The Example of Vichy

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Yeshiva University, Cardozo School of Law

LARC @ Cardozo Law

1991

Legal Rhetoric under Stress: The Example of Vichy

Richard H. Weisberg

Benjamin N. Cardozo School of Law, [email protected]

Follow this and additional works at: https://larc.cardozo.yu.edu/faculty-articles

Part of the Law Commons

Recommended Citation

Richard H. Weisberg, Legal Rhetoric under Stress: The Example of Vichy, 12 Cardozo Law Review 1371 (1991).

Available at: https://larc.cardozo.yu.edu/faculty-articles/192

This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Faculty at LARC @ Cardozo Law. It has been accepted for inclusion in Articles by an authorized administrator of LARC @ Cardozo Law. For more information,

please contact [email protected], [email protected].

LEGAL RHETORIC UNDER STRESS:
THE EXAMPLE OF VICHY

Richard Weꢀbeꢁ*

INTRODUCTION

Most of us have a tendency to think of the European disaster of
1933-45 in terms of physical violence of the worst, previously unimaginable ꢀnd. We have, in our mind's eye, masses of bodiꢁꢂ We think of the·depersonalization of victimized groups, of the refusal to sꢃ certain people as real, specific individuals, and of the resulting

• Profꢀsor of Law, ꢁnjamin N. Cardozo Schꢂl of Law. Beginnꢆng ꢆn 1982ꢊ I have made ꢃrꢄꢅꢆc trips to Fraꢔce to ꢇceꢈtaꢆn somethꢆng of the rꢉlꢆty of that legal communꢆty durꢆng the War years. I have sꢆncꢫ amassedꢊ there and at Yad Vashem ꢆn Jerusalemꢊ some 2ꢊꢋ dꢌumentsꢊ and ꢲ have ꢆntervꢆewꢍ a score of lawyers and ꢎunctꢆonarꢆꢀ who lꢆvꢍ the ꢃriꢅ as adults, some flourishꢆng, others chasꢍ fꢈom their proꢏꢀ- sꢄon and ꢆn hidꢆng.
Most researchers ꢆnto Vꢆchy hꢆstory wꢆll concur wꢆth me as to the ꢆnvaluabilꢆty of the dꢌumentary ꢐꢑices ofthe Cꢫntre de Dꢌumentatꢆon Juꢆve Contemꢒraꢆne ꢆn Parꢆs (CDJC). The CDJCꢊ since the waꢧ itself when its founders had alrꢫady couragꢫously ꢓguꢔ to dꢌument the perꢄꢅꢕ has ꢖn gracꢆously rꢗeptꢆve to rꢀearchers. The gates at other dꢌumentary cꢫn- teꢧs, such as the Archꢆvꢀ Natꢆonalꢀ (AN) have swung a bꢆt wꢆder ꢆn the past few yearsꢊ thꢫir rꢆch ꢘnd ofmaterials gradually seeꢆng the lꢆght of day. Other collꢗtꢆons ꢈemaꢆnꢊ sadlyꢊ closꢍ off.

Meanwhꢄle, lawyers and functꢆonarꢆes wꢆth memorꢆꢀ of the Vꢆchy yꢉrs have ꢙome more responsꢆve recently. Ifꢊ ꢆn ꢜ982 and 1983, I was unꢆversally greeted wꢆth the twoꢚld

  • answer:
  • "Wellꢕ we were all ꢆn the Rꢀꢆstancꢛat least aſter ꢜ9ꢝꢞ and "Are you sureꢊ young

man, ꢯhaꢬ you want to puꢟue thꢆs resꢉrch?ꢞ-! now am granted lengthy ꢆnteꢑꢆews ꢆn whꢆch ꢆnꢚrmatꢆon ofa more substantꢆve nature emerges. Some ofthese ꢆndꢆvꢆduals have helꢠ wꢆth the dꢌumentary work. For example, Jean Baꢈthelemyꢊ a practꢆcing Parꢆsꢆan lawyeꢈ, ꢡd ꢯhe ꢢandson of one of the Vꢆchy Justicꢫ Mꢆnꢆstersꢊ grantꢍ me a two-hour ꢆnterview and then allowꢍ me to sꢣ almost all of hꢆs grandfather's pꢈꢆvate paꢃrꢤ. Whꢆle some of thꢀe are avaꢆlable at the AN, photꢌopyꢆng ꢆs not peꢥꢆttꢍ theꢈeꢊ and he gracꢆously gꢈanted me photo- copyꢄng pꢦvꢆleges. Furthermore, whꢆle Jean Barthelemy has recently publꢆꢤhꢍ an ꢆmꢒꢧtant ꢨꢩ of memoꢆꢟ by hꢆs gꢈandꢪther, annotatꢍ wꢆth very helpful notꢀ, he allowed me to sꢣ a vaꢦety of dꢌumꢫnꢬs not ꢆncluded there.

