DOCSLIB.ORG

The Legalization of Racism in a Constitutional State: Democracy's Suicide in Vichy France Vivian Grosswald Curran

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Legalization of Racism in a Constitutional State: Democracy's Suicide in Vichy France Vivian Grosswald Curran Hastings Law Journal Volume 50 | Issue 1 Article 1 1-1998 The Legalization of Racism in a Constitutional State: Democracy's Suicide in Vichy France Vivian Grosswald Curran Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.uchastings.edu/hastings_law_journal Part of the Law Commons Recommended Citation Vivian Grosswald Curran, The Legalization of Racism in a Constitutional State: Democracy's Suicide in Vichy France, 50 Hastings L.J. 1 (1998). Available at: https://repository.uchastings.edu/hastings_law_journal/vol50/iss1/1 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Law Journals at UC Hastings Scholarship Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Hastings Law Journal by an authorized editor of UC Hastings Scholarship Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Articles The Legalization Of Racism in a Constitutional State: Democracy's Suicide in Vichy France by VIVIAN GROSSWALD CURRAN* [P]eople have an easier time experiencing changes in domination than changes in laws. - Portalis** Table of Contents Introduction ...........................................................................................2 I. Historical, Biographical and Theoretical Overview ................ 3 II. Prologue to Suicide: the July, 1940 National Assembly D ebates .....................................................................................15 III. Legality and Legitimacy ..........................................................24 IV. Antisemitic Legislation and the Role of Positivism .............. 30 * B.A. Pennsylvania; M.A., M.Phil., Ph.D., J.D. Columbia; Assistant Professor, University of Pittsburgh School of Law. Unless otherwise indicated, translations are mine. I am grateful to those who read prior drafts of this manuscript, and who provided invariably helpful comments: Ann Begley, Denis Brion, Richard Buxbaum, Martha Chamallas, Pat Chew, Roger Curran, Howard Engelskirchen, Susan Fox, Bernard Hibbitts, Richard Kay, Jules Lobel, Robin Malloy, Robert Ronald, Rhonda Wasserman and Richard Weisberg. Parts of this article were presented as talks at meetings of the International Society for the Study of European Ideas (Utrecht, 1996); the Bar Association of the City of New York (New York, 1997); and the Twelfth Round Table of Law and Semiotics (State College, Pa., 1998). I wish to express my gratitude above all to my husband, Roger Curran, whose insights into the Vichy era have taught me much, and whose interest in Vichy France, the world of my parents, has been an unending source of consolation to me since their deaths. "[Lies hommes changent plus facilement de domination que de lois." 14 Discours prdliminaire, in 1 LocRt, LA LtGISLATION DE LA FRANCE 244, 251 (1827), quoted in LON L. FULLER, THE LAW IN QUEST OF ITSELF 32 (1940). HASTINGS LAW JOURNAL [Vol. 50 V. The Multiplicity and Polysemicity of "True" Frances .......... 45 VI. Democracy's Post-Mortem: Vichy's Systems of Symbols ......... 50 VII. The Frayed Threads of Memory: Post-War Representations and Significations ......................................... 58 VIII. "Entering the Future Backwards": The Trial of Maurice Papon and the Judicial Solution to Understanding Vichy ....... 73 IX. The Contemporary Relevance of Vichy ................................ 94 Introduction This article is the study of how a constitutional democracy can undermine itself from within, despite legal, constitutional and procedural safeguards designed to ensure self-perpetuation. The internal or voluntary road to destruction is only one of many paths that can lead to a democracy's demise. It is also the least visible process, and sheds light on the self-destructive tendencies embedded in the very structures of democracy. The focal point of this study is France's Vichy r6gime, the pro- fascist government of France from 1940 to 1944, named after the spa town of Vichy in which it acquired its legal existence through democratic means. Vichy was the seat of the new French government until 1944. I dwell in particular on Vichy France's antisemitic legislation and policy, as Vichy's antisemitism constitutes a dramatic example of policies and laws that appeared to invert, subvert and transform into their very opposites almost two centuries of constitutional guarantees and egalitarian principles.1 Even in the 1. Throughout this piece, I call France a "constitutional democracy" in reference to attributes of law and justice that were official national traditions, and part of the French body politic and population's self-understanding since 1789. See ALEXIS DE TOCQUEVILLE, L'ANCIEN REGIME ET LA RtVoLUTION 317 (1967; originally published in 1856). The term is justified in that it conveys to common law readers an approximation of fundamental systemic attributes which they will associate with constitutional