DOCSLIB.ORG

Fishes of the Eastern Ross Sea, Antarctica

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Fishes of the Eastern Ross Sea, Antarctica Polar Biol (2004) 27: 637–650 DOI 10.1007/s00300-004-0632-2 REVIEW Joseph Donnelly Æ Joseph J. Torres Tracey T. Sutton Æ Christina Simoniello Fishes of the eastern Ross Sea, Antarctica Received: 26 November 2003 / Revised: 16 April 2004 / Accepted: 20 April 2004 / Published online: 16 June 2004 Ó Springer-Verlag 2004 Abstract Antarctic fishes were sampled with 41 midwater in Antarctica is dominated by a few fish families and 6 benthic trawls during the 1999–2000 austral (Bathylagidae, Gonostomatidae, Myctophidae and summer in the eastern Ross Sea. The oceanic pelagic Paralepididae) with faunal diversity decreasing south assemblage (0–1,000 m) contained Electrona antarctica, from the Antarctic Polar Front to the continent (Ever- Gymnoscopelus opisthopterus, Bathylagus antarcticus, son 1984; Kock 1992; Kellermann 1996). South of the Cyclothone kobayashii and Notolepis coatsi. These were Polar Front, the majority of meso- and bathypelagic replaced over the shelf by notothenioids, primarily Ple- fishes have circum-Antarctic distributions (McGinnis uragramma antarcticum. Pelagic biomass was low and 1982; Gon and Heemstra 1990). Taken collectively, the concentrated below 500 m. The demersal assemblage fishes are significant contributors to the pelagic biomass was characteristic of East Antarctica and included seven and are important trophic elements, both as predators species each of Artedidraconidae, Bathydraconidae and and prey (Rowedder 1979; Hopkins and Torres 1989; Channichthyidae, ten species of Nototheniidae, and Lancraft et al. 1989, 1991; Duhamel 1998). Over the three species each of Rajidae and Zoarcidae. Common continental slope and shelf, notothenioids dominate the species were Trematomus eulepidotus (36.5%), T. scotti ichthyofauna (DeWitt 1970). Most members of this (32.0%), Prionodraco evansii (4.9%), T. loennbergii group are primarily benthic as adults but some species (4.7%) and Chaenodraco wilsoni (4.3%). Diversity indi- have become pelagic to varying degrees (Andriashev ces were highest for tows from 450 to 517 m (H¢=1.90– 1970; Eastman 1991, 1993). Larval and juvenile noto- 2.35). Benthic biomass ranged from 0.7 to 3.5 t kmÀ2.It thenioids are part of the coastal pelagic ecosystem and was generally higher in tows from 450 to 517 m (0.9– some species occur to a lesser extent in oceanic waters 2.0 t kmÀ2) although the highest biomass occurred at an (Kellermann and Kock 1984; Kellermann and Slo´- inner-shelf station (238 m) due to large catches of sarczyk 1984; Williams 1985; Tabeta and Komaki 1986). T. eulepidotus, T. scotti and P. evansii. The only wholly pelagic notothenioid genus known to occur regularly in oceanic waters as an adult is Diss- ostichus (Andriashev 1964; Yukhov 1971; Kock 1992). Studies on the composition and distribution of Introduction coastal assemblages led to the zoogeographic classifica- tion of Antarctic fish into East Antarctic and West Pelagic and demersal fish assemblages are an important Antarctic Provinces (see reviews by Andriashev 1965, part of coastal marine ecosystems. The offshore pelagial 1987; DeWitt 1971). More recently, Kock (1992) pro- posed a modified classification scheme with the intent of incorporating both the oceanic and coastal fish fauna. In J. Donnelly (&) Æ J. J. Torres Æ C. Simoniello College of Marine Science, his scheme, the West Antarctic Province (as well as the University of South Florida, South Georgia Province of the Glacial Subregion and all 140 7th Avenue South, St Petersburg, of the Kerguelen Subregion) is designated the Seasonal FL 33701, USA Pack-Ice Zone, and the East Antarctic Province is des- E-mail: [email protected] ignated the High-Antarctic Zone. For either scheme, Tel.: +1-727-5531648 Fax: +1-727-5531189 data on species distribution and abundance provide the basis for characterizing regional assemblages and T. T. Sutton Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institution, delineating zoogeographic boundaries. 