I would lꢆke to thank the aꢈchꢆvꢆsts at the ꢚllowꢄng research centers: at Yad Vashem ꢆn
Jeꢧuꢭlem, Cynthꢆa Haſt; at the CDJC ꢆn Paꢧisꢊ Monsꢆeur Jacobson; at the AN ꢆn Paꢈisꢊ Mme. ꢮnazzꢆ. For theꢆꢈ generous supꢒrꢯ of my projectꢊ ꢲ thanꢩ Yꢀhꢆva Unꢆversꢆty; the American Councꢆl of Leaꢰed Sꢌꢆetꢆꢀ; and the ꢱn ꢲnteꢰatꢆonal Centeꢈ ꢚꢈ the Study of Antꢆꢴ Semꢆtꢆsm at the Hebrew Unꢆversꢆty ꢆn Jerusalem. Fꢆnallyꢊ For theꢆr help ꢆn gaꢆnꢆng access to vaꢈious Paꢧisꢆan archꢆvꢀꢊ I express my gratꢆtude to Laurence Craigꢊ Eꢧic Friꢫdmanꢊ and Seꢈge Klarsꢳld.

Where I have usꢍ archꢆval documentsꢊ ꢲ have noted theꢆꢈ lꢌatꢆons ꢚllowed by theꢆr partꢆcular ꢆdentꢆfyꢆng marks. Also, ꢆn a numbeꢈ of ꢆnstancesꢊ ꢲ have ꢆncluded moꢈe ꢆnꢚꢥaꢴ tꢆon than called ꢚr by conventꢆonal law ꢈevꢆew cꢆtatꢆon ꢚrms (e.g. orꢆꢵnal date of publꢆcatꢆonꢊ publisheꢈꢊ etc.). Translatꢆons of documents are my own.

1371

1374

CARDOZO LAWREVIEW

ꢀol. 12:1371

situational discourse-typified by the phrase "interpretive commu- nityꢋ2-bends and breaks in the wake of Vichy France's example. By answering Richard Posner's critique of my earlier use of Vichy law in

3

The Failure ofthe Word, I first show that many of Posner's norma-

tive assumptions aꢀut proꢁssional rhetoric and ꢂhavior in ꢃct un- wittingly demonstrate the ꢄrce of the second corollary-that interpretive communities need more than a merely situational sense of things. And by engaging the somewhat related discourse of Stanley
(who has not as yet addressed the implications of his theory ꢄr
Fish ꢅriods of holꢆaustic professional conduct), I assert that lawyers need recourse to textual standards of conduct and cannot rely on the practices of their profession alone to avoid future catastrophes. Here I willingly concede the difficulty of establishing norms apart ꢇom the interpretive practices surrounding them;4 but my point, emꢀdiꢈ in the third corollary, is that the lesson of Vichy demands of our genera- tion a theoretical posture in search of such norms. Hence I argue that the prevalent "postꢉmodeꢊistꢋ hermeneutics, itself in radical disarray ꢄr reasons connected to my subjꢌt,5 dirꢌtly risks prꢍucing mꢍes

