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Teaching Under China's Market Economy: Five Case Studies

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Teaching Under China's Market Economy: Five Case Studies Study onChinacover7/02/1218:00Page1 978-92-95089-85-3 (PDF) 978-92-95089-84-6 (Paperback) theglobe. and territoriesaround touniversityin173countries pre-school andeducationworkersfrom teachers, professors than 30 million more Education Internationalisthe globalunionfederationrepresenting www.ei-ie.org Education International TEACHING UNDER CHINA’S MARKET ECONOMY: FIVE CASE STUDIES Education International January 2012 QUALITY PUBLICSER Teaching under China’s Market underChina’s Teaching AND RESOURCESFOR GLOBAL CORPORATE Economy: FiveCaseStudies TAXATION TAXATION VICES Study on China 8/02/12 11:46 Page 1 Education International Teaching under China’s Market Economy: Five Case Studies Principal Investigator Dr. Shibao Guo, University of Calgary Co-Principal Investigator Dr. Yan Guo, University of Calgary Co-Investigators Dr. Gulbahar Beckett, University of Cincinnati Dr. Qing Li, University of Calgary Dr. Linyuan Guo, University of Prince Edward Island January 2012 Study on China 8/02/12 11:46 Page 2 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors wish to thank the following individuals who provided research assistance for this project: Jianmin Chang, Mo Chen, Chen Li, Angyue Liu, Weiwei Sun, Yao Xiao, Lorin Yochim, Yan Zhang, and Juanjuan Zhao. Funding from Education International is also acknowledged with appreciation. Contact Information Shibao Guo, PhD, Associate Professor, Faculty of Education University of Calgary - 2500 University Dr. NW Calgary, AB T2N 1N4 Canada Tel: 403-220-8275 - Fax: 402-282-8479 - Email: [email protected] Study on China 8/02/12 12:17 Page 3 TEACHING UNDER CHINA’S MARKET ECONOMY: FIVE CASE STUDIES FOREWORD Education International 27th Executive Board, meeting in Brussels on 25–27 October 2006, endorsed a set of recommendations on EI and China, among them to undertake a study on the situation of teachers and education in selected areas of China. The overall intent of these recommendations was for EI, working closely with member organizations, to pursue the improvement of the status of teachers in China and the recognition of their human and trade union rights. China probably runs the world’s largest education system today with the total number of teachers, including higher education, part time and non-formal teachers, employed by the public authorities reaching almost 15 million, which is about 20% of the planet’s teaching force. One of the main challenges facing the Chinese education system is to ensure the availability of quality education in the country’s remote, poor and ethnic minority areas. Another challenge concerns the quality of the Chinese teaching force. The country does not train enough teachers, as a result of which many primary school teachers are not qualified. Salaries are low and are often in arrears. The situation with the trade unions in general and with teacher unions in particular remains unsatisfactory, according to ILO standards. This study has been commissioned with a view to identifying entry points for EI to build on its findings to further explore the conditions of teachers including workloads, pay, security, employment, pre-service and in-service education and training, access to professional development, union issues, and well-being. We would like to thank the team of researchers led by Dr. Shibao Guo and including Dr. Yan Guo, Dr. Qing Li from the University of Calgary, Dr. Linyuan Guo, University of Prince Edward Island, Canada and Dr. Gulbahar Beckett, University of Cincinnati, US, who were commissioned to undertake the study, for their field work, analysis and recommendations, insightful and instrumental for the way forward. Fred van Leeuwen, General Secretary 3 Study on China 8/02/12 11:46 Page 4 EDUCATION INTERNATIONAL TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION . 7 UNDERSTANDING GLOBALISATION AND CHINA’S MARKET ECONOMY . 8 CONTEXTUAL INFORMATION . 11 RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY . 13 REPORT OF SURVEY FINDINGS . 16 CASE STUDY ONE : BEIJING. 23 Context . 23 Review of Education Reform in China . 25 Sampling of Research Participants . 27 Teachers’ Working Conditions . 28 Teachers’ Living Conditions . 33 Teachers’ Lived Experiences in Curriculum Reform . 36 Effectiveness of Teacher’s Unions. 40 CASE STUDY TWO : ZHEJIANG PROVINCE . 42 Influence of the Market Economy on English Education . 45 Impact of the Market Economy on English Teachers . 50 Access to Professional Development . 59 The Role of the Teachers’ Union . 61 CASE STUDY TWO : HUNAN PROVINCE . 62 Context . 62 Research Participants . 64 Disparity of Education in Rural and Urban Areas . 64 Change of Teaching and Impact on Teachers . 67 Challenges for Teachers . 69 Urban Rural Disparity . 72 4 Living and Working Conditions. 73 Study on China 8/02/12 11:46 Page 5 TEACHING UNDER CHINA’S MARKET ECONOMY: FIVE CASE STUDIES CASE STUDY FOUR : XISHENG AUTONOMOUS REGION . 77 Context . 77 Research Participants . 78 Educational Reform, Bilingual Education and Mix of Minority-Han Students . 79 Interview Results . 80 Teachers’ Union and Teachers’ Representative Council . 89 Suggestion for Improvement . 90 CASE STUDY FIVE : GUANGDONG PROVINCE . 91 Context . 91 Understanding Migrant Schools . 92 Opportunities or False Hope : Experience of Migrant Teachers . 96 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION .. 111 Reducing Teachers’ Work Load . 112 Decreasing Class Size . 112 Increasing Teachers’ Salary . 113 Improving Teachers’ Welfare. 114 Raising Teachers’ Status. 115 Informing Teachers’ about their Rights and Responsabilities . 115 Involving Teachers’ in Policy Matters . 115 Promoting Transformative Leadership in Schools. 115 Enhancing the role of Teachers’ Union . 116 Toward Education Equity . 117 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS . 118 REFERENCES . 118 5 Study on China 8/02/12 11:46 Page 7 TEACHING UNDER CHINA’S MARKET ECONOMY: FIVE CASE STUDIES INTRODUCTION China resisted the pressures of globalisation until 1978, when the late Chinese leader Deng Xiao-ping launched the ‘open door’ policy which shifted China gradually to a socialist market economy. The first step in Deng’s reform was to liberalise the agricultural sector by introducing the household responsibility system to replace the collective commune. Measures were also taken to reform industry partly through encouraging joint ventures with foreign companies, but foreign direct investment did not take place until the mid-1990s when Deng made a trip to south China and proclaimed a bold shift toward the market economy. Since Deng’s southern tour, China has experienced unprecedented economic liberalisation, industrialisation, migration, urbanisation, and privatisation – all required by economic globalisation. In particular, following China’s joining the WTO in 2001 and the subsequent completion of its market opening pledges in 2006, China has formally entered the age of market economy. Indeed, over the past 30 years, China has experienced “an economic miracle” (Dutta, 2006, p. xii), and a “massive, protracted, and unexpected economic upsurge” (Brandt & Rawski, 2008, p. 1)..
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