5600 US 1 North, Ft. Pierce, Over the past two decades, our understanding of FL 34946, USA Antarctic fish biology and ecology has steadily increased 638 through new literature on pelagic and benthic ichthyo- knots for all MOCNESS, Tucker and bottom tows. fauna (Daniels and Lipps 1982; Kock et al. 1984; Midwater tows with the fish trawl were done at 3.0–3.4 Hubold and Ekau 1987; Williams 1988; Ekau 1990; knots. Sampling took place in three different coastal Hureau et al. 1990; Piatkowski et al. 1990; White and zones: (1) offshore, water depths >2,500 m; (2) con- Piatkowski 1993; Zimmerman 1997; Duhamel 1998; tinental slope, water depths 500–2,000 m; and (3) Eastman and Hubold 1999; Vacchi et al. 1999; Ruhl continental shelf, water depths £ 500 m. Ice cover et al. 2003) and new species (DeWitt and Hureau 1979; varied from 2/10 to 10/10 within each zone Stein and Tomkins 1989; Miya 1994; Sko´ra 1995; throughout the sampling period. Balushkin and Eakin 1998; Eakin and Balushkin 1998, Fresh specimens were identified, counted, and mea- 2000; Eakin and Eastman 1998; Balushkin 1999; sured, then either preserved in 10% formalin or frozen. Eastman and Eakin 1999; Chernova and Eastman 2001). When not determined directly after capture, wet weight However, except for range information on Dissostichus was calculated from length-weight regressions or esti- mawsoni (Andriashev 1964; Yukhov 1971), there are no mated from preserved specimen weights (assuming a fish data from the eastern Ross Sea region. This area is 20% loss from fresh weight). In cases where large far removed from any permanent scientific research numbers of individuals were collected, a sub-sample was stations and has high year-round ice cover (Gloersen kept and the remainder weighed, measured, and dis- et al. 1992), making ichthyological sampling quite carded. Species identifications were based on taxonomic difficult. Regardless of the zoogeographical scheme or keys in Gon and Heemstra (1990), supplemented with terminology one chooses, the eastern Ross Sea area is works by Miya (1994), Schneppenheim et al. (1994), one of potential faunal transition and, in the words of Balushkin and Eakin (1998), Eastman and Eakin (1999, Andriashev (1987), has been ‘‘mare incognito’’ for fishes. 2000), and La Mesa et al. (2002). Integrated abundance (number m-2) for each species in the water column was calculated as number per vol- Materials and methods ume filtered multiplied by the vertical range (in meters) of the tow, then summing all tows vertically. Integrated As part of the Antarctic pack-ice seal (APIS) study biomass (g WW mÀ2) was calculated following the within the eastern Ross Sea, (68–79°S, 128–179°W), we same protocol. This procedure was used for the 0–500 conducted midwater and benthic trawling on board the and 0–1,000 m depth ranges for zone 1 and the 0–500 m RVIB Nathaniel B. Palmer during the 1999–2000 depth range for zones 2 and 3. For bottom tows, inte- austral summer (NBP99-09, December 1999–February grated abundance and biomass for each species was 2000). Midwater sampling was done using three dif- determined by dividing the number or weight value by ferent trawls: (1) a 4-m2 mouth area, five-net MOC- each tow’s swept area (km2). Swept area was estimated NESS trawl with 4-mm mesh nets and 1-mm-mesh by multiplying towing speed (in knots, where 1 cod-end bags; (2) a 9-m2 mouth area Tucker trawl knot=1,850.7 m hÀ1) · time on bottom (in hours) · with a 4-mm-mesh main net tapering to a 1-mm-mesh effective mouth width (in meters) (Sparre et al. 1989). tail section and terminating in a jug-type cod-end with Following Eastman and Hubold (1999), we considered a 1-mm mesh liner; and (3) a 14-m footrope-length species numerically dominant if they comprised ‡5% of balloon fish trawl (Pierce and Mahmoudi 2001) with a the catch. Diversity (H¢, Shannon and Weaver 1949), 9 m effective mouth width and 3 m height. The net evenness (J¢, Pielou 1966) and species’ richness (SR, consisted of a 10-cm-mesh front section, a 5-cm-mesh Margalef 1958) indices were calculated for all bottom mid-section and terminating in a 3.8-cm-mesh end trawls. Hydrographic data were collected from CTD section fitted with a 0.6-cm-mesh liner. The net was casts taken near our trawling locations. spread using two 1.2·1.8 m steel ‘‘V’’ doors and fish- ing depth limited by adjusting the towing point on the yoke. Half-meter, 163-m-mesh plankton nets were Results nested inside the MOCNESS and Tucker nets (any fish collected were added to the totals for the main net). General overview Volume filtered was estimated using both TSK dial- type flowmeters (MOCNESS and Tucker nets) and Temperature profiles within each zone showed little General Oceanics torpedo-type flowmeters (nested variability (Jacobs et al. 2002). Representative CTD plankton nets). No flow volumes were recorded for the traces of temperature for the three zones are shown in fish trawl. MOCNESS tows were over both 0–500 and Fig. 1. For zone 1, a roughly isothermal surface layer 0–1,000 m depth ranges; Tucker and pelagic fish trawls with temperatures of À1.4 to À1.8°C extended to be- were towed obliquely over 0–500 m. Trawling depth tween 50 and 150 m. Temperatures increased rapidly for both the Tucker and fish trawls was estimated over the next 200 m, reaching a maximum of 1.6–1.8°C, from the amount of wire out and wire angle and re- then gradually decreased with depth to approximately corded with a time-depth recorder. Benthic sampling 1.5°C at 500 m and 1.0°C at 1,000 m. For zone 2, the was done using the fish trawl with bottom time rang- only significant changes were a deepening of the surface ing from 10 to 15 min.