2 See. e.g.• s. FISH,Is THERE A TEXꢣ IN THIS CLASS?: THE AUꢣHORIꢣY OF INꢣERPRE-
ꢣIVE COMMUNIꢣIES (1980).
Fiꢁh maintainꢁ that every ꢀrꢁon ꢁꢀakꢁ "ꢂom within a ꢃt of interꢄtꢁ and conceꢅꢁꢆ and it iꢁ "in relation to thꢇ interꢄtꢁ and conceꢅꢁꢆ that a ꢀꢈn'ꢁ wordꢁ are underꢁtꢉꢊ If communication or underꢁtanding ꢋcurꢁ,it will not ꢌ ꢍauꢁe the two ꢎple ꢁꢀaking "ꢁhare a language,in the ꢁenꢁe of knowing the meaningꢁ of individual wordꢁ and the rulꢄ ꢏr combin- ing them,but ꢍauꢃ a way of thinking,a ꢏꢐ of life,ꢁharꢄ [them] and impliꢑtꢄ [them] in a world of already-in-place objꢒtꢁ,puꢓ,goalꢁ,prꢔurꢄ,valuꢄ,and ꢕ on; and it iꢁ to the ꢖeaturꢄ of that world that any wordꢁ [they] utter will ꢌ heard aꢁ nꢗrily referringꢺꢆ Id. at 303ꢘꢙꢊ

Fiꢁh inꢁiꢁtꢁ that "communication ꢋcuꢚ only within ꢁuch a ꢁyꢁtem (or context,or ꢁitua- tion,or interpretive community) and that the underꢁtanding achievꢛ by two or more ꢀrꢕnꢁ iꢁ ꢁꢜiꢝꢞc to that ꢁyꢁtem and determinate only within itꢁ conꢟnꢄꢠꢆ Id. at 3ꢙ. ꢀe aꢁ infꢂ

text accompanying note 96 (ꢁummary of the Fiꢁh - Fiꢡ debateꢺ)
3 R. WEISBERG,THE FAILURE OF ꢣHE WORD: THE ꢢROꢣAGONIꢤ AS ꢥAꢦER IN MOD-
ERN FIꢧꢨON (1984)ꢠ

4

See Fiꢁꢁ,Objectiviꢃ and Interpretation, 34 ꢲꢣANꢊ ꢥꢺ REVꢺ 739 (1982); Fiꢁh,Fish v. ꢄꢅsꢆ
36 ꢲꢣANꢺ ꢥꢺ REVꢠ 1325 (1984).

5

Thiꢁ ꢩhꢪl of thought,oſten laꢌllꢛ "dꢒonꢁtructioniꢁt,ꢫ haꢁ ꢬn diꢩomꢭbulatꢛ by revelationꢁ aꢭut the wartime activitiꢄ in ꢮlgium of one of itꢁ outꢁtanding ꢟgurꢄ,literary critic ꢢaul de Manꢺ De Man iꢁ ꢁtrongly identiꢟꢛ with thiꢁ ꢩhꢪl,and hiꢁ writingꢁ highly influential within it. No lꢯ a ꢟgure than Jacquꢄ Derrida ꢁaid,in eulogy: "Aꢁ we know already but aꢁ we ꢁhall alꢁo come to realize more and more,he tranꢁꢏꢐꢛ the ꢟeld of literary thꢰry,revitalizing all the channelꢁ that irrigate it ꢭth inꢁide and outꢁide the univerꢁity,in the ꢱnitꢛ ꢲtatꢄ and ꢳuroꢀꢊꢴ See ꢥehman,The Fall ofPaul de Manꢆ New York Foꢵard,Jan.

11,1991,at 11,colꢺ l.
In 1987,ꢏur yearꢁ aſter de Man'ꢁ death,detailꢁ ꢁurꢶacꢛ aꢭut hiꢁ wartime activitiꢄꢊ He had written ꢷcially collaꢭrationiꢁt piꢸ ꢏr the pro-Nazi newꢁpaꢀr Le Soir. Thiꢁ revela-

tion tarrꢛ de Man,hiꢁ later critical workꢁ,and by aꢹiation the dꢒonꢁtructioniꢁt ꢩhꢪlꢺ

1991]

THE EXAMPLE OF VICHY

1377 and officials.11 The 2 June statute ꢀgins, quite logicallyꢈ with a defi- nition of the word "Jew":

1. A Jew is: He or she, of whatever faith, who is an issue of at least three ꢀandparents ofthe Jewish race, or of simply two ifhis/ her spouse is an issue herself/himself of two grandparents of the Jewish race.
A grandparent having ꢁlonged to the Jewish religion is con- sidered to ꢁ of the Jewish race;
2

.

He or she who ꢁlongs to the Jewish religion, or who ꢁlonged to it on June 25, 19ꢂ, and who is the issue oftwo grandparents of the Jewish race

.

