing Perps and Plots’, The New York Times, p. 19.

7 Entertainment Industries and ‘Liberal’ Celebrities: the Failure to Convert Attention into Political Power

1. T. Kendall (2009) ‘An Empirical Analysis of Political Activity in Hollywood’, Journal of Cultural Economics, 33(1), 19–47; D. F. Prindle, and J. W. Endersby (1993) ‘Hollywood Liberalism’, Social Science Quarterly, 74(1), 136–49. 2. D. M. West and J. M. Orman (2003) Celebrity Politics (Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall), pp. 59–74; L. Tsaliki, C. A. Frangonikolopoulos, and A. Huliaras (2011) Transnational Celebrity Activism in Global Politics: Changing the World? (Bristol, UK: Intellect Books). 3. See, for example, a collective interview with Warren Beatty, Danny Glover, Norman Lear, Oliver Stone, Tim Robbins, and Alec Baldwin, in P. Biskind (18 March 1999) ‘On Movies, Money and Politics’, The Nation, 13–20. 4. S. J. Ross (2011) ‘The First Political Movie Star: Charlie Chaplin’ in Hollywood Left and Right: How Movie Stars Shaped American Politics (London: Oxford University Press), pp. 23–4. 5. J. Sbardellati and T. Shaw (2003) ‘Booting a Tramp: Charlie Chaplin, the FBI, and the Construction of the Subversive Image in Red Scare America’, Pacific Historical Review, 72(4), 511. 6. D. Robinson (1994) Chaplin: His Life and Art (Penguin Books: Kindle Edition), pp. 4311–33. 7. M. M. Bakhtin (1984) Rabelais and his World, Vol. 341 (Indiana University Press); D. Robb (2006) ‘Carnivalesque Meets Modernity in the Films of Karl Valentin and Charlie Chaplin’, in S. Dennison and S. H. Lim (eds) Remapping World Cinema: Identity, Culture and Politics in Film (Wallflower Press), pp. 89–100. 8. C. J. Maland (1985) ‘A Documentary Note on Charlie Chaplin’s Politics’, Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television, 5(2), 199–208. 9. Ross, ‘The First Political Movie Star’, pp. 23–4. 10. C. J. Maland (1991) Chaplin and American Culture: the Evolution of a Star Image (Princeton University Press), pp. 150–7; B. Neve (2013) Film and Politics in America: a Social Tradition (Routledge), p. 57. 11. J. Frost (2011) Hedda Hopper’s Hollywood: Celebrity Gossip and American Conservatism (New York: New York University Press), pp. 75–88; R. M. Lichtman (2004) ‘Louis Budenz, the FBI, and the “List of 400 Concealed Notes 201

Communists”: an Extended Tale of McCarthy-era Informing’, American Communist History, 3(1), 25–54. 12. Robinson, Chaplin, p. 2509. 13. Robinson, Chaplin, p. 7. 14. K. S. Lynn (1997) Charlie Chaplin and His Times (New York: Simon & Schuster), pp. 478–90. 15. There is an abundant academic bibliography on this topic. For some of the more recent publications, see J. J. Gladchuk (2013) Hollywood and Anticommunism: HUAC and the Evolution of the Red Menace, 1935–1950 (Routledge); J. Sbardellati (2012) J. Edgar Hoover Goes to the Movies: the FBI and the Origins of Hollywood’s Cold War (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press); F. Krutnik, (2007) ‘Un-American’ Hollywood: Politics and Film in the Blacklist Era (New Brunswick, New Jersey; and London: Rutgers University Press). 16. J. Hellmann (2013) The Kennedy Obsession: the American Myth of JFK (New York: Columbia University Press), pp. 91–6; D. T. Critchlow and E. Raymond (2009) ‘Network: Presidential Election’, in D. T. Critchlow and E. Raymond (eds) Hollywood and Politics: a Sourcebook (New York and London: Routledge), pp. 30–5; C. B. Schwalbe (2005) ‘Jacqueline Kennedy and Cold War Propaganda’, Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 49(1), 111–27. 17. Ross (2011), ‘Movement Leader, Grassroots Builder’ in Hollywood Left and Right, pp. 227–70; Critchlow (2013) When Hollywood Was Right: How Movie Stars, Studio Moguls, and Big Business Remade American Politics (Cambridge University Press), p. 204. 18. Schwalbe, ‘Jacqueline Kennedy’. 19. F. Alberoni (1973) L’élite senza potere: Ricerca sociologica sul divismo (Milano: Bompani); D. J. Boorstin (2012) The Image: a Guide to Pseudo- Events in America (Random House Digital, Inc). 20. C. Rojek (2001) Celebrity (Reaktion Books), p. 73. 21. M. White (2013) ‘Apparent Perfection: the Image of John F. Kennedy’, History, 98(330), 226–46. 22. P. Biskind (2010) Star: How Warren Beatty Seduced America (New York: Simon & Schuster), p. 166; S. J. Ross (2011) ‘President Bulworth or, Will Mr. Beatty Go to Washington?’ in Hollywood Left and Right, pp. 324–7. 23. R. Radosh (1996) Divided They Fell (New York: Simon & Schuster), pp. 133–76; J. A. Stimson (1975) ‘Belief Systems: Constraint, Complexity, and the 1972 Election’, American Journal of Political Science, 19(3), 393–417. 24. For a thorough description of Gary Hart’s interaction with Hollywood stars, see Biskind, Star, p. 337. 25. P. J. Achter (2000) ‘Narrative, Intertextuality, and Apologia in Contemporary Political Scandals’, Southern Communication Journal, 65(4), 318–33; L. Stoker (1993) ‘Judging Presidential Character: the Demise of Gary Hart’, Political Behavior, 15(2), 193–223. 26. Beatty’s love life is described extensively in the many authorized and unauthorized biographies covering his life and career. See J. Parker (1994) Warren Beatty: the Last Great Lover of Hollywood (Carroll & Graf Publishers); E. Amburn (2004) The Sexiest Man Alive: a Biography of Warren 202 Notes