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • High Seas Bottom Trawl Fisheries and Their Impacts on the Biodiversity Of
    High Seas Bottom Trawl Fisheries and their Impacts on the Biodiversity of Vulnerable Deep-Sea Ecosystems: Options for International Action Matthew Gianni Cover Photography The author wishes to thank the following contributors for use of their photography. Clockwise from top right: A rare anglerfish or sea toad (Chaunacidae: Bathychaunax coloratus), measuring 20.5 cm in total length, on the Davidson Seamount (2461 meters). Small, globular, reddish, cirri or hairy protrusions cover the body. The lure on the forehead is used to attract prey. Credit: NOAA/MBARI 2002 Industrial fisheries of Orange roughy. Emptying a mesh full of Orange roughy into a trawler. © WWF / AFMA, Credit: Australian Fisheries Management Authority White mushroom sponge (Caulophecus sp). on the Davidson Seamount (1949 meters). Credit: NOAA/MBARI 2002 Bubblegum coral (Paragorgia sp.) and stylasterid coral (Stylaster sp.) at 150 meters depth off Adak Island, Alaska. Credit: Alberto Lindner/NOAA Cover design: James Oliver, IUCN Global Marine Programme Printing of this publication was made possible through the generous support of HIGH SEAS BOTTOM TRAWL FISHERIES AND THEIR IMPACTS ON THE BIODIVERSITY OF VULNERABLE DEEP-SEA ECOSYSTEMS: OPTIONS FOR INTERNATIONAL ACTION Matthew Gianni IUCN – The World Conservation Union 2004 Report prepared for IUCN - The World Conservation Union Natural Resources Defense Council WWF International Conservation International The designation of geographical entities in this book, and the presentation of the material, do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of IUCN, WWF, Conservation International or Natural Resources Defense Council concerning the legal status of any country, territory, or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.
    [Show full text]
  • Jan Jansen, Dipl.-Biol
    The spatial, temporal and structural distribution of Antarctic seafloor biodiversity by Jan Jansen, Dipl.-Biol. Under the supervision of Craig R. Johnson Nicole A. Hill Piers K. Dunstan and John McKinlay Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Quantitative Antarctic Science Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies (IMAS), University of Tasmania May 2019 In loving memory of my dad, whose passion for adventure, sport and all of nature’s life and diversity inspired so many kids, including me, whose positive and generous attitude touched so many people’s lives, and whose love for the ocean has carried over to me. The spatial, temporal and structural distribution of Antarctic seafloor biodiversity by Jan Jansen Abstract Biodiversity is nature’s most valuable resource. The Southern Ocean contains significant levels of marine biodiversity as a result of its isolated history and a combination of exceptional environmental conditions. However, little is known about the spatial and temporal distribution of biodiversity on the Antarctic continental shelf, hindering informed marine spatial planning, policy development underpinning regulation of human activity, and predicting the response of Antarctic marine ecosystems to environmental change. In this thesis, I provide detailed insight into the spatial and temporal distribution of Antarctic benthic macrofaunal and demersal fish biodiversity. Using data from the George V shelf region in East Antarctica, I address some of the main issues currently hindering understanding of the functioning of the Antarctic ecosystem and the distribution of biodiversity at the seafloor. The focus is on spatial biodiversity prediction with particular consideration given to previously unavailable environmental factors that are integral in determining where species are able to live, and the poor relationships often found between species distributions and other environmental factors.
    [Show full text]
  • A GUIDE to IDENTIFICATION of FISHES CAUGHT ALONG with the ANTARCTIC KRILL Author(S) 1) Iwami, T
    Document No. [ to be completed by the Secretariat ] WG-EMM-07/32 Date submitted [ to be completed by the Secretariat ] 1 July 2007 Language [ to be completed by the Secretariat ] Original: English Agenda Agenda Item No(s): 4.3 Title A GUIDE TO IDENTIFICATION OF FISHES CAUGHT ALONG WITH THE ANTARCTIC KRILL Author(s) 1) Iwami, T. and 2) M. Naganobu Affiliation(s) 1) Laboratory of Biology, Tokyo Kasei Gakuin University 2) National Research Institute of Far Seas Fisheries Published or accepted for publication elsewhere? Yes No x If published, give details ABSTRACT A field key to early life stages of Antarctic fish caught along with the Antarctic krill is produced. The key includes 8 families and 28 species mainly from the Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean and uses distinguished characters which permit rapid field identification. In some cases, however, it is impossible to discriminate among species of the same family by remarkable characters. A species key is not shown for such resemble species and a brief summary of the main morphological features of species and genera is provided. SUMMARY OF FINDINGS AS RELATED TO NOMINATED AGENDA ITEMS Agenda Item Finding 4.3 We are producing a practical field key to juvenile fish caught along with the Antarctic Scientific krill. To our knowledge more than 40 species of fish have been found as by-catch. Observation However, the number of dominant fish species found in the krill catch never exceeds 20 species. An useful and practical identification key to these dominant species maybe facilitate the quantitative assessment of fish in the krill catch.
    [Show full text]
  • Contribution to the Knowledge of the Parasitic Fauna of Fish Off Adelie Land, Antarctica
    vol. 34, no. 4, pp. 429–435, 2013 doi: 10.2478/popore−2013−0023 Contribution to the knowledge of the parasitic fauna of fish off Adelie Land, Antarctica Krzysztof ZDZITOWIECKI 1 and Catherine OZOUF−COSTAZ 2 1 Instytut Parazytologii, Polska Akademia Nauk, ul. Twarda 51/55, 00−818 Warszawa, Poland <[email protected] > 2 Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, 43 Rue Cuvier, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France <[email protected]> Abstract: In total, 42 fish belonging to 16 species were examined. All fish were infected. Parasitic worms were endoparasites: Digenea (eight species), Cestoda (three mixed groups of larval forms), Acanthocephala (two species) and Nematoda (one species in adult and one in larval stage, and two Contracaecum spp. in larval stage). Undetermined parasitic Cope− poda and Hirudinea were external parasites. Summing up previous and new data 25 species and mixed groups were found. Parasites in larval stage using fish as intermediate or paratenic hosts were more numerous than species maturing in fish. For example, 1913 nem− atodes Contracaecum spp. were recorded in one fish, whereas the digenean, Genolinea bowersi, was the most numerous maturing parasite (168 specimens in one fish). Key words: Antarctica, Adelie Land, fish parasites. Introduction Only limited data on the occurrence of helminths in fish at Adelie Land have previously been published. Ten species were recorded in fish examined in neigh− bouring sub−coastal waters, but without numerical data regarding infections (Johnston and Best 1937; Johnston 1938; Johnston and Mawson 1945; Prudhoe 1969; Prudhoe and Bray 1973). Recently Zdzitowiecki (1998, 2001), Zdzito− wiecki et al. (1998) and Laskowski et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Advances in MARINE BIOLOGY
    Advances in MARINE BIOLOGY VOLUME 46 ThisPageIntentionallyLeftBlank Advances in MARINE BIOLOGY Edited by A. J. SOUTHWARD Marine Biological Association, The Laboratory, Citadel Hill, Plymouth, PL1 2PB, UK P. A. TYLER School of Ocean and Earth Science, University of Southampton, Southampton Oceanography Centre, European Way, Southampton, SO14 3ZH, UK C. M. YOUNG Oregon Institute of Marine Biology, University of Oregon P.O. Box 5389, Charleston, Oregon 97420, USA and L. A. FUIMAN Marine Science Institute, University of Texas at Austin, 750 Channel View Drive, Port Aransas, Texas 78373, USA Amsterdam – Boston – Heidelberg – London – New York – Oxford Paris – San Diego – San Francisco – Singapore – Sydney – Tokyo This book is printed on acid-free paper. ß 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the Publisher. The appearance of the code at the bottom of the first page of a chapter in this book indicates the Publisher’s consent that copies of the chapter may be made for personal or internal use of specific clients. This consent is given on the condition, however, that the copier pay the stated per copy fee through the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, Massachusetts 01923), for copying beyond that permitted by Sections 107 or 108 of the U.S. Copyright Law. This consent does not extend to other kinds of copying, such as copying for general distribution, for advertising or promotional purposes, for creating new collective works, or for resale.
    [Show full text]
  • Age and Growth of Brauer's Lanternfish Gymnoscopelus Braueri and Rhombic Lanternfish Krefftichthys Anderssoni (Family Myctophidae) in the Scotia Sea, Southern Ocean
    Received: 22 July 2019 Accepted: 14 November 2019 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.14206 REGULAR PAPER FISH Age and growth of Brauer's lanternfish Gymnoscopelus braueri and rhombic lanternfish Krefftichthys anderssoni (Family Myctophidae) in the Scotia Sea, Southern Ocean Ryan A. Saunders1 | Silvia Lourenço2,3 | Rui P. Vieira4 | Martin A. Collins1 | Carlos A. Assis5,6 | Jose C. Xavier7,1 1British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, Cambridge, UK Abstract 2MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences This study examines age and growth of Brauer's lanternfish Gymnoscopelus braueri and Centre, Polytechnic of Leiria, Peniche, Portugal rhombic lanternfish Krefftichthys anderssoni from the Scotia Sea in the Southern Ocean, 3CIIMAR/CIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, through the analysis of annual growth increments deposited on sagittal otoliths. Oto- University of Porto, Matosinhos, Portugal lith pairs from 177 G. braueri and 118 K. anderssoni were collected in different seasons 4 Centre for Environment Fisheries and from the region between 2004 and 2009. Otolith-edge analysis suggested a seasonal Aquaculture Sciences, Lowestoft, UK change in opaque and hyaline depositions, indicative of an annual growth pattern, 5MARE-ULisboa – Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Faculty of Sciences, although variation within the populations of both species was apparent. Age estimates University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal varied from 1 to 6 years for G. braueri (40 to 139 mm standard length; LS)andfrom 6Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal 0 to 2 years for K. anderssoni (26 to 70 mm LS). Length-at-age data were broadly con- 7Department of Life Sciences, MARE-UC, sistent with population cohort parameters identified in concurrent length-frequency University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal data from the region for both species.
    [Show full text]
  • (MSC) Announcement Comment Draft Report for Client Jeong Il
    Marine Stewardship Council (MSC) Announcement Comment Draft Report for Client Jeong Il Corporation Antarctic krill fishery On Behalf of Jeong Il Corporation, Seoul Prepared by Control Union UK Ltd. September 2020 Authors: Henry Ernst Julian Addison Gudrun Gaudian Sophie des Clers Jung-Hee Cho Control Union UK Ltd. 56 High Street, Lymington, Hampshire, SO41 9AH United Kingdom Tel: 01590 613007 Fax: 01590 671573 Email: [email protected] Website: http.uk.controlunion.com Contents CONTENTS ...................................................................................................................................... 1 QA ............................................................................................................................................... 2 GLOSSARY ...................................................................................................................................... 1 1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ................................................................................................................ 3 2 REPORT DETAILS ....................................................................................................................... 6 2.1 Authorship and Peer Reviewers .............................................................................................. 6 2.2 Version details ......................................................................................................................... 8 3 UNIT(S) OF ASSESSMENT AND CERTIFICATION ..................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Diet and Trophic Niche of Antarctic Silverfish Pleuragramma
    Journal of Fish Biology (2013) 82, 141–164 doi:10.1111/j.1095-8649.2012.03476.x, available online at wileyonlinelibrary.com Diet and trophic niche of Antarctic silverfish Pleuragramma antarcticum in the Ross Sea, Antarctica M. H. Pinkerton*, J. Forman, S. J. Bury, J. Brown, P. Horn and R. L. O’Driscoll National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research Ltd, Private Bag 14901, Wellington 6241, New Zealand (Received 16 April 2012, Accepted 18 September 2012) The diet of Antarctic silverfish Pleuragramma antarcticum was evaluated by examining stomach ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ contents of specimens collected in the Ross Sea (71 –77 S; 165 –180 E) in January to March 2008. Pleuragramma antarcticum (50–236 mm standard length, LS) and prey items were analysed for stable-isotopic composition of carbon and nitrogen. According to index of relative importance (IRI), which incorporates frequency of occurrence, mass and number of prey items, the most impor- tant prey items were copepods (81%IRI over all specimens), predominantly Metridia gerlachei and Paraeuchaeta sp., with krill and fishes having low IRI (2·2and5·6%IRI overall). According to mass of prey (M) in stomachs, however, fishes (P. antarcticum and myctophids) and krill domi- nated overall diet (48 and 22%M, respectively), with copepods being a relatively minor constituent of overall diet by mass (9·9%M). Piscivory by P. antarcticum occurred mainly in the extreme south- west of the region and near the continental slope. Krill identified to species level in P. antarcticum stomachs were predominantly Euphausia superba (14·1%M) with some Euphausia crystallopho- rias (4·8%M).
    [Show full text]
  • Antartic Peninsula and Tierra Del Fuego: 100
    ANTARCTIC PENINSULA & TIERRA DEL FUEGO BALKEMA – Proceedings and Monographs in Engineering, Water and Earth Sciences Antarctic Peninsula & Tierra del Fuego: 100 years of Swedish-Argentine scientific cooperation at the end of the world Edited by Jorge Rabassa & María Laura Borla Proceedings of “Otto Nordenskjöld’s Antarctic Expedition of 1901–1903 and Swedish Scientists in Patagonia: A Symposium”, held in Buenos Aires, La Plata and Ushuaia, Argentina, March 2–7, 2003. LONDON / LEIDEN / NEW YORK / PHILADELPHIA / SINGAPORE Cover photo information: “The Otto Nordenskjöld’s Expedition to Antarctic Peninsula, 1901–1903. The wintering party in front of the hut on Snow Hill, Antarctica, 30th September 1902. From left to right: Bodman, Jonassen, Nordenskjöld, Ekelöf, Åkerlund and Sobral. Photo: G. Bodman. From the book: Otto Nordenskjöld & John Gunnar Andersson, et al., “Antarctica: or, Two Years amongst the Ice of the South Pole” (London: Hurst & Blackett., 1905)”. Taylor & Francis is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2007. “To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk.” © 2007 Taylor & Francis Group plc, London, UK All rights reserved. No part of this publication or the information contained herein may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, by photocopying, recording or otherwise, without written prior permission from the publishers. Although all care is taken to ensure the integrity and quality of this publication and the information herein, no responsibility is assumed by the publishers nor the author for any damage to property or persons as a result of operation or use of this publication and/or the information contained herein.
    [Show full text]
  • Mitochondrial DNA, Morphology, and the Phylogenetic Relationships of Antarctic Icefishes
    MOLECULAR PHYLOGENETICS AND EVOLUTION Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 28 (2003) 87–98 www.elsevier.com/locate/ympev Mitochondrial DNA, morphology, and the phylogenetic relationships of Antarctic icefishes (Notothenioidei: Channichthyidae) Thomas J. Near,a,* James J. Pesavento,b and Chi-Hing C. Chengb a Center for Population Biology, One Shields Avenue, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA b Department of Animal Biology, 515 Morrill Hall, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA Received 10 July 2002; revised 4 November 2002 Abstract The Channichthyidae is a lineage of 16 species in the Notothenioidei, a clade of fishes that dominate Antarctic near-shore marine ecosystems with respect to both diversity and biomass. Among four published studies investigating channichthyid phylogeny, no two have produced the same tree topology, and no published study has investigated the degree of phylogenetic incongruence be- tween existing molecular and morphological datasets. In this investigation we present an analysis of channichthyid phylogeny using complete gene sequences from two mitochondrial genes (ND2 and 16S) sampled from all recognized species in the clade. In addition, we have scored all 58 unique morphological characters used in three previous analyses of channichthyid phylogenetic relationships. Data partitions were analyzed separately to assess the amount of phylogenetic resolution provided by each dataset, and phylogenetic incongruence among data partitions was investigated using incongruence length difference (ILD) tests. We utilized a parsimony- based version of the Shimodaira–Hasegawa test to determine if alternative tree topologies are significantly different from trees resulting from maximum parsimony analysis of the combined partition dataset. Our results demonstrate that the greatest phylo- genetic resolution is achieved when all molecular and morphological data partitions are combined into a single maximum parsimony analysis.
    [Show full text]
  • Of RV Upolarsternu in 1998 Edited by Wolf E. Arntz And
    The Expedition ANTARKTIS W3(EASIZ 11) of RV uPolarsternuin 1998 Edited by Wolf E. Arntz and Julian Gutt with contributions of the participants Ber. Polarforsch. 301 (1999) ISSN 0176 - 5027 Contents 1 Page INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................... 1 Objectives of the Cruise ................................................................................................l Summary Review of Results .........................................................................................2 Itinerary .....................................................................................................................10 Meteorological Conditions .........................................................................................12 RESULTS ...................................................................................................................15 Benthic Resilience: Effect of Iceberg Scouring On Benthos and Fish .........................15 Study On Benthic Resilience of the Macro- and Megabenthos by Imaging Methods .............................................................................................17 Effects of Iceberg Scouring On the Fish Community and the Role of Trematomus spp as Predator on the Benthic Community in Early Successional Stages ...............22 Effect of Iceberg Scouring on the Infauna and other Macrobenthos ..........................26 Begin of a Long-Term Experiment of Benthic Colonisation and Succession On the High Antarctic
    [Show full text]
  • Ancient Climate Change, Antifreeze, and the Evolutionary Diversification of Antarctic Fishes
    Ancient climate change, antifreeze, and the evolutionary diversification of Antarctic fishes Thomas J. Neara,b,1, Alex Dornburgb, Kristen L. Kuhnb, Joseph T. Eastmanc, Jillian N. Penningtonb,d, Tomaso Patarnelloe, Lorenzo Zanef, Daniel A. Fernándezg, and Christopher D. Jonesh aPeabody Museum of Natural History and bDepartment of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520 cDepartment of Biomedical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701; dEzra Stiles College, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520 eDepartment of Public Health, Comparative Pathology and Veterinary Hygiene, Università di Padova, 35020 Legnaro, Italy; fDepartment of Biology, Università di Padova, 35131 Padua, Italy; gCentro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas, 9410 Ushuaia, Argentina; and hAntarctic Ecosystem Research Division, Southwest Fisheries Science Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Marine Fisheries Service, La Jolla, CA 92037 Edited by David M. Hillis, University of Texas, Austin, TX, and approved January 25, 2012 (received for review September 15, 2011) The Southern Ocean around Antarctica is among the most rapidly they are more species-rich than their non-Antarctic sister line- warming regions on Earth, but has experienced episodic climate age (approximately 100 vs. one species) (9). Molecular di- change during the past 40 million years. It remains unclear how vergence time analyses have attempted to correlate the origin of ancient periods of climate change have shaped Antarctic bio- the AFGP-bearing Antarctic notothenioids with a period of diversity. The origin of antifreeze glycoproteins (AFGPs) in Ant- global cooling and widespread glaciation of Antarctica that be- arctic notothenioid fishes has become a classic example of how the gan at the onset of the Eocene–Oligocene boundary (14, 15), evolution of a key innovation in response to climate change can approximately 35 Ma (16, 17), leading to the conclusion that the drive adaptive radiation.
    [Show full text]