Non-affiliation with the Jewish religion is establishꢃ by proof of ꢁlonging to one of the other faiths recognized by the State ꢁꢄre the law of 9 Decemꢁr 1905. The disavowal or annulment of rꢅognition of a child consid- erꢃ to ꢁ Jewish is without eꢆꢅt as regards the precꢃing sꢅtionsꢇ [There ꢄllows the prohibitions ꢈr such ꢉple on property ownership and some employment; sanctions-including im- prisonment-are then dꢅlared ꢄr engaging in proscribed actiꢊitiꢋꢌ]12

When I read the statute ꢁr the first timeꢈ I askꢂ myself and others these questions: was this written by the Frenchꢈ with their long history of at least theoretical and constitutional equality beꢁre the law and ꢃeꢄdom of religꢅonꢆr was this imposed by the German conqueror? Was this degree of precision and legalistic verbiage really at work in the arrests of Jews on French soil that eventually led to large-scale deportations? Did not the German occupier (rather than the French) simply round up masses of indistinguishable people who lived in Jewish neighꢇrhoodsꢈ herding them into trucks or busesꢈ then onto trains to the death camps? Was not depersonalizationꢈ rather than spꢉific definitionꢈ thꢄ method of the terrorizersꢈ as Hannah Arendt seemed to argue?13 Were Jews even in Vichy itselꢊ- the so-called non-occupied zone administered exclusively by the Frenchꢋefined and victimized by this law? And did the 2 Junꢄ, 1941 statute become the linchpin ꢁr decisions, taken by courts beꢁre whom lꢌed counsel would argueꢈ that would then decide the ꢍte of thousands of individuals in both zones?

1

1

Lꢀ JUIFS Sous ꢁ'ꢂCUPATI0N, supra nꢆte 10, at 185-92 (giving a full liꢎt ꢆꢍ thꢃe lawꢎ).

12

Lꢆi dꢌ 2jꢌin ꢇ94ꢇ remplaꢄant la Jꢆi dꢌ 3 ꢅtꢆbre ꢇ9ꢈ ꢉrꢊant ꢎtatꢌꢊ lꢃꢋꢌiꢍꢎ, J.O. (Jꢌne
14, 1941), D.ꢐ.L. at 3ꢏ, reprinted in LES JUꢕFS Sous L'OcCUPATꢕON, supra nꢆte ꢇ0, at 49;

see alꢀ ꢐpꢑndix ꢆne..

13 H. ꢐRENDT, ꢒHE ORIGꢕNS OF ꢒꢓAꢔꢕꢖARꢕANꢕSM 295-96 (ꢇ951; 1973).

1991]

THE EXAMPLE OF VICHY

1387

of non-adherence to the Jewish race.... If the CGQJ should refuse to de!iver such a certificate, that person can appeal to the Conseil

33

d'Etat."
The "Certificat de non-appartenance a la race juive" referrꢀ to here was the passꢁrt to relief from the life-threatening strictures of the racial laws. For hundrꢀs of cases similar to the ones we have noted, the "inside," "delicate" debate on the meaning of the 2 June statute dꢂided whether the individual would receive such a certifi-

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  • Anti-Joodse Politiek, 1940–1942

    Anti-Joodse Politiek, 1940–1942

    UvA-DARE (Digital Academic Repository) Vergelijking van Jodenvervolging in Frankrijk, België en Nederland, 1940-1945 : overeenkomsten, verschillen, oorzaken Griffioen, J.W.; Zeller, R. Publication date 2008 Link to publication Citation for published version (APA): Griffioen, J. W., & Zeller, R. (2008). Vergelijking van Jodenvervolging in Frankrijk, België en Nederland, 1940-1945 : overeenkomsten, verschillen, oorzaken. General rights It is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), other than for strictly personal, individual use, unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons). Disclaimer/Complaints regulations If you believe that digital publication of certain material infringes any of your rights or (privacy) interests, please let the Library know, stating your reasons. In case of a legitimate complaint, the Library will make the material inaccessible and/or remove it from the website. Please Ask the Library: https://uba.uva.nl/en/contact, or a letter to: Library of the University of Amsterdam, Secretariat, Singel 425, 1012 WP Amsterdam, The Netherlands. You will be contacted as soon as possible. UvA-DARE is a service provided by the library of the University of Amsterdam (https://dare.uva.nl) Download date:27 Sep 2021 3. ANTI-JOODSE POLITIEK, 1940–1942 3.1 Bezetters Inleiding Bij het begin van de bezetting in Nederland, België en Frankrijk ontstond voor elk land afzonderlijk voor de top in Duitsland – het machtscentrum Berlijn – een tweeledige situatie. Enerzijds was er het concept van de herrschaftliche Aufsichtsverwaltung , anderzijds was het ‘vraagstuk’ ontstaan dat er door de veroveringen honderdduizenden joden in het door Duitsland beheerste gebied waren bij gekomen.
  • Vichy France: "Our" Jews and the Rest