principles, and which were a part of pre-Vichy France. The role of the Constitution in American social and legal consciousness is, however, dissimilar in many ways from the French experience. Much of what we associate with the Constitution in terms of the fundamentals of our system, the French associate with their Civil Code. They have changed constitutions twelve times, but still have the same (albeit amended) code that went into effect in 1804. For excellent discussions of this issue, see Pierre Legrand, Strange Power of Words: Codification Situated, 9 TuL. EUR. & CIV. L. FORUM 1 (1994); Pierre Legrand, Civil Codes and the Case of Quebec: Semiotic Musings Around an Accent Aigu, in SEMIOTICS AND THE HUMAN SCIENCES, 195, 202 (Roberta Kevelson ed., 1995) ("civil codes help to delineate a... national identity"); Martin A. Rogoff, A Comparison of Constitutionalism in France and the United States, 49 ME. L. REv. 21 (1997); Martin A. Rogoff, The French (R)evolution of 1958-1998, 3COL. J. EUR. L. 453 (1997-98); and Pierre Legrand, Comparer, 2 REVUE INT. DE DROIT COMPARt 279 (1996). France's republican existence also was interspersed with monarchies and empires emerging and reemerging before the advent of the Third Republic, the government in power before the Vichy November 1998] THE LEGALIZATION OF RACISM enactment and implementation of legalized racism, however, precisely where Vichy appeared to break most radically with France's past legal tradition, Vichy constructed itself from the nation's past as much as it broke with it. Just as many of Vichy's roots lay in France's republican past, many of modem France's roots lie in its Vichy past. Coming to grips with Vichy involves connecting numerous, mutually incompatible tendencies that have defined France's various cultural communities, and that also coexisted within individuals. The point of such an exercise is not merely to conclude that complexity and contradictions abound, but to reveal how and why dominant political and legal patterns can shift so dramatically that eventually they undermine themselves. France's institutional mechanisms for perpetuating democracy proved unequal to the task in the face of combined internal and external pressures. Contemporary issues in the United States, discussed under such rubrics as welfare reform, immigration reform, a growing wealth gap, homosexual rights, public school funding, and publicly funded vouchers for private school attendance, create similar potentials for constructing hierarchies and categories of excluded people, of others with lesser rights. The processes by which an excluded other is created can be unobtrusive, and disguised through a rhetoric that extols the very democratic principles and ideals which it serves to erode, or even through procedures originally designed to ensure fairness and egalitarianism. In the coming years, increasingly vocal, diverse communities inevitably will raise still more issues of belongingness, exclusion, sovereignty and statehood, challenging democracy with implosion and explosion, in both the United States and the emerging Europe of the next millennium. 2 The study of Vichy France may be useful, as it encapsulates similar issues in another time, and illuminates the vulnerable and transformable propensities of legal and political theory in periods of crises. I. Historical, Biographical and Theoretical Overview France became a constitutional democracy pursuant to the French Revolution of 1789.3 In July of 1940, within weeks of France's defeat by the German army, democracy in France ended by a vote of democratically elected members of Parliament. As more fully regime. 2. For an exceptionally thoughtful analysis of these issues in the context of the European Union, see J.H.H. Weiler, Does Europe Need a Constitution? Reflections on Demos, Telos and the German MaastrichtDecision, 1 EUR. L.J. 219 (1995). 3. See generally DE TOCQUEVILLE, supra note 1. HASTINGS LAW JOURNAL [Vol. so discussed below, it was a voluntary act of self-destruction, as France's Parliament by an overwhelming majority of 569 out of 649 legislators, committed institutional suicide by voting itself out of existence and creating a dictatorship, all in careful compliance with the French Third Republic's legal procedure. 4 I do not mean to underestimate the importance of Germany's military triumph over France, or of its looming influence as the imminently probable ruler of all of Europe. I mean, rather, to focus on the "Franco-French" nature of Vichy inasmuch as Vichy (1) entered into existence as the choice of autonomous political delegates proceeding under the French law of the Third Republic, not the law of Nazi Germany; and (2) legislated for a time under its
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Licensing Open Government Data Jyh-An Lee
