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A Conceptual Hydrogeological Model of the Gothenburg City Area with a Special Focus on Its Application to Determine Groundwater

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A Conceptual Hydrogeological Model of the Gothenburg City Area with a Special Focus on Its Application to Determine Groundwater UNIVERSITY OF GOTHENBURG Department of Earth Sciences Geovetarcentrum/Earth Science Centre A conceptual hydrogeological model of the Gothenburg city area with a special focus on its application to determine groundwater recharge - a feasibility study Hannah Berg Johanna Engelbrektsson ISSN 1400-3821 B957 Master of Science (120 credits) thesis Göteborg 2016 Mailing address Address Telephone Telefax Geovetarcentrum Geovetarcentrum Geovetarcentrum 031-786 19 56 031-786 19 86 Göteborg University S 405 30 Göteborg Guldhedsgatan 5A S-405 30 Göteborg SWEDEN Abstract Urban hydrogeology and its complexity are important to understand since half of the world’s population is living in urban areas which puts pressure on the environment and its water resources. Because groundwater can affect the ground stability, interact with urban constructions and is the primary water resource in many countries it is important to gain further knowledge of mechanisms controlling groundwater recharge in order to manage urban groundwater in a sustainable way. The aim of this study is to improve the knowledge of urban hydrogeology by creating a conceptual hydrogeological model of an area (Haga and Linné) in central Gothenburg (Sweden). The conceptual model was then used to evaluate groundwater recharge to the two main aquifer systems in Gothenburg; the upper, shallow unconfined and the lower one which is confined by a thick layer of marine clay. The study is designed as a feasibility study showing foremost the options and potentials to create and apply such a model and to evaluate the availability and usability of existing data available for this. The conceptual model is based on information gathered from authorities, literature studies, through interviews, and a questionnaire. The model is based on interpolated stratigraphical layers and potentiometric surfaces created using Kriging and Spline with barriers interpolation methods in Surfer® 11 and ArcMap 10.1. A numerical model was used to estimate direct groundwater recharge to the upper and lower aquifers based on infiltration coefficients of different land cover and soil type. In areas, generally close to bedrock outcrops, where the clay layer is thinner than 1.5 m the upper unconfined aquifer (mainly anthropogenic fill material) could be in contact with the lower confined aquifer (“friction material”, within this thesis a combination of gravel, sand and till). The main mechanisms of groundwater recharge to the lower aquifer appear to be from surface runoff from steep areas followed by infiltration in contact zones between bedrock and friction material, contribution of groundwater via fractured bedrock, leakage from water supply and sewage systems and other artificial infiltration and to a smaller degree vertical infiltration and lateral groundwater inflow from “outside” Gothenburg. The median groundwater recharge via direct recharge to the lower aquifer in Haga and Linné is estimated to be 59– 93 mm/year. Future research projects would benefit from better communication and collaboration between different companies and authorities regarding data management and data hosting which will enable better possibilities to handle information in a structured and more easily accessible way. 1 Sammanfattning Urban hydrogeologi och dess komplexitet är viktigt att förstå eftersom hälften av världens befolkning lever i en urban miljö vilket sätter press på miljön och dess vattenresurser. Eftersom grundvatten kan påverka markstabilitet, urbana konstruktioner och är i många länder också den främsta vattenresursen är det viktigt att få ytterligare kunskap om de mekanismer som styr grundvattenbildning för att kunna hantera urbant grundvatten på ett hållbart sätt. Syftet med denna studie är att förbättra kunskapen om urban hydrogeologi genom att skapa en konceptuell hydrogeologisk modell över ett område (Haga och Linné) i centrala Göteborg (Sverige). Den konceptuella modellen användes sedan för att utvärdera grundvattenbildning till de två huvudsakliga akvifersystemen i Göteborg; den övre grunda öppna och den undre som är sluten av ett tjockt lager av marin lera. Studien är utformad som en förstudie med avsikt att visa de alternativ och möjligheter som finns för att skapa och tillämpa en sådan modell och utvärdera tillgängligheten och användbarheten av den tillgängliga data som existerar. Den konceptuella modellen bygger på information som samlats in från myndigheter, genom litteraturstudier, intervjuer och en enkät. Modellen bygger på interpolerade stratigrafiska lager och potentiometriska ytor som skapats med Kriging- och ”Spline with barriers” interpoleringsmetoder i Surfer® 11 och ArcMap 10.1. En numerisk modell användes för att uppskatta grundvattenbildning genom direkt infiltration till den övre och undre akviferen genom att använda infiltrationskoefficienter för olika typer av markanvändning och jordarter. I områden, huvudsakligen när berggrundshällar, där lerlagret har en mäktighet på mindre än 1,5 m kan den övre öppna akviferen (huvudsakligen antropogent fyllnadsmaterial) vara i kontakt med den undre slutna akviferen (friktionsmaterialet, vilket i denna studie inkluderar grus, sand och morän). De huvudsakliga mekanismerna för grundvattenbildning till den undre akviferen verkar vara från ytavrinning från branta områden följt av infiltration i kontaktzoner mellan berggrunden och friktionsmaterial, tillskott av grundvatten genom sprickor i berggrunden, läckage från VA-ledningar och annan konstgjord infiltration och i mindre grad vertikal infiltration och tillströmning genom grundvattenflöde från ”utanför” Göteborg. Medianvärdet för grundvattenbildningen via direkt grundvattenbildning till den undre akviferen i Haga och Linné uppskattas vara 59 – 93 mm/år. Framtida forskningsprojekt skulle gynnas av bättre kommunikation och samarbete mellan olika företag och myndigheter för hantering av data och datavärdskap vilket skulle göra det möjligt att hantera information på ett mer strukturerat och lättillgängligt sätt. 2 Contents Abstract ................................................................................................................................................... 1 Sammanfattning ...................................................................................................................................... 2 1. Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 5 1.1. General background and motivation ...................................................................................... 5 1.2. Objective and aim .................................................................................................................... 5 1.3. Project outline ......................................................................................................................... 6 2. Theoretical background – Hydrogeological elements ..................................................................... 7 2.1. Hydrological cycle with focus on groundwater ....................................................................... 7 2.2. Elements of the hydrological cycle related to water balance calculations ............................. 9 2.3. Subsurface water with special focus on groundwater .......................................................... 13 2.4. Urban hydrogeology .............................................................................................................. 20 2.5. Three-dimensional modelling ................................................................................................ 22 3. Case study ...................................................................................................................................... 23 3.1. Geology and hydrogeology in Gothenburg ........................................................................... 23 3.2. Geotechnical challenges in Gothenburg ............................................................................... 24 3.3. Future climate ....................................................................................................................... 25 3.4. Future projects in Gothenburg .............................................................................................. 25 3.5. Description of the study area (Haga and Linné) .................................................................... 26 3.6. Data hosting .......................................................................................................................... 31 4. Methods and data ......................................................................................................................... 34 4.1. Data sources .......................................................................................................................... 34 4.2. Methods ................................................................................................................................ 37 5. Results ........................................................................................................................................... 56 5.1. Compilation of available data ................................................................................................ 56 5.2. Conceptual hydrogeological model ....................................................................................... 67 5.3. Questionnaire and interviews with groundwater professionals ........................................... 86 5.4. Numerical model of
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