Beatty (HarperCollins); S. Finstad (2006) Warren Beatty: a Private Man (Random House LLC: Kindle Edition); Biskind, Star. 27. Biskind, Star, p. 257. 28. Finstad, Private Man, p. 1149. 29. Finstad, Private Man, p. 3576; Biskind, Star, p. 257. 30. K. Hey (1981) ‘Another Look: Splendor in the Grass’, Film & History: an Interdisciplinary Journal of Film and Television Studies, 11(1), 9–13. 31. D. Bingham (1994) ‘Warren Beatty and the Elusive Male Body in Hollywood Cinema’, Michigan Quarterly Review (Winter), 149–76. 32. S. Prince (2000) ‘The Hemorrhaging of American Cinema: Bonnie and Clyde’s Legacy of Cinematic Violence’, in L. D. Friedman (ed.) Arthur Penn’s Bonnie and Clyde (New York: Cambridge University Press), pp. 129. 33. G. Engle (2013) ‘McCabe and Mrs. Miller: Robert Altman’s Anti-Western’, in G. R. Edgerton and M. T. Marsden (eds) Westerns: the Essential Journal of Popular Film and Television Collection (London and New York: Routledge), pp. 217–32. 34. R. Pratt (2001) Projecting Paranoia: Conspiratorial Visions in American Film (Kansas University Press), pp. 127–30. 35. T. Melley (2000) Empire of Conspiracy: the Culture of Paranoia in Postwar America (Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press), pp. 133–44; I. Scott (2011) American Politics in Hollywood Film (Edinburgh University Press), pp. 137–46. 36. M. Wilmington, and G. Peary (1972) ‘An Interview with Warren Beatty’, Velvet Light Trap (Winter/VII), 32–6. 37. M. Wilmington (1972) ‘Warren Beatty: the Sweet Smell of Success’, Velvet Light Trap (Winter/VII), 29–32. 38. Beatty quoted in Biskind, Star, p. 213. 39. V. Canby (4 December 1981), ‘Beatty’s Reds, with Diane Keaton’, New York Times, p. C8; R. Corliss (7 December 1981), ‘Cinema: Go On’, Time. 40. M. Eaton (1982) ‘History to Hollywood’, Screen, 23(2), 61–70; L. Grindon (1993) ‘Witness to Hollywood: Oral Testimony and Historical Interpretation in Warren Beatty’s Reds’, Film History, 5(1), 85–95. 41. Eaton, ‘History to Hollywood’. 42. Cited in E. Buscombe (1982) ‘Making Love and Revolution’, Screen, 23(2), 71–2. 43. G. Stephanopoulos (11 October 1999) ‘Behind the Beatty Buzz’, Newsweek, 134, 35; A. L. Bardach (6 November 1999) ‘Dept. of Lady Killers’, The New Yorker, 25–6. 44. P. Swirski (2005) ‘Bulworth and the New American Left’, Journal of American Culture, 28(3), 293–301; J. Stimson (2001) ‘Killing Bare-Handed, Killing Hillary: Two Film Constructions of the Un-Clinton’, Studies in Popular Culture, 25–36. 45. P. Dowell, D. Georgakas, and H. Boyd (1998) ‘Warren Beatty’s Bulworth: Will the Real Bulworth Please Stand Up?’, Cineaste, 24(1), 6. 46. P. J. Massood (2002) ‘Ghetto Supastar: Warren Beatty’s Bulworth and the Politics of Race and Space’, Literature Film Quarterly, 30(4), 287; A. V. Wagenen (2007) ‘The Promise and Impossibility of Representing Notes 203

Anti-Essentialism: Reading Bulworth through Critical Race Theory’, Race, Gender & Class, 14(1/2), 157–77. 47. W. Kirn (1999) ‘President Bulworth’, Time, 154, 35; Anonymous (4 September 1999), ‘Lexington: Warren Beatty’s Profession’, The Economist, 352, 38; D. Campbell (1 October 1999) ‘Will Beatty Run for President? No. Well, Probably Not’, The Guardian, p. 16. 48. Biskind, Star, pp. 528–9. 49. R. L. Berke (15 August 1999) ‘Warren Beatty Hints At a Presidential Run’, New York Times, retrieved from: ; T. S. Purdum, and M. Henneberger (29 September 1999), ‘Warren Beatty Is Bathing in a New Kind of Spotlight’, New York Times, retrieved from: . 50. Biskind, Star, p. 529. 51. See Chapter 6. 52. V. Canby (24 April 1987) ‘Movie Review: Forever Lulu’, New York Times, retrieved from: ; K. Thomas (15 May 1987) ‘Movie Review: Schygulla Wasted in Forever, Lulu’, Los Angeles Times, p. 11. 53. I. Parker (8 September 2008) ‘Why Me? Alec Baldwin’s Disappointment, Undimmed by Success’, The New Yorker, retrieved from: . 54. D. Richards (19 April 1992) ‘Sunday View: This Streetcar Doesn’t Travel Far Enough’, New York Times, p. 5. 55. D. Howe (2 October 1992) ‘Glengarry: Cold Property’, The Washington Post, p. 42; G. Siskel (2 February 1996) ‘Lowbrow Juror Imposes Stiff Sentence on Audiences’, Chicago Tribune, p. B. 56. J. Patterson (2 January 2010) ‘It’s Complicated but Meryl Streep and Alec Baldwin Have Improved with Age’, The Guardian, retrieved from: . 57. J. Williams (20 August 1993) ‘Baldwin, Basinger become Mr. & Mrs.’, USA TODAY, p. 2D; C. Russell (16 August 1992) ‘The Cachet of Couples: Real Life Romance between Stars Adds a Degree of Excitement’, Sun Sentinel, p. 1F; L. Smith (26 April 1991) ‘Who’ll Film Saint First? Newsday, p. 11. 58. A. Stanley (28 April 2007) ‘Under Fire, An Actor Lashes Back with a Plan’, New York Times, p. B7; S. Waxman (26 April 2007) ‘I’d Like to Get off the Stage Right Now’, New York Times, p. G7. 59. F. Ahrens (21 April 2007) ‘Alec Baldwin Makes the Wrong Call; Actor Berates His Daughter In Voicemail Leaked to Web’, The Washington Post, p. C1. 60. A. H. Petersen (2010) ‘Smut Goes Corporate: TMZ and the Conglomerate, Convergent Face of Celebrity Gossip’, Television & New Media, 11(1), 62–81. 61. E. Day (7 March 2010) ‘Comment: The Observer Profile: Alec Baldwin the Wild Card Back in the Spotlight: the Maverick Actor is Once Again one 204 Notes

