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Análisis De Las Relaciones Tróficas Entre Peces Y Vertebrados

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Análisis De Las Relaciones Tróficas Entre Peces Y Vertebrados Tesis Doctoral Análisis de las relaciones tróficas entre peces y vertebrados ictiófagos de las Islas Orcadas del Sur, Antártida: Hacia el conocimiento integral del ecosistema y el manejo racional de los recursos Autora: Lic. Maria Lila Bertolin Director: Dr. Ricardo J. Casaux Co-director: Dr. Carlos Darrieu Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo Universidad de La Plata 2012 Dedico este trabajo a mis padres Agradezco a la gente de postgrado de la Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo de La Plata por la enorme paciencia y buena atención que me han dedicado estos 5 años, a la gente de becas de CONICET por el buen trato y la buena resolución frente a las dificultades y consultas, al Dr. Esteban Barrera-Oro por sus aportes y buena predisposición hacia todas mis dudas y al Dr. Fernando Momo por su rapidez y brillante ayuda. Índice de contenidos Resumen (español) i Resumen (inglés) v Capítulo I Introducción general 1 El continente antártico 1 Características físicas y biológicas 1 Aspecto geopolítico 9 La actividad pesquera en Antártida 9 La regulación del manejo de los recursos naturales y el medio-ambiente en Antártida 11 La importancia del desarrollo de políticas de manejo 13 Objetivos generales 14 Referencias bibliográficas 16 Capítulo II Composición general de la dieta 23 Introducción 23 Materiales y métodos 24 Área de estudio 24 Recopilación de información bibliográfica 25 Análisis de datos 25 Resultados 29 Composición general de la dieta, Islas Orcadas del Sur 29 Aves 29 Mamíferos 50 Composición general de la dieta, Islas Shetland del Sur 56 Aves 56 Discusión 58 Composición general de la dieta 58 Aves 58 Mamíferos 68 Aspectos metodológicos 71 Conclusiones generales 72 Referencias bibliográficas 74 Capítulo III Selección del alimento 84 Introducción 84 Materiales y métodos 85 Recopilación de datos de la fauna ictícola de las Islas Orcadas del Sur 85 Análisis de datos 87 Resultados 90 Estructura poblacional de la ictiofauna de las Islas Orcadas del Sur: Abundancia y distribución de la biomasa 90 Selección de presas 95 Distribución de la abundancia de tallas 108 Diversidad en el consumo de peces 114 Discusión 115 Composición y distribución de los peces en las Islas Orcadas del Sur 115 Análisis de selección de presas de los predadores tope en las Islas Orcadas del Sur 117 Diversidad en el consumo de 4 predadores tope de las Islas Orcadas del Sur 120 Conclusiones generales 121 Referencias bibliográficas 122 Capítulo IV Estrategias de alimentación 125 Introducción 125 Materiales y métodos 126 Descripción y categorización de los hábitos de forrajeo 126 Análisis del solapamiento de la dieta entre predadores tope y dentro de la comunidad de las IOS 127 Resultados 131 Hábitos de forrajeo de los predadores tope de las Islas Orcadas del Sur 131 Aves 131 Mamíferos 140 Solapamiento de dieta en la comunidad de predadores tope de las Islas Orcadas del Sur 148 Discusión 151 Estrategias de forrajeo 151 Solapamiento y Re-ocurrencia de presas en la dieta de los predadores tope 154 Conclusiones generales 156 Referencias bibliográficas 158 Anexo de tablas 168 Capítulo V Requerimientos energéticos 177 Introducción 177 Materiales y métodos 179 Recopilación de datos 179 Análisis de datos 180 Resultados 186 Consumo de las poblaciones de predadores de las Islas Orcadas del Sur 186 Consideraciones generales 186 Consumo anual de presas para la comunidad de predadores tope de la Isla Laurie 189 Consumo anual de presas para la comunidad de predadores tope de Islas Orcadas del Sur 197 Regulación de la pesca en el área de estudio 202 Discusión 218 Conclusiones generales 212 Referencias bibliográficas 214 Capítulo VI Modelización ecotrófica 219 Introducción 219 Materiales y métodos 220 Resultados 222 Discusión 224 Referencias bibliográficas 227 Capítulo VII Conclusiones finales 229 Índice de tablas y figuras Capítulo I Introducción general Figura I.1: Mapa de la Península Antártica y archipiélagos adyacentes 2 Figura I.2: Diagrama de la trama trófica antártica 4 Tabla I.1: Relaciones entre tipo de alimentación y zona de distribución de los peces 8 Figura I.3: Áreas estadísticas de pesca 13 Capítulo II Composición general de la dieta Figura II.1: Islas Orcadas del Sur (IOS) 25 Tabla II.1: Resumen de la información sobre la composición de la dieta de los predadores de las IOS 26 Tabla II.2: Resumen de la información sobre la composición de la dieta de los predadores de las Islas Shetlands del Sur 27 Tabla II.3: Detalle de la nomenclatura y abreviaciones utilizadas 27 Tabla II.4: Composición general de la dieta de los predadores de IOS (%M media) 30 Tabla II.5: Composición general de la dieta del P. de Adelia (Isla Laurie) 30 Tabla II.6: Composición general de la dieta del P. de Adelia (Isla Signy) 31 Tabla II.7: Composición general de la dieta del P. de Barbijo 31 Tabla II.8: Composición general de la dieta del P. Papúa (Isla Laurie) 32 Figura II.2: Contribución en biomasa (%) de las presas representadas en contenidos estomacales del P. Papúa 34 Tabla II.9: Contribución de los peces a la dieta del P. Papúa 35 Tabla II.10: Tallas de los peces representados en los contenidos estomacales del P. Papúa 36 Figura II.3: Correlación entre las tallas medias de T. newnesi y L. nudifrons representadas en la dieta del P. Papúa 37 Tabla II.11: Composición de la dieta del P. Damero 38 Tabla II.12: Contribución de los peces a la dieta del P. Damero 39 Tabla II.13: Contribución de los peces a la dieta de adultos y pichones del P. Damero 39 Tabla II.14: Tallas (medias en cm., desvío estándar DE y rango) de los peces representados en la dieta del P. Damero 40 Tabla II.15: Composición de la dieta del P. Gigante 42 Tabla II.16: Composición general de la dieta del P. de las Nieves 42 Tabla II.17: Peces representados en la dieta del P. de las Nieves 43 Tabla II.18: Composición general de la dieta del C. de Georgias 45 Tabla II.19: Composición general de la dieta del C. de Georgias durante la temporada reproductiva 1994/95 45 Tabla II.20: Peces representados en la dieta del C. de Georgias 46 Tabla II.21: Peces representados en la dieta del C. de Georgias durante la temporada reproductiva 1994/95 47 Tabla II.22: Tallas medias y rangos de los peces representados en la dieta del C. de Georgias 47 Tabla II.23: Cambios en las tallas medias y rangos de los peces representados en la dieta del C. de Georgias a lo largo de la temporada reproductiva 1994/95 48 Tabla II.24: Composición general de la dieta del E. Marrón 50 Tabla II.25: Peces representados en la dieta del E. Marrón 50 Tabla II.26: Composición general de la dieta de la F. de Weddell 51 Tabla II.27: Peces representados en la dieta de la F. de Weddell 52 Tabla II.28: Composición general de la dieta de la F. Cangrejera 53 Figura II.4: Contribución en términos de biomasa de las presas representadas en la dieta del LFA 54 Figura II.5: Contribución en términos de biomasa de los peces representados en la dieta del LFA 54 Figura II.6: Correlación entre el porcentaje en masa de krill y la biomasa relativa de myctóphidos obtenidas del análisis de la dieta del LFA 55 Tabla II.29: Contribución en peso y talla de los peces representados en la dieta del P. de las Tormentas 56 Tabla II.30: Composición general de la dieta del P. de las Tormentas 56 Tabla II.31: Composición general de la dieta del G. Antártico 57 Tabla II.32: Tallas de las presas representadas en la dieta del G. Antártico 58 Tabla II.33: Especies de predadores tope de las IOS agrupados según los “Grupos tróficos” definidos previamente 72 Tabla II.34: Composición general de la dieta del LFA 82 Tabla II.35: Contribución de los peces a la dieta del LFA 82 Tabla II.36: Tallas de los peces representados en las feces del LFA 83 Capítulo III Selección del alimento Figura III.1: Estaciones de captura de los cruceros de investigación 86 Tabla III.1: Grupos Tróficos y predadores elegidas para el análisis de selección del alimento en las IOS 87 Tabla III.2: Temporadas de muestreos de la dieta y referencias utilizadas para el cálculo de I 88 Figura III.2: Composición específica de las capturas realizadas durante la campaña “Antártida 8611” 90 Figura III.3: Detalle por estrato de la composición específica de las capturas (“Antártida 8611”) 91 Figura III.4: Composición específica de las capturas realizadas durante la campaña “US AMLR 99” 91 Figura III.5: Detalle por estrato de la composición específica de las capturas (“US AMLR 99”) 92 Tabla III.3: Talla media, rango, moda, porcentaje de abundancia por estrato de profundidad y abundancia de 16 especies de peces de los cruceros “Antártida 8611” y “US AMLR 99” 92 Tabla III.4: Biomasa de las especies capturadas durante la campaña “Antártida 8611” 93 Tabla III.5: Detalle de las capturas (N) de 11 especies de peces durante la campaña “Antártida 8611” 94 Tabla III.6: Análisis de la selectividad de presas para el P. de Adelia en I. Laurie a partir de los resultados de las capturas del crucero "Antártida 8611” 96 Tabla III.7: Análisis de la selectividad de presas para el P. de Adelia y el P. de Barbijo en I. Laurie a partir de los resultados de las capturas del crucero “US AMLR 99” 97 Tabla III.8: Análisis de la selectividad de presas para el P.
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