    Hastings Business Law Journal Volume 13 Article 2 Number 2 Winter 2017 Winter 2017 Licensing Open Government Data Jyh-An Lee Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.uchastings.edu/ hastings_business_law_journal Part of the Business Organizations Law Commons Recommended Citation Jyh-An Lee, Licensing Open Government Data, 13 Hastings Bus. L.J. 207 (2017). Available at: https://repository.uchastings.edu/hastings_business_law_journal/vol13/iss2/2 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Law Journals at UC Hastings Scholarship Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Hastings Business Law Journal by an authorized editor of UC Hastings Scholarship Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. 2 - LEE MACROED.DOCX (DO NOT DELETE) 5/5/2017 11:09 AM Licensing Open Government Data Jyh-An Lee* Governments around the world create and collect an enormous amount of data that covers important environmental, educational, geographical, meteorological, scientific, demographic, transport, tourism, health insurance, crime, occupational safety, product safety, and many other types of information.1 This data is generated as part of a government’s daily functions.2 Given government data’s exceptional social and economic value, former U.S. President Barack Obama described it as a “national asset.”3 For various policy reasons, open government data (“OGD”) has become a popular governmental practice and international * Assistant Professor at the Faculty of Law in the Chinese University
    [Show full text]
  • Books, Prints, and Travel: Reading in the Gaps of the Orientalist Archive
    BOOKS, PRINTS, AND TRAVEL: READING IN THE GAPS OF THE ORIENTALIST ARCHIVE ELISABETH A. FRASER Writing to Madame de Re´camier during an arduous voyage to the Levant in 1817 and 1818, the beleaguered Comte Auguste de Forbin pleaded passionately for letters from her to alleviate the horrors of his journey: a difficult passage at sea, the death of a hired travelling companion, heat and plague. ‘I need them, I have been cruelly tested. Never was a voyage more unfortunate,’ he wrote. Subse- quent letters describe his ‘terrible fear’ of the plague in Constantinople (‘death is everywhere’), and the ‘devouring heat’ of Egypt.1 And yet Forbin later made light of the journey’s difficulties in his published account, the Voyage dans le Levant (1819), a sentiment reinforced by Franc¸ois-Rene´ de Chateaubriand in his review: ‘The Comte de Forbin’s publication will finally prove that today one can do quickly and easily what in the past demanded much time and effort.’2 Similarly, the Comte Marie-Gabriel de Choiseul-Gouffier’s magnificent Voyage pittoresque de la Gre`ce (1782–1822), one of Forbin’s primary models, gives no hint of the woes that dogged its production: revolution, legal battles, work lost in transport, dishonest printers, artists making off with commissioned drawings, and so on. To follow Choiseul-Gouffier’s trail through the archives is to wade in rancour, regret and litigiousness to a degree unsuspected by the reader of his serenely beautiful Voyage pittoresque.3 In a departure from earlier writing on colonialism, scholars today expect to find this kind of contradiction in the accounts of European travellers about in the world.
    [Show full text]
  • Paul Touvier and the Crime Against Humanity'
    Paul Touvier and the Crime Against Humanity' MICHAEL E. TIGARt SUSAN C. CASEYtt ISABELLE GIORDANItM SIVAKUMAREN MARDEMOOTOOt Hi SUMMARY I. INTRODUCTION ............................................... 286 II. VICHY FRANCE: THE BACKGROUND ................................ 286 III. TOUVIER'S ROLE IN VICHY FRANCE ................................ 288 IV. THE CRIME AGAINST HUMANITY ................................. 291 A The August 1945 Charter ................................... 291 B. The French Penal Code .................................... 293 C. The Barbie Case: Too Clever by Half ........................... 294 V. THE TouviER LITIGATION ....................................... 296 A The Events SurroundingTouvier's Captureand the PretrialLegal Battle ... 296 B. Touvier's Day in Court ..................................... 299 VI. LEGAL ANALYSIS: THE STATE AGENCY DILEMMA.. ...................... 304 VII. CONCLUSION ............................................... 309 " The idea for this essay began at a discussion of the Touvier trial with Professor Tigar's students at the Facut de Droit at Aix-en-Provence, with the assistance of Professor Andr6 Baldous. Ms. Casey provided further impetus for it by her research assistance on international human rights issues, and continued with research and editorial work as the essay developed. Ms. Giordani researched French law and procedure and obtained original sources. Mr. Mardemootoo worked on further research and assisted in formulating the issues. The translations of most French materials were initially done by Professor Tigar and reviewed by Ms. Giordani and Mr. Mardemootoo. As we were working on the project, the Texas InternationalLaw Journaleditors told us of Ms. Finkelstein's article, and we decided to turn our effort into a complementary piece that drew some slightly different conclusions. if Professor of Law and holder of the Joseph D. Jamail Centennial Chair in Law, The University of Texas School of Law. J# J.D.
    [Show full text]
  • Politicizing the Crime