of Hollywood’s Hottest Properties, But He’s Still a High-Risk Choice to Co-host Tonight’s Oscars Ceremony’, The Observer, p. 36. 62. S. Macaulay (15 February 2001) ‘Just Who Will Love a Smart Alec?’, The Times, p. 18. 63. C. O’Brien (1998) ‘Alec Baldwin Interview’, Late Night Show: NBC, retrieved from: . 64. M. Kelly (23 December 1998) ‘The Politics of Personal Destruction’, The Washington Post, p. A23; L. de Moraes (21 December 1998) ‘Valenti to Baldwin: “Cool It, Smart Alec!”’, The Washington Post, p. C7. 65. J. Berkman (2 August 1998) ‘Alec Baldwin: a Star in the Fray of Politics’, New York Times, p. 3; D. Solomon (29 October 2006) ‘Getting in on the Sitcom Act’, New York Times Magazine, pp. 13–16; J. Green, (11 June 2010) ‘Congressman Baldwin? A Bishop Loss Might Provide the Opportunity’, The Huffington Post, retrieved from: . 66. M. Fleming (8 July 2008) ‘Playboy Interview: Alec Baldwin’, Playboy, 30. 67. Huff Post Entertainment (8 October 2011) ‘Alec Baldwin Mayor of NYC? Actor Eyes Office, But After 2013’, The Huffington Post, retrieved from: ; Huff Post Entertainment (8 September 2011) ‘Michael Moore: Matt Damon for President’, The Huffington Post, retrieved from: ; Huff Post Entertainment (8 August 2001) ‘Alec Baldwin Thinking of New York City Mayor Run: Report’, The Huffington Post, retrieved from: . 68. Biskind, Star, p. 530–4; Finstad, Private Man, Location 10439 (Kindle edition).

8 Juan Carlos Blumberg and the Populism of Fear Politics in Argentina: Converting Mediatic Crimes into Political Capital

1. C. Rojek (2001) Celebrity (London: Reaktion Books), pp. 18–24. 2. G. Turner (2006) ‘The Mass Production of Celebrity “Celetoids”, Reality TV and the “Demotic Turn”’, International Journal of Cultural Studies, 9(2), 153–65. 3. It should be stressed that Turner, Bonner, and Marshall coined the term ‘accidental celebrity’ for people who did not choose to promote themselves as media products, but were caught in the limelight. Despite this, I con- sider Blumberg as a celetoid as a result of his willing interaction with the media. See G. Turner, F. Bonner, and P. D. Marshall (2000) Fame Games: the Production of Celebrity in Australia (Cambridge University Press), p. 77. 4. M. Feitlowitz (1998) A Lexicon of Terror: Argentina and the Legacies of Torture (London: Oxford University Press). Notes 205

5. E. Crenzel (2011) ‘Between the Voices of the State and the Human Rights Movement: Never Again and the Memories of the Disappeared in Argentina’, Journal of Social History, 44(4), 1063–76; D. Levy (2010) ‘Recursive Cosmopolitization: Argentina and the Global Human Rights Regime’, The British Journal of Sociology, 61(3), 579–96. 6. M. D. Bonner (2005) ‘Defining Rights in Democratization: the Argentine Government and Human Rights Organizations, 1983–2003’, Latin American Politics and Society, 47(4), 55–76. 7. E. Gálvez (2011) ‘La construcción de una nueva hegemonía en Argentina durante la crisis de 2001–2002’, Nuevo Mundo Mundos Nuevos Nouveaux mondes mondes nouveaux-Novo Mundo Mundos Novos-New world New worlds; S. Levitsky and M. V. Murillo (2008) ‘Argentina: From Kirchner to Kirchner’, Journal of Democracy, 19(2), 16–30. 8. B. Kaplan (2012) ‘Contesting Memories: a Brief Recount of the Struggles to Talk About the Violent Past in Argentina’, Dissidences, 4(8), 3. 9. M. A. Vitale and P. Vallejos (2007) ‘Memoria y acontecimiento. La prensa escrita argentina ante el golpe militar de 1976’, Los Estudios del Discurso: nuevos aportes desde la investigación en la Argentina, 165–82; E. Blaustein and M. Zubieta (1998) Decíamos ayer: la prensa argentina bajo el Proceso (Ediciones Colihue SRL). 10. ‘Tensión Kirchner PJ por el acto en ESMA’ (24 March 2004), Clarín, p. 1. 11. ‘Matan a sangre fría a un secuestrado’ (24 March 2004), Clarín, p. 1. 12. ‘Un 24 distinto a 28 años del golpe’ (24 March 2004), Página/12, p. 1; ‘Asesinaron a un joven secuestrado’ (24 March 2004), Página/12, p. 1. 13. N. Mazza (25 March 2004), ‘Golpeado y Torturado’, La Nación, retrieved from: ; ‘Conmoción por el crimen del chico que estaba secuestrado’ (25 March 2004), Clarín, retrieved from: . 14. Argentine thinker Leon Rozitchner saw an inadvertent but direct connection between Kirchner’s policy on the crimes of the military regime and the impact that the Blumberg case had on powerful groups within Argentine society; J. Natanson (17 May 2004) ‘No es casual que la movilizacion de Blumberg la aproveche la derecha’, Página/12, retrieved from: ; J. W. Knudson (1997) ‘Veil of Silence: the Argentine Press and the Dirty War, 1976–1983’, Latin American Perspectives, 24(6), 93–112. 15. M. Calzado (2006) ‘Elementos para el análisis del tratamiento mediático del caso Blumberg’, FLACSO, Violencia y Cultura-PAV0065, Documentos de Trabajo. 16. G. D. Nicola and A. Rey (10 April 2004) ‘Una vida signada por la tragedia y el esfuerzo’, La Nacion, retrieved from: . 17. R. Barbano (24 March 2004) ‘Yo hice lo que decía la Policía, fui a entregar la plata ... y perdí a mi hijo’, Clarín, retrieved from: ; H. Cappiello (24 March 2004) ‘Asesinan 206 Notes

a un estudiante secuestrado’, La Nacion, retrieved from: . 18. A. Sangenis (30 March 2004) ‘Axel Blumberg: “En la morgue, besé a mi hijo y le prometí justicia”’, Gente; A. Sangenis and M. Braillard (3 April 2004) ‘Juan Carlos Blumberg: “No lo pude proteger pero me consuela saber que Axel estaría orgulloso de mí”’, Gente. 19. A. Helg (1990) ‘Race in Argentina and Cuba, 1880–1930: Theory, Policies, and Popular Reaction’, in R. Graham (ed.) The Idea of Race in Latin America, 1870–1940 (Austin, TX: University of Texas Press), pp. 37–70; E. Guano (2003) ‘A Color for the Modern Nation: the Discourse on Class, Race, and Education in the Porteño Middle Class’, Journal of Latin American Anthropology, 8(1), 148–71. 20. M. Thieberger (2 May 2004) ‘Los piqueteros quieren competir con Blumberg’, Clarín, retrieved from: . 21. ‘Un nombramiento dificil de entender’ (5 June 2004) Página/12, retrieved from: ; ‘Blumberg se reunió con el titular de la AMIA’ (8 September 2004), La Nacion, retrieved from: ; ‘Campaña’ (17 August 2006), La Nacion, retrieved from: . 22. R. Braceli (27 September 2009) ‘Remedios para calmar racismos’, La Nacion, retrieved from: . 23. For some of those frequent descriptions of Juan Carlos Blumberg, see ‘El “ing- eniero” Blumberg y “la seguridad” como batalla’ (10 August 2013), Infonews, retrieved from: ; ‘Juan Carlos Blumberg, el día después del acto multitudinario’ (3 April 2004), Clarín, retrieved from: ; G. D. Nicola and A. Rey (10 April 2004) ‘Una vida signada por la tragedia y el esfuerzo’, La Nacion, retrieved from: . 24. P. Bourdieu (1998) The State Nobility: Elite Schools in the Field of Power (Stanford University Press), p. 205. 25. C. Schillagi (2006) ‘La obsesión excluyente: las movilizaciones sociales en torno a la cuestión de la (in) seguridad en Argentina durante el año 2004’, Temas y Debates (12), 109–37; Calzado (2006). 26. J. P. Feinmann (27 April 2004) ‘Blumberg, la mortaja de Axel’, Página/12, retrieved from: . 27. C. Rabinovitch (10 September 2006) ‘Blumberg defiendea los “Sin Gorra”, echados por Arslanian’, Rio Negro, retrieved from: . 28. K. Eaton (2008) ‘Paradoxes of Police Reform: Federalism, Parties, and Civil Society in Argentina’s Public Security Crisis’, Latin American Research Review, 43(3), 5–32. Notes 207

29. Sangenis, ‘Axel Blumberg: “En la morgue, besé a mi hijo y le prometí justicia”’. 30. A. Gandsman (2012) ‘“The Axel Blumberg Crusade for the Lives of Our Children”: the Cultural Politics of Fear and the Moral Authority of Grief in Argentina’, Canadian Journal of Latin American and Caribbean Studies, 37(73), 67–96. 31. Gandsman, ‘“The Axel Blumberg Crusade for the Lives of Our Children”’, p. 14. 32. L. Escudero Chauvel (2001) ‘Desaparecidos, pasiones e identidades dis- cursivas en la prensa argentina (1976–1983)’, Cuadernos de la Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias Sociales. Universidad Nacional de Jujuy (17), 541–58; Knudson ‘Veil of Silence’. 33. N. Mazza (25 March 2004) ‘Blumberg: “Hay contradicciones en la investi- gación”’, La Nación, retrieved from: ; ‘Creen que la Policía disparó contra el coche donde llevaban a Axel’ (25 March 2004), Clarín, retrieved from: . 34. ‘Kirchner se reunió con los padres de Axel Blumberg’ (26 March 2004), La Nacion, retrieved from: . 35. ‘Los siete puntos del petitorio’ (1 April 2004), Clarín, retrieved from: . 36. ‘“Todos por Axel”: Multitudinaria marcha contra la inseguridad’ (1 April 2004), La Nación, retrieved from: ; ‘Masiva marcha frente al Congreso para pedir seguridad’ (1 April 2004), Clarín, retrieved from: . 37. ‘Blumberg en el Congreso: “Pónganse a trabajar”’ (30 March 2004), La Nación, retrieved from: ; M. Granovsky (20 April 2004), ‘Mando con reformas y un final abierto’, Página/12, retrieved from: . 38. ‘En busca de apoyo’ (23 June 2004), Página/12, retrieved from: ; W. Pertot (6 August 2006), ‘Blumberg, el sueño del parque jurásico propio’, Página/12, retrieved from: . 39. M. Wainfeld (22 August 2004) ‘La gran esperanza blanca’, Página/12, retrieved from: . 40. L. Wacquant (2001) ‘The Penalisation of Poverty and the Rise of Neo- Liberalism’, European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research, 9(4), 401–12. 41. P. Bourdieu and L. Wacquant (2001) ‘Neoliberal Newspeak: Notes on the New Planetary Vulgate’, Radical Philosophy, 105 ( Jan), 1–6. 42. C. Wylde (2012) ‘¿Continuidad o cambio? Política económica argentina posterior a la crisis y el gobierno de Néstor Kirchner, 2003–2007’, Íconos: 208 Notes

Revista de Ciencias Sociales (43), 109–33; J. Grugel and M. P. Riggirozzi (2007) ‘The Return of the State in Argentina’, International Affairs, 83(1), 87–107. 43. G. D. Nicola (2 August 2004) ‘Blumberg pide una política de shock’, La Nacion, retrieved from: ; ‘Blumberg ontra Falbo’ (24 July 2004), Página/12, retrieved from: . 44. G. D. Nicola (16 August 2004) ‘La noche en la que estallaron el alivio y la alegría’, La Nacion, retrieved from: ; F. Rodríguez and L. Moreiro (2 January 2005) ‘El hombre del año’, La Nacion, retrieved from: . 45. ‘Unas mil personas junto a Blumberg’ (16 December 2004), La Nacion, retrieved from: ; Rodríguez and Moreiro, ‘El hombre del año’. 46. E. Piqué (1 July 2004) ‘Blumberg y su cruzada, ante el Papa’, La Nacion, retrieved from: ; ‘Blumberg planea reunirse con Schwarzenegger’ (14 November 2004), La Nacion, retrieved from: ; ‘Con Macri y Blumberg’ (10 November 2006), Página/12, retrieved from: . 47. J. Elias (11 July 2001) ‘México me atormenta; Buenos Aires me mata’, La Nacion, retrieved from: ; A. Oppenheimer (29 June 2004) ‘La rebelión de la clase media’, La Nacion, retrieved from: ; ‘Blumberg tiene un par mexicano’ (11 March 2005), La Nacion, retrieved from: . 48. C. Rodríguez (19 May 2004) ‘Un duro debate entre las victimas’, Página/12, retrieved from: ; G. D. Nicola (21 May 2004) ‘Blumberg se disculpó con la familia Bordón’, La Nacion, retrieved from: . 49. ‘Crítica de la familia Ianonne al ingeniero Juan Carlos Blumberg’ (18 December 2006), La Nacion, retrieved from: . 50. ‘Madres del Dolor dicen no a la marcha de Blumberg’ (25 August 2004), La Nacion, retrieved from: . 51. A. Dandan (26 April 2004) ‘En La Rioja Madres del Dolor reclaman por sus hijos asesinados’, Página/12, retrieved from: . 52. F. Rodriguez (3 June 2005) ‘Consignas que no movilizaron’, La Nacion, retrieved from:

que-no-movilizaron>; M. Granovsky (5 June 2005) ‘El ocaso de un lider’, Página/12, retrieved from: . 53. ‘PRO confirma un acercamiento con Blumberg, pero niega candidatu- ras’ (22 April 2006), La Nacion, retrieved from: ; W. Pertot (23 April 2006) ‘Nace una pareja de derechas’, Página/12, retrieved from: . 54. S. Morresi (2012) Right and Center-Right in Contemporary Argentina: the PRO Party Case. University of General Sarmiento. Paper presented at XXII World Congress of Political Science, Research Committee 23: Elections, Citizens and Parties. 55. L. Capriata (15 April 2007) ‘Macri y Blumberg trabajarán juntos en Capital y Buenos Aires’, La Nacion, retrieved from: ; W. Pertot (6 August 2006) ‘Blumberg, el sueño del parque jurásico propio’, Página/12, retrieved from: ; W. Pertot (23 April 2006) ‘Nace una pareja de derechas’, Página/12, retrieved from: . 56. R. Kollman (3 September 2006) ‘Blumberg legislador y cerca de Macri’, Página/12, retrieved from: ; M. Wainfeld (16 January 2006) ‘Un ingeniero con voluntad’, Página/12, retrieved from: ; ‘Macri y Blumberg afianzan su alianza’ (14 April 2006), La Nacion, retrieved from: . 57. N. Veiras (15 June 2007) ‘El dilema de Blumberg es ser o no ser’, Página/12, retrieved from: . 58. M. Obarrio (15 June 2007) ‘Macri se aleja de Blumberg porque no sería ingeniero’, La Nacion, retrieved from: ; ‘El diputado Vanossi propone inhabilitar a Blumberg’ (28 June 2007), Perfil, retrieved from: . 59. M. E. Polack (17 June 2007) ‘Yo he metido la pata: no soy ingeniero’, La Nacion, retrieved from: ; ‘Macri le pidió a Blumberg que aclare lo de su título’ (18 June 2007), La Nacion, retrieved from: . 60. W. Pertot (24 February 2008) ‘Juan Carlos Blumberg, un soledad critica a sus ex-aliados: “Me siguen diciendo ingeniero”’, Página/12, retrieved from: ; S. Abrevaya (24 July 2013) ‘El abrazo del falso ingeniero’, Página/12, retrieved 210 Notes

from: .

9 Reality Shows and Celebrity Politics: a Fast Track for Novice Politicians?

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17. Castro, ‘A diferenca venceu’, Folha; J. F. d. Santos (1 April 2005) ‘Boate gay de Copacabana da festa para os jogadores do Big Brother Brasil 5’, O Globo, p. 3. 18. P. D. Marshall (1997) Celebrity and Power: Fame in Contemporary Culture (Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press), p. 4. 19. C. Fico (1997) Reinventando o otimismo: ditadura, propaganda e imaginário social no Brasil (Fundação Getúlio Vargas: Editora), pp. 16–17. 20. ‘Jean é o grande vencedor do BBB’ (29 March 2005), retrieved from: . 21. A. Kuchler (27 May 2005) ‘Evento que recorde de 2 milhoes de pessoas na rua’, Folha de Sao Paulo; L. Capriglione and F. Mena (30 May 2005) ‘Parada Gay tem ampla presenca femenina’, Folha de Sao Paulo, p. C1. 22. P. R. Moreira (5 June 2005) ‘Vencedor do BBB 5, vira reporter’, O Globo, p. 14; P. Villalba (4 April 2005) ‘Ex Big Brother reune contos e cronicas em “Ainda Lembro”’, O Estado de Sao Paulo, p. D5. 23. M. Bergamo (7 April 2005) ‘Intelectual’, Folha de Sao Paulo, p. E2. 24. A. Xexeo (12 June 2005) ‘O estilo de um ex-BBB’, O Globo, p. 50; G. F. Vansconcellos (18 June 2005) ‘Jean Wyllys faz desfile de banalidades’, Folha de Sao Paulo, p. E8. 25. P. Bourdieu (1998) On Television (translated by P. P. Ferguson) (New York: The New Press). 26. P. Bourdieu, On Television, p. 75. 27. ‘Ex-BBB Cida passa necessidades e pede ajuda na TV’ (14 October 2010), Terra, retrieved from: ; ‘Ex-BBB Ariadna nega que esteja passando fome’ (17 January 2012), R7, retrieved from: . 28. C. Rojek (2001) Celebrity (London: Reaktion Books); G. Turner (2006) ‘The Mass Production of Celebrity “Celetoids”, Reality TV and the “Demotic Turn”’, International Journal of Cultural Studies, 9(2), 153–65. 29. Z. Bravo (20 January 2008) ‘Confessar que e homossexual faz parte do jogo?’, O Globo, p. 15; J. Wyllys (2010) ‘A ordem heterossexual e as homossexualidades’, O Globo, p. 7. 30. V. A. d. Jesus (19 May 2010) ‘Jean Wyllys diz que entrou no BBB só para estudar programa e que não usará fama em campanha para deputado’, Terra, retrieved from: . 31. A. Gramsci (1996) Prison Notebooks, Vol. 1 (translated and edited by J. A. Buttigieg) (New York: Columbia University Press), pp. 138–9; M. Ridenti (2000) Em busca do povo brasileiro: artistas da revolução, do CPC à era da tv (Rio de Janeiro: Editora Record), pp. 323–7. 32. N. Ribke (2011) ‘Telenovela Writers under the Military Regime in Brazil: Beyond the Cooption and Resistance Dichotomy’, Media, Culture & Society, 33(5), 659–73. 33. M. C. Poli (9 June 2013) ‘Poli entrevista Jean Wyllys’, TV Cultura. 212 Notes

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accidental celebrities, 6, 178 n.17, Blumberg, Juan Carlos, 137–8, 141–3, 204 n.3 145, 147, 150, 173, 204 n.3, 205 Adler, Stella, 123 n.14, 206 n.23 Afro-Cuban music, 77, 78 ‘Blumberg Laws’, 146 Alberoni, Francesco, 2 Bolsonaro, Jair, 166 Alencar, Chico, 164 Bonnie and Clyde (film), 124, 126 Alfonsín, Raul, 139 Boorstin, Daniel J., 2, 9, 73, 100 Altman, Rick, 10 Bordón, Sebastián, 148 Altman, Robert, 124 Bornay, Clovis, 156 Annan, Kofi, 71 bossa nova, 56 Andacht, Fernando, 155 Bourdieu, Pierre, 6–7, 9, 76, 91, 143, Andrejevic, Mark, 154 158 anti-communism, see communism see also Field Theory ‘Aquele Abraco’ (song), 61 Bradley, Bill, 128 Argentinean dictatorship, 139, 142, Brando, Marlon, 117, 125, 129 145 Braudy, Leo, 3, 73 Arnulfistas, 82, 192 n.24 Brazilian fashion designers, 156, 164 Arpaio, Joe, 114 Brizola, Leonel, 66–7 Bryant, Louise, 126 Baldwin, Alec, 117, 129–32, 200 n.3 Buarque de Hollanda, Chico, 62 Bank Hapoalim, 42–3, 184 n.31 Bulworth (film), 127–8 Barreto, Ray, 79 ‘Buscando America’ (song), 81 el barrio, 78–9, 89, 91 Basinger, Kim, 130 Caddell, Pat, 128 Beatty, Warren, 117, 122–9, 132, 200 ‘Calice’ (song), 62 n.3, 201–2 n.26 Calle 13, 88, 94 Beetlejuice (film), 129 Calzado, Mercedes, 141 Berkovitch, Nitza, 29 Capriles Radonski, Enrique, 93 Berlusconi, Silvio, 14 Cardoso, Fernando Henrique, 67–9 Bethania, Maria, 57–8, 73, 157 Carmel, California Bial, Pedro, 158 (Carmel-by-the-Sea), 107 Big Brother, 153–7 Carter, Jimmy, 103, 111 Big Brother Brazil, 153, 155, 157–9 Castells, Raul, 142 Biskind, Peter, 123 Cawelti, John, 112 Blades, Rubén, 12–13, 75–88, 90–2, celebrity capital, 6, 24, 67, 99, 104, 94–6, 172, 174, 190 n.3, 192–3 117, 171 n.30 celetoid, 6, 111, 135, 137–9, 150–1, Bloomberg, Michael, 75, 93 153, 159, 168–9, 178 n.17, Blumberg, Axel, 137–8, 140–2, 204 n.3 145–8, 151 celetoid politicians, 111, 138, 150–1

229 230 Index

Channel One (Israel), 20 Eastwood, Clint, 99, 105–8, 110, Channel Two (Israel), 38, 43 112–13, 116, 195 n.1 Chaplin, Charlie, 117–21 Eichler, Israel, 38 charisma, 76, 82, 90, 92, Eitan, Rafi, 41 111, 125 Elektra Records, 79 Chavez, Hugo, 93–5 Endemol, 153 ‘Chega de Saudades’ (song), 56 Engel, Eliot, 92 CIA, 77, 192 n.25 Entwistle, Joanne, 20 cinema stars, 10–11 ‘Expresso 2222’ (song), 67–8 Clarín, 140 Clinton, Bill, 127–8, 131, 133 Fania Records, 77–9, 88–90, 92, Clodovil, 156, 164–6 193–4 n.42 Clooney, George, 13, 117, 130 fashion models, 19–20, 26, 30 Cold War, 26, 77–8, 83, 96, 115, FBI, 89, 120, 196 n.8 129, 147, 154 Feinmann, Jose Pablo, 143 Colón, Willie, 12–13, 73, 75–7, 79, Fico, Carlos, 157 80, 83, 88–96, 172, 191 n.12, Field Theory, 5, 9 194 n.48 see also Bourdieu, Pierre communism, 91, 105, 120, 123, film genres, 10, 102, 108, 112–13, 126, 127 115–18 anti-communism, 105 Ford, John, 103 Cooper, Gary, 99 Former Soviet Union (FSU) Cooper, Marc, 128 immigrants, 24, 29, 31, 46 Costa, Gal, 57, 73 Couldry, Nick, 21 Gamson, Joshua, 5, 35, 100 Creative Commons, 70 Gandsman, A., 144–5 Critchlow, Donald, 101 Gaon, Yehoram, 8 Cruz, Celia, 80 Garcia Canclini, Nestor, 163 Cuban diaspora, 96 ‘Geleia Geral’ (song), 72, 74 Cuban Revolution, 57, 78 Gibson, Mel, 13 cultural industries, 5–6, 8–9, Gil, Gilberto, 55–7, 59–61, 63–5, 67, 11–12, 35, 51, 73–4, 76, 88, 69, 71–4, 88, 162, 173–4 161, 174 Gilberto, Joao, 56–7 Giuliani, Rudolph, 146–7 Dankner, Amnon, 38 Glengarry Glen Ross (film), 130 de Cordova, Richard, 4, 10 Globo Network, 66, 155–6, 158, Democratic Party, 92–3, 99, 122–3, 167–70 127, 129 Goncaga, Luiz, 56 demographic danger, 30 Gore, Al, 128 Dener, 156 Goulart, Joao, 57 Diary Room, the, 155 Gramsci, Antonio, 160 Dick Tracy (film), 127 Gran Fuga, La (LP), 89 Dirty Harry (film), 106–8, 110, 197 Green Berets (film), 103 n.35 Dirty War, 139 habitus, 76, 91, 173 Dollars Trilogy, The (films), 106 Hamill, Peter, 80 Dyer, Richard, 2, 26, 100 Hart, Gary, 122, 128, 201 n.24 Index 231

Heaven Can Wait (film), 126 LGTB Community, 21, 160, 168–9 Heritage Foundation, 147 Lieberman, Avigdor, 24–5 Herut Party, 27–8, 182 lifestyle programmes, 20 Hesmondhalgh, David, 6, 11, 178 Likud Party, 20, 23–4, 36, 40, 47 Hill, Annette, 124 Lavoe, Hector, 90 Hollywood stars, 2, 99, 101–2, 104, ‘Louvação’ (song), 58 117, 121–3, 130, 133, 201 n.24 homosexual identity, 123, 156–9, Maariv, 35–6 165, 168–9 Macedo, Edir, 167 Hotoveli, Tzipi, 23 Macri, Mauricio, 149 Hudriker, Yanna, 20, 27–8, 30 Maduro, Nicolas, 93–4 Huffington, Arianna, 110, 128, 132 Makor Rishon, 22, 181 Huffington Post, The, 132 Manhattan Institute, 146–7 human rights, 139, 141–4 Marshall, David, 6–7, 11, 34, 100, Humble, Nicola, 37, 184 105, 157, 204 n.3 Hunt for Red October, The (film), 129 Martin-Barbero, Jesus, 163 Massucci, Jerry, 90 IBA (Israeli Broadcasting Authority), Mato, Daniel, 78 36 Maxwell, Robert, 36 infotainment, 132, 166 McCabe and Mrs. Miller (film), 124 Inge, William, 123 McGovern, George, 122 Israel Beytenu Party, 20, 24–5, 27 mediatization, 14, 26 174 Menem, Carlos, 139 Jeffords, Susan, 100, 108, 197 n.35 ‘Mentira Fresca’ (song), 93 Messner, Michael A., 100, 109 Kadima Party, 20, 23–4, 41 meta-capital, 21 Kennedy family, 11, 121, 133 Miberg, Ron, 38 Kennedy, John F., 121, 125 Michaeli, Anastasia, 19–20, 22–30, Kennedy, Robert, 125 173 Kertesz, Mario, 65 military dictatorship, 57, 79, 118, Kimmel, Michael, 100, 108 139, 148–9 Kindergarten Cop (film), 109 Mills, C. Wright, 1, 68, 177 Kirchner, Nestor, 139–40, 145–6, Miranda, Carmen, 81 148, 151, 205 n.14 Mizrahim/Sephardic Jews, 24–5, 38 Kilpp, Suzana, 155 motherhood roles, 28–9, 31 Knesset Members’ candidates, 20–4, mothers and grandmothers of Plaza 27, 39–40, 173 de Mayo (Madres and Abuelas Kurzman, Charles, 57 de Plaza de Mayo), 144–5 Mothers of Pain (Madres del Dolor), Lapid, Tomi, 35–9, 41, 43, 183 n.4, 148 184 n.25 Murilo de Carvalho, Jose, 66 Lapid, Yair, 19, 34–47, 50–2, 172–3, Murphy, George, 11, 99, 101 180 n.2, 183 nn.4, 12, 184 n.25 music hall, 118–19 Lawman (TV series), 114 Leone, Sergio, 106 Nación, La, 140–2 Levi, David, 24 Neale, Stephen, 10, 102 Levi, Orly, 19, 20, 23–4 Netanyahu, Benjamin, 24, 47 232 Index

Neto, Torquato, 72 Reagan, Ronald, 5, 7–8, 11, 83, 96, news anchors, 13, 43–4, 99, 104–12, 116, 121, 126, 174, 51–2, 172 192 n.28, 196 nn.8, 17 Noriega, Manuel, 77, 190–1 n.3, 192 reality TV, 37, 114, 137, 150, 177 n.25 Record TV, 167–8, 170 Norris, Chuck, 99 Reform Party, 128 Regev, Miri, 23 O’Brien, Conan, 131 Regina, Elis, 60 Ovitz, Michael, 112 Reds (film), 123, 126–7, 137 Reed, John, 123, 126 ‘Pablo Pueblo’ (song), 83–4, 86 Reichman, Uriel, 39, 41 Página/12, 140, 149 Republican Party, 99, 101, 103, 107, Palmieri, Eddie, 79–80, 84 110–11, 115 Papa Egoro, 82, 84–5 Ricardo, Ricky, 81 Parallax View, The (film), 124–5 right-wing parties, 23 ‘Pedro Navaja’ (song), 75 Rogin, Michael, 100, 104 Perez, Rene, 94 Rosenblum, Pnina, 20, 23–4, 29, Perez Balladares, Enrique, 85 181 Peron, Eva, 5, 178 n.13 Ross, Steven, 11, 101, 110, 119, Pignatary, Decio, 72 178 Pires, Waldir, 65 Rotenberg, Arieh, 39 ‘Plastico’ (song), 75, 78 Rouanet Law, 67, 70 PMDB (Brazilian Democratic Movement Party), 64–5 salsa music, 12, 75, 77–81, 83–4, la policía maldita (‘evil police’, 88–90, 92, 94–6, 172 Buenos Aires), 144 Sanabria, Izzy, 89 Pontos de Cultura (Cultural Points) Santos, Silvio, 8, 79 initiative, 70 Saturday Night Live, 131 Popolitica, 37–8, 40–1 Schwarzenegger, Arnold, 7–8, 99, ‘Procissão’ (song), 58–9 108–13, 116, 128, 147, 172–3 PR (Republic Party), 165 screen persona, 4, 10–11, 103–9, 11, PRD (Democratic Revolutionary 116–18, 123–5, 128–30, 133, Party), 82, 85 174 PRO (Republican Proposal Party), 149 Seagal, Steven, 99, 112–14, 172, PSD (Social Democratic Party), 56 199–200 n.67 PSOL (Socialism and Liberty Party), Shamir, Yitzhak, 36 163–4 Shampoo (film), 125–6 PT (Workers’ Party), 68–9, 163 Sherak, Tom, 113 PTC (Christian Labor Party), 165 Shinuy Party, 39, 41, 44, 46, 184 Puente, Tito, 80, 90, 191 n.12 Shumsky, Dimitry, 24, 182 Punto Final and Obediencia Debida ‘Siembra’ (song, LP), 75, 78, 81, 83, laws, 139 90–1 Pullen, Christopher, 156 Splendor in the Grass (film), 124 Stallone, Sylvester, 108, 173 Rabin, Itzhak, 44 Stanislavsky system, 123 radionovelas, 5, 178 star system, 4, 6, 178 Index 233

Strasberg, Lee, 129 Van Krieken, Robert, 7, 179 Street, John, 12, 15, 95, 178–80 Van Zoonen, Liesbet, 15, 180 Vargas, Getúlio, 56, 178 talk shows, 110 Veloso, Caetano, 57, 59, 60–1, 70–1, ‘technolog’, 143, 149 73, 162 television genres, 9, 13, 42, 179 Ventura, Jesse, 7, 99, 112 television presenters – TV hosts, 7, Vietnam war, 102–3, 121, 124 19, 24, 30, 33, 38, 42, 43, 50–1, 163, 165, 172 Wacquant, Loïc, 146 Terminator 3 (film), 110 Wayne, John, 99, 102–4, 106, Tiburon, 129 118–19 Timóteo, Agnaldo, 66–7, 110 Weber, Max, 82, 117 Tiririca, 165–6 Western/action films, 99–102, TMZ, 130 105–6, 112, 114–18, 129 Topaz, Dudu, 38 Williams, Tennessee, 129 Torrijos, Omar, 85, 103, 190–1 n.3, Wills, Gary, 103, 105 192 n.25 Wilmington, Michael, 8, 125, 179 Turner, Graeme, 138, 159, 169, Wood, Robin, 129 177–9, 204 n.3 Wyllys, Jean, 153, 155–70, 173 Tropicalia – tropicalist movement, Wyman, Jane, 105 60, 70–2 Tropicalia ou Panis et Circencis (LP), Yediot Aharonot, 22, 45 60, 72 Yesh Atid, 22, 45, 180, 181, 183–6

UKGD (Universal Church of the zero tolerance policy, 146–7 Kingdom of God), 167 Zionist state ideology, 26, 29