    Vichy France: "Our" Jews and the Rest

    -------------------------.- Vichy France: "Our" Jews and the Rest SAUL FRIEDLANDER Marchandeau Law ofApril 21, 1939, which forbade From The Years ofExtermination: Nazi Germany incitement on racial or religious grounds: The and the Jews, 1939-1945 floodgates of antisemitic propaganda reopened. A month after signing the armistice [on June 22, On August 16, a National Association of Physi­ 1940], seven days after the demise of the Third cians was established, whose members had to Republic, Marshal [Philippe] Petain's new regime, be born of French fathers. On September 10, the on its own initiative, introduced its first anti­ same limitation was applied to the legal profes­ Jewish measure. One hundred fifty years after the sion.4 And, on October 3, 1940, Vichy, again on emancipation of the Jews of France, the rollback its own initiative, issued its Statut des juifs (Jew­ had started. Of the approximately 330,000 Jews ish Statute.) in prewar France almost half were either foreign­ In the opening paragraph of the statute, a Jew ers or born of foreign parents. And among the was defined as any person descending from at least foreigners, 55,000 had arrived between 1933 and three grandparents of the "Jewish race" or of two 1939 (40JOOO since 1935).1 ... grandparents of the "Jewish race" if the spouse Strident collaborationism was rarely heard in too was Jewish (the German definition referred Vichy during the summer of1940, but traditional to the grandparents' religionj the French, to their native antisemitism was rife from the very first race). The next paragraphs listed all the public " " .1"1 days.
  • (June 2018), No. 129 Léon Werth, Deposition, 1940-1944

    (June 2018), No. 129 Léon Werth, Deposition, 1940-1944

    H-France Review Volume 18 (2018) Page 1 H-France Review Vol. 18 (June 2018), No. 129 Léon Werth, Deposition, 1940-1944: A Secret Diary of Life in Vichy France. Edited and translated by David Ball. New York: Oxford University Press, 2018. xxxix + 325 pp. Biographical dictionary, appendix, and index. $34.95 U.S. (hb). ISBN 978-0-1904-9954-9. Review by Shannon L. Fogg, Missouri University of Science and Technology. David Ball’s translation of Léon Werth’s wartime diary adds to a growing collection of primary sources related to daily life in Occupied France now available in English.[1] Werth’s diary, covering the period from the end of July 1940 to the liberation of Paris in August 1944, provides a welcome addition to this literature with its focus on rural life. Unlike Hélène Berr’s journal or Jean Guéhenno’s account of the dark years, which focus primarily on events in Paris, Werth’s diary was largely written while he was in hiding at his wife’s country home in Saint-Amour. Located in the southern, unoccupied zone, the mountain village between Lyon and the Swiss border served as the Jewish writer’s vantage point on the war. He records his observations on how the war affected locals, but also provides a window into how the war was presented and present for most: through newspapers, radio, and rumor. This dual register of the local and global view of war provides a valuable perspective that addresses many of the questions scholars have asked about the Vichy years.
  • Art As Propaganda in Vichy France, 1940-1944 Markj. Thériault

    Art As Propaganda in Vichy France, 1940-1944 Markj. Thériault

    Art as Propaganda in Vichy France, 1940-1944 MarkJ. Thériault Department of History McGill University, Montreal 1 October 2007 A thesis submitted to McGill University in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the degree of Master of Arts ©Mark J. Thériault, 2007 Library and Bibliothèque et 1+1 Archives Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du Bran ch Patrimoine de l'édition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A ON4 Ottawa ON K1A ON4 Canada Canada Your file Votre référence ISBN: 978-0-494-51409-2 Our file Notre référence ISBN: 978-0-494-51409-2 NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non­ L'auteur a accordé une licence non exclusive exclusive license allowing Library permettant à la Bibliothèque et Archives and Archives Canada to reproduce, Canada de reproduire, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par télécommunication ou par l'Internet, prêter, telecommunication or on the Internet, distribuer et vendre des thèses partout dans loan, distribute and sell theses le monde, à des fins commerciales ou autres, worldwide, for commercial or non­ sur support microforme, papier, électronique commercial purposes, in microform, et/ou autres formats. paper, electronic and/or any other formats. The author retains copyright L'auteur conserve la propriété du droit d'auteur ownership and moral rights in et des droits moraux qui protège cette thèse. this thesis. Neither the thesis Ni la thèse ni des extraits substantiels de nor substantial extracts from it celle-ci ne doivent être imprimés ou autrement may be printed or otherwise reproduits sans son autorisation.
  • Antisemitism in France in the 1930S

    Antisemitism in France in the 1930S

    UNITED STATES HOLOCAUST MEMORIAL MUSEUM CENTER FOR ADVANCED HOLOCAUST STUDIES The Path to Vichy: Antisemitism in France in the 1930s Vicki Caron W A S H I N G T O N , D. C. The Path to Vichy: Antisemitism in France in the 1930s Vicki Caron J.B. AND MAURICE C. SHAPIRO ANNUAL LECTURE 20 APRIL 2005 The assertions, opinions, and conclusions in this occasional paper are those of the author. They do not necessarily reflect those of the United States Holocaust Memorial Council or of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. First printing, July 2005 Copyright © 2005 by the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum The Center for Advanced Holocaust Studies annually appoints a scholar to pursue independent research and writing, to present lectures at universities throughout the United States, and to serve as a resource for the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, the Center, government personnel, educators, students, and the public. Funding for the program is made possible by a generous endowment established by from the J.B. and Maurice C. Shapiro Charitable Trust. Vichy’s two Jewish statutes of October 3, 1940, and June 2, 1941, defined Jews in racial terms as anyone having three or more grandparents “of the Jewish race” (irrespective of whether that person had converted) or two Jewish grandparents if married to a Jew. They barred Jews from all civil and military service posts, as well as all professions linked to the media or banking. The statutes furthermore authorized the Council of State to impose strict quotas of 2 and 3 percent respectively on Jewish participation in the liberal professions and in institutions of higher learning.
  • Historical Dictionary of World War II France Historical Dictionaries of French History

    Historical Dictionary of World War II France Historical Dictionaries of French History

    Historical Dictionary of World War II France Historical Dictionaries of French History Historical Dictionary of the French Revolution, 1789–1799 Samuel F. Scott and Barry Rothaus, editors Historical Dictionary of Napoleonic France, 1799–1815 Owen Connelly, editor Historical Dictionary of France from the 1815 Restoration to the Second Empire Edgar Leon Newman, editor Historical Dictionary of the French Second Empire, 1852–1870 William E. Echard, editor Historical Dictionary of the Third French Republic, 1870–1940 Patrick H. Hutton, editor-in-chief Historical Dictionary of the French Fourth and Fifth Republics, 1946–1991 Wayne Northcutt, editor-in-chief Historical Dictionary of World War II France The Occupation, Vichy, and the Resistance, 1938–1946 Edited by BERTRAM M. GORDON Greenwood Press Westport, Connecticut Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Historical dictionary of World War II France : the Occupation, Vichy, and the Resistance, 1938–1946 / edited by Bertram M. Gordon. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0–313–29421–6 (alk. paper) 1. France—History—German occupation, 1940–1945—Dictionaries. 2. World War, 1939–1945—Underground movements—France— Dictionaries. 3. World War, 1939–1945—France—Colonies— Dictionaries. I. Gordon, Bertram M., 1943– . DC397.H58 1998 940.53'44—dc21 97–18190 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data is available. Copyright ᭧ 1998 by Bertram M. Gordon All rights reserved. No portion of this book may be reproduced, by any process or technique, without the express written consent of the publisher. Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 97–18190 ISBN: 0–313–29421–6 First published in 1998 Greenwood Press, 88 Post Road West, Westport, CT 06881 An imprint of Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc.