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Ozark National Scenic Riverways, Missouri

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Ozark National Scenic Riverways, Missouri OZARK NATIONAL SCENIC RIVERWAYS, MISSOURI CULTURAL AFFILIATION STUDY FINAL REPORT MARIA-NIEVES ZEDENO ROBERT CHRISTOPHER BASALDU BUREAU OF APPLIED RESEARCH IN ANTHROPOLOGY THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA TUCSON, AZ SEPTEMBER 30, 2003 OZARK NATIONAL SCENIC RIVERWAYS, MISSOURI CULTURAL AFFILIATION STUDY Final Report Prepared by María Nieves Zedeño and Robert Christopher Basaldú Bureau of Applied Research In Anthropology The University of Arizona, Tucson AZ Prepared for U.S. Department of Interior National Park Service Midwest Region Under Task Agreement No. 04 for Cooperative Agreement No. H8601010007 September 30, 2003 TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES ..................................................................................................................v Chapter One Study Overview..................................................................................................................... 1 Geographic and Cultural Focus of the Research................................................................. 1 Project Scope and Methodology........................................................................................ 2 Summary of Findings......................................................................................................... 4 Legal Foundations for Cultural Affiliation........................................................................ 6 Determining Lineal Descent and Cultural Affiliation.................................................... 6 Theoretical and Practical Issues in Cultural Affiliation Research...................................... 9 Object, People, and Place.............................................................................................. 10 Temporal and Spatial Scales......................................................................................... 10 Land Use Practices and Traditional Association............................................................. 11 Chapter Two The Park and its Use History.............................................................................................. 13 Prehistoric Occupation Sequence..................................................................................... 16 Paleoindian Period ........................................................................................................ 17 Archaic Period............................................................................................................... 19 i Woodland Period........................................................................................................... 22 Mississippian Period ..................................................................................................... 25 Late Mississippian-Protohistoric Period ....................................................................... 30 Oneota Materials in Missouri........................................................................................ 33 Historic Occupation Sequence......................................................................................... 34 Colonial Period (1673-1803) ........................................................................................ 34 American Period (1803-1838) ...................................................................................... 35 Chapter Three Ethnic Identity of the Regional Protohistoric Groups......................................................... 37 De Soto, the Route, and the Indians................................................................................. 37 Documentary Identification of Ethnic Groups.............................................................. 39 The Route...................................................................................................................... 42 The Dominant Ethnic Group......................................................................................... 42 Historical Trajectories...................................................................................................... 49 Chapter Four Cultural Affiliation of the Aboriginal Group ...................................................................... 50 Osage Origins................................................................................................................... 50 Linguistics..................................................................................................................... 50 Oral Traditions .............................................................................................................. 51 ii Social Organization....................................................................................................... 53 Archaeology.................................................................................................................. 54 Osage Ethnohistory.......................................................................................................... 59 French Colonial Period (1673-1770) ............................................................................ 59 Spanish Colonial Period (1770-1803)........................................................................... 62 Early American Period (1803-1830)............................................................................. 66 Late American Period (1830-1870) .............................................................................. 70 Chapter Five Emigrant Tribes................................................................................................................ 72 The Forces of Emigration............................................................................................. 72 The Eastern Cherokee ...................................................................................................... 73 Lenni Lenape (Delaware)................................................................................................. 78 The Shawnee.................................................................................................................... 83 Other Immigrant Tribes – Creek, Peoria, Piankashaw, Miami, Wea, Kickapoo............. 86 Contemporary Claims ...................................................................................................... 89 Chapter Six Suggestions for Future Research and Interpretation........................................................ 93 Research Suggestions.................................................................................................... 93 Interpretation................................................................................................................. 93 iii References Cited .................................................................................................................... 95 Selected Annotations............................................................................................................ 116 iv LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. Ozark National Scenic Riverways, Missouri.................................................... 14 Figure 2. Geographic features of the Central Mississippi River Valley (after Morse and Morse 1983) .............................................................................................................. 15 Figure 3. Sixteenth century polities and ethnic groups (after Sabo 2001)....................... 42 Figure 4. Osage land sessions in the nineteenth century (after Wolferman 1997) .......... 69 v CHAPTER ONE STUDY OVERVIEW This report presents an overview of archaeological, historical, and ethnographic information relating to American Indian cultural affiliation and traditional association with Ozark National Scenic Riverways, Missouri. The primary purpose of this overview is to provide the National Park Service (NPS) with data that will aid in the development of further cultural and natural resource studies, interpretation, program objectives, and park management decisions. The present study, therefore, has been designed to establish a connection between park resources and associated past and present peoples. The data contained here are required to address the cultural affiliation and consultation requirements of the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA), and other legislation, policy, and regulations that address peoples traditionally associated with park resources, including, but not limited to, the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA); the National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA, Sections 106 and 110) as amended; the American Indian Religious Freedom Act (AIRFA); Executive Orders 13007, 13083, and 13084; the National Register Bulletin 38; and NPS Policies and Guidelines, as amended. Geographic and Cultural Focus of the Research The main focus of the study is on the history of American Indian habitation and use of the Ozark National Scenic Riverways. The riverways encompass two river corridors or 134 miles of the Ozark Plateau in Shannon, Carter, Texas, Dent and Reynolds counties, southeast Missouri. However, the historical and spatial range of human-land relations that may be relevant to establish park-people connections are broader than the park and include the region known as the “central Mississippi River valley,” or the area between the mouth of the Ohio River to the north, the mouth of the St. Francis River to the south, the Mississippi River to the east, and the eastern escarpment of the Ozark Highlands to the west (Morse and Morse 1983). As discussed in the body of the report, cultural relationships of the prehistoric park inhabitants point to
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