Annual Energy Outlook 2015 (AEO2015) Was Prepared by the U.S
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For further information . The Annual Energy Outlook 2015 (AEO2015) was prepared by the U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), under the direction of John J. Conti ([email protected], 202/586-2222), Assistant Administrator of Energy Analysis; Paul D. Holtberg (paul.holtberg@ eia.gov, 202/586-1284), Team Leader, Analysis Integration Team, Office of Integrated and International Energy Analysis; James R. Diefenderfer ([email protected], 202/586-2432), Director, Office of Electricity, Coal, Nuclear, and Renewables Analysis; Sam A. Napolitano ([email protected], 202/586-0687), Director, Office of Integrated and International Energy Analysis; A. Michael Schaal ([email protected], 202/586-5590), Director, Office of Petroleum, Natural Gas, and Biofuels Analysis; James T. Turnure ([email protected], 202/586-1762), Director, Office of Energy Consumption and Efficiency Analysis; and Lynn D. Westfall ([email protected], 202/586-9999), Director, Office of Energy Markets and Financial Analysis. Complimentary copies are available to certain groups, such as public and academic libraries; Federal, State, local, and foreign governments; EIA survey respondents; and the media. For further information and answers to questions, contact: Office of Communications, EI-40 Forrestal Building, Room 2G-090 1000 Independence Avenue, S.W. Washington, DC 20585 Telephone: 202/586-8800 Fax: 202/586-0727 (24-hour automated information line) Website: www.eia.gov E-mail: [email protected] Specific questions about the information in this report may be directed to: General questions ..................................................... Paul Holtberg ([email protected], 202/586-1284) National Energy Modeling System ....................... Dan Skelly ([email protected], 202/586-1722) Data availability ......................................................... Paul Kondis ([email protected], 202/586-1469) Executive summary .................................................. Perry Lindstrom ([email protected], 202/586-0934) Economic activity ...................................................... Kay Smith ([email protected], 202/586-1132) World oil prices ......................................................... Laura Singer ([email protected], 202/586-4787) International oil production .................................... Laura Singer ([email protected], 202/586-4787) International oil demand ......................................... Linda E. Doman ([email protected], 202/586-1041) Residential demand .................................................. Kevin Jarzomski ([email protected], 202/586-3208) Commercial demand ................................................ Kevin Jarzomski ([email protected], 202/586-3208) Industrial demand ..................................................... Kelly Perl ([email protected], 202/586-1743) Transportation demand .......................................... John Maples ([email protected], 202/586-1757) Electricity generation, capacity ............................. Jeff Jones [email protected]( , 202/586-2038) Electricity generation, emissions .......................... Laura Martin ([email protected], 202/586-1494) Electricity prices ........................................................ Lori Aniti ([email protected], 202/586-2867) Nuclear energy .......................................................... Nancy Slater-Thompson ([email protected], 202/586-9322) Renewable energy .................................................... Gwen Bredehoeft ([email protected], 202/586-5847) Oil and natural gas production .............................. Terry Yen ([email protected], 202/586-6185) Wholesale natural gas markets ............................ Katherine Teller ([email protected], 202/586-6201) Oil refining and markets .......................................... John Powell ([email protected], 202/586-1814) Ethanol and biodiesel ............................................... Anthony Radich ([email protected], 202/586-0504) Coal supply and prices ............................................ Michael Mellish ([email protected], 202/586-2136) Carbon dioxide emissions ....................................... Perry Lindstrom ([email protected], 202/586-0934) AEO2015 is available on the EIA website at www.eia.gov/forecasts/aeo. Assumptions underlying the projections, tables of regional results, and other detailed results are available at www.eia.gov/forecasts/aeo/assumptions. Other contributors to the report include Greg Adams, Vipin Arora, Justine Barden, Bruce Bawks, Joseph Benneche, Erin Boedecker, Michelle Bowman, Scott Bradley, Michael Bredehoeft, William Brown, Phil Budzik, Nicholas Chase, Michael Cole, Owen Comstock, Troy Cook, David Daniels, Margie Daymude, Laurie Falter, Mindi Farber-DeAnda, Faouzi Aloulou, Michael Ford, Adrian Geagla, Peter Gross, Susan Hicks, Sean Hill, Behjat Hojjati, Patricia Hutchins, Ayaka Jones, Diane Kearney, Eric Krall, Angelina LaRose, Thomas Lee, Tancred Lidderdale, Danielle Lowenthal-Savy, David Manowitz, Vishakh Mantri, Elizabeth May, Chris Namovicz, Paul Otis, Stefanie Palumbo, Jack Perrin, David Peterson, Chetha Phang, Mark Schipper, Elizabeth Sendich, John Staub, Russell Tarver, Dana Van Wagener, and Steven Wade. Annual Energy Outlook 2015 With Projections to 2040 April 2015 U.S. Energy Information Administration Office of Integrated and International Energy Analysis U.S. Department of Energy Washington, DC 20585 This publication is on the WEB at: www.eia.gov/forecasts/aeo This report was prepared by the U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), the statistical and analytical agency within the U.S. Department of Energy. By law, EIA’s data, analyses, and forecasts are independent of approval by any other officer or employee of the United States Government. The views in this report therefore should not be construed as representing those of the Department of Energy or other Federal agencies. Preface The Annual Energy Outlook 2015 (AEO2015), prepared by the U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), presents long-term annual projections of energy supply, demand, and prices through 2040. The projections, focused on U.S. energy markets, are based on results from EIA’s National Energy Modeling System (NEMS). NEMS enables EIA to make projections under alternative, internally-consistent sets of assumptions, the results of which are presented as cases. The analysis in AEO2015 focuses on six cases: Reference case, Low and High Economic Growth cases, Low and High Oil Price cases, and High Oil and Gas Resource case. For the first time, the Annual Energy Outlook (AEO) is presented as a shorter edition under a newly adopted two-year release cycle. With this approach, full editions and shorter editions of the AEO will be produced in alternating years. This approach will allow EIA to focus more resources on rapidly changing energy markets both in the United States and internationally and how they might evolve over the next few years. The shorter edition of the AEO includes a more limited number of model updates, predominantly to reflect historical data updates and changes in legislation and regulation. The AEO shorter editions will include this publication, which discusses the Reference case and five alternative cases, and an accompanying Assumptions Report.1 Other documentation— including documentation for each of the NEMS models and a Retrospective Review—will be completed only in years when the full edition of the AEO is published. This AEO2015 report includes the following major sections: • Executive summary, highlighting key results of the projections • Economic growth, discussing the economic outlooks completed for each of the AEO2015 cases • Energy prices, discussing trends in the markets and prices for crude oil, petroleum and other liquids,2 natural gas, coal, and electricity for each of the AEO2015 cases • Delivered energy consumption by sector, discussing energy consumption trends in the transportation, industrial, residential, and commercial sectors • Energy consumption by primary fuel, discussing trends in energy consumption by fuel, including natural gas, renewables, coal, nuclear, liquid biofuels, and oil and other liquids • Energy intensity, examining trends in energy use per capita, energy use per 2009 dollar of gross domestic product (GDP), and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions per 2009 dollar of GDP • Energy production, imports, and exports, examining production, import, and export trends for petroleum and other liquids, natural gas, and coal • Electricity generation, discussing trends in electricity generation by fuel and prime mover for each of the AEO2015 cases • Energy-related CO2 emissions, examining trends in CO2 emissions by sector and AEO2015 case. Summary tables for the six cases are provided in Appendixes A through D. Complete tables are available in a table browser on EIA’s website, at http://www.eia.gov/oiaf/aeo/tablebrowser. Appendix E provides a short discussion of the major changes adopted in AEO2015 and a brief comparison of the AEO2015 and Annual Energy Outlook 2014 results. Appendix F provides a summary of the regional formats, and Appendix G provides a summary of the energy conversion factors used in AEO2015. The AEO2015 projections are based generally on federal, state, and local laws and regulations in effect as of the end of October 2014. The potential impacts of pending or proposed legislation, regulations, and standards (and sections of