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Advances in MARINE BIOLOGY VOLUME 46 ThisPageIntentionallyLeftBlank Advances in MARINE BIOLOGY Edited by A. J. SOUTHWARD Marine Biological Association, The Laboratory, Citadel Hill, Plymouth, PL1 2PB, UK P. A. TYLER School of Ocean and Earth Science, University of Southampton, Southampton Oceanography Centre, European Way, Southampton, SO14 3ZH, UK C. M. YOUNG Oregon Institute of Marine Biology, University of Oregon P.O. Box 5389, Charleston, Oregon 97420, USA and L. A. FUIMAN Marine Science Institute, University of Texas at Austin, 750 Channel View Drive, Port Aransas, Texas 78373, USA Amsterdam – Boston – Heidelberg – London – New York – Oxford Paris – San Diego – San Francisco – Singapore – Sydney – Tokyo This book is printed on acid-free paper. ß 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the Publisher. The appearance of the code at the bottom of the first page of a chapter in this book indicates the Publisher’s consent that copies of the chapter may be made for personal or internal use of specific clients. This consent is given on the condition, however, that the copier pay the stated per copy fee through the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, Massachusetts 01923), for copying beyond that permitted by Sections 107 or 108 of the U.S. Copyright Law. This consent does not extend to other kinds of copying, such as copying for general distribution, for advertising or promotional purposes, for creating new collective works, or for resale. Copy fees for pre-2002 chapters are as shown on the title pages. If no fee code appears on the title page, the copy fee is the same as for current chapters. 0065-2881/02 $35.00 Academic Press An Elsevier Science Imprint 84 Theobald’s Road, London WC1X 8RR, UK http://www.academicpress.com Academic Press An Elsevier Science Imprint 525 B Street, Suite 1900, San Diego, California 92101-4495, USA http://www.academicpress.com International Standard Book Number: 0-12-026146-4 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Typeset by Keyword Publishing Services, Barking, UK Printed in Great Britain by MPG Books, Bodmin, Cornwall 030405060708MP987654321 LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS BARBARA E. BROWN Department of Marine Sciences and Coastal Management, University of Newcastle on Tyne, Newcastle on Tyne NE1 7RU, UK; Present address: Ling Cottage, Mickleton, Barnard Castle, Co. Durham DL12 OLL, UK S. L. COLES, Department of Natural Sciences, Bishop Museum, 1525 Bernice St., Honolulu, HI 96734, USA ANNE-JOHANNE TANG DALSGAARD, University of Copenhagen, c/o Danish Institute for Fisheries Research, Charlottenlund Castle, DK-2920 Charlottenlund, Denmark. ANDREW J. GOODAY, Southampton Oceanography Centre, European Way, Southampton SO14 3ZH, UK V. GUNAMALAI, Unit of Invertebrate Reproduction and Aquaculture, Department of Zoology, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai – 600 025, India. WILHELM HAGEN, Universita¨t Bremen (NW2A), Postfach 330440, D-28334 Bremen, Germany GERHARD KATTNER, Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, D-27570 Bremerhaven, Germany. DO¨ RTHE MU¨ LLER-NAVARRA, University of Hamburg, Center for Marine and Climate Research, Institute for Hydrobiology and Fisheries Research, Olbersweg 24, D-22767 Hamburg, Germany. MICHAEL ST.JOHN, University of Hamburg, Center for Marine and Climate Research, Institute for Hydrobiology and Fisheries Research, Olbersweg 24, D-22767 Hamburg, Germany. T. SUBRAMONIAM, Unit of Invertebrate Reproduction and Aquaculture, Department of Zoology, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai – 600 025, India v ThisPageIntentionallyLeftBlank CONTENTS CONTRIBUTORS TO VOLUME 46................................................. v SERIES CONTENTS FOR LAST TEN YEARS ........................................ ix Benthic Foraminifera (Protista) as Tools in Deep-water Palaeoceanography: Environmental Influences on Faunal Characteristics Andrew J. Gooday 1. Introduction ........................................................... 3 2. Deep-sea Environments ................................................ 5 3. Methodology: Sieve Sizes, Sampling Devices and Replication . .......... 6 4. Aspects of Deep-sea Foraminiferal Ecology . .......................... 7 5. Faunal Approaches to Reconstructing Palaeoceanography .............. 15 6. Organic Matter Fluxes ................................................. 18 7. Oxygen Concentrations ................................................ 33 8. Bottom-water Hydrography . ........................................... 39 9. Water Depth .......................................................... 43 10. Species Diversity Parameters as Tools in Palaeoceanography . ......... 45 11. Summary of Environmental Influences on Live Assemblages . ......... 54 12. Relationship of Modern and Fossil Assemblages . .................... 56 13. Problems and Future Directions . ..................................... 62 Acknowledgements . ................................................... 69 References ............................................................. 70 Breeding Biology of the Intertidal Sand Crab, Emerita (Decapoda: Anomura) T. Subramoniam and V. Gunamalai 1. Introduction . ........................................................... 92 2. Distribution and Natural History . ..................................... 93 3. Sex Ratio and Size at Sexual Maturity . ............................... 95 4. Neoteny ................................................................ 96 5. Protandric Hermaphroditism in E. asiatica .............................. 99 6. Mating Habits .......................................................... 104 7. Spermatophores and Sperm Transfer .................................... 106 8. Moulting Pattern of E. asiatica—A Case Study .......................... 112 9. Reproductive Cycle ..................................................... 122 vii viii Contents 10. Interrelationship Between Moulting and Reproduction . ................ 135 11. Biochemistry of Eggs .................................................. 139 12. Yolk Utilisation ....................................................... 146 13. Larval Development . .................................................. 161 14. Emerita as Indicator Species ........................................... 168 15. Conclusions ........................................................... 170 Acknowledgements .................................................... 171 References . .......................................................... 172 Coral Bleaching – Capacity for Acclimatization and Adaptation S. L. Coles and Barbara E. Brown 1. Introduction ............................................................ 184 2. Coral Upper Temperature Tolerance Thresholds . ...................... 186 3. The Coral Bleaching Process ............................................ 188 4. Coral Bleaching Protective Mechanisms ................................. 190 5. Coral and Zooxanthellae Thermal Acclimation, Acclimatization, and Adaptation: Empirical Observations ..................................... 195 6. Coral Bleaching Recovery . ............................................ 201 7. Bleaching and Coral Disease, Reproduction, and Recruitment ........... 204 8. Long-Term Ecological Implications of Coral Bleaching . ................ 207 9. Conclusions ............................................................ 209 Acknowledgements . .................................................... 211 References .............................................................. 212 Fatty Acid Trophic Markers in the Pelagic Marine Environment Johanne Dalsgaard, Michael St. John, Gerhard Kattner, Do¨ rthe Mu¨ ller-Navarra and Wilhelm Hagen 1. Introduction ............................................................ 227 2. Fatty Acid Dynamics in Marine Primary Producers ..................... 238 3. Fatty Acid Dynamics in Crustaceous Zooplankton ...................... 255 4. Fatty Acid Dynamics in Fish ........................................... 269 5. Applications of Fatty Acid Trophic Markers in Major Food Webs . ..... 278 6. Summary and Conclusions . ............................................ 313 Acknowledgements . .................................................... 318 References .............................................................. 318 Taxonomic Index . .................................................... 341 Subject Index . .......................................................... 347 Series Contents for Last Ten Years* VOLUME 30, 1994. Vincx, M., Bett, B. J., Dinet, A., Ferrero, T., Gooday, A. J., Lambshead, P. J. D., Pfannku¨ che, O., Soltweddel, T. and Vanreusel, A. Meiobenthos of the deep Northeast Atlantic. pp. 1–88. Brown, A. C. and Odendaal, F. J. The biology of oniscid Isopoda of the genus Tylos. pp. 89–153. Ritz, D. A. Social aggregation in pelagic invertebrates. pp. 155–216. Ferron, A. and Legget, W. C. An appraisal of condition measures for marine fish larvae. pp. 217–303. Rogers, A. D. The biology of seamounts. pp. 305–350. VOLUME 31, 1997. Gardner, J. P. A. Hybridization in the sea. pp. 1–78. Egloff, D. A., Fofonoff, P. W. and Onbe´ , T. Reproductive behaviour of marine cladocerans. pp. 79–167. Dower, J. F., Miller, T. J. and Leggett, W. C. The role of microscale turbulence in the feeding
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  • CINCINNATIAN GASTROPOD PRIMER by Ron Fine HOW DO SCIENTISTS CLASSIFY GASTROPODS?

    CINCINNATIAN GASTROPOD PRIMER by Ron Fine HOW DO SCIENTISTS CLASSIFY GASTROPODS?

    CINCINNATIAN GASTROPOD PRIMER By Ron Fine HOW DO SCIENTISTS CLASSIFY GASTROPODS? KINGDOM: Animalia (Animals) Mammals Birds Fish Amphibians Molluscs Insects PHYLUM: Mollusca (Molluscs) Cephalopods Gastropods Bivalves Monoplacophorans Scaphopods Aplacophorans Polyplacophorans CLASS: Gastropoda (Gastropods or Snails) Gastropods 2 HOW MANY KINDS OF GASTROPODS ARE THERE? There are 611 Families of gastropods, but 202 are now extinct Whelk Slug Limpet Land Snail Conch Periwinkle Cowrie Sea Butterfly Nudibranch Oyster Borer 3 THERE ARE 60,000 TO 80,000 SPECIES! IN ENDLESS SHAPES AND PATTERNS! 4 HABITAT-WHERE DO GASTROPODS LIVE? Gardens Deserts Ocean Depths Mountains Ditches Rivers Lakes Estuaries Mud Flats Tropical Rain Forests Rocky Intertidal Woodlands Subtidal Zones Hydrothermal Vents Sub-Arctic/Antarctic Zones 5 HABITAT-WHAT WAS IT LIKE IN THE ORDOVICIAN? Gastropods in the Ordovician of Cincinnati lived in a tropical ocean, much like the Caribbean of today 6 DIET-WHAT DO GASTROPODS EAT? Herbivores Detritus Parasites Plant Eaters Mud Eaters Living on other animals Scavengers Ciliary Carnivores Eat dead animals Filter feeding in the water Meat Eaters 7 ANATOMY-HOW DO YOU IDENTIFY A GASTROPOD? Gastropod is Greek, from “gaster” meaning ‘stomach’ and “poda” meaning ‘foot’ They are characterized by a head with antennae, a large foot, coiled shell, a radula and operculum Torsion: all of a gastropod’s anatomy is twisted, not just the shell They are the largest group of molluscs, only insects are more diverse Most are hermaphrodites 8 GASTROPOD ANATOMY-FOOT Gastropods have a large “foot”, used for locomotion. Undulating bands of muscles propel the gastropod forward, even on vertical surfaces. SLIME! Gastropods excrete slime to help their foot glide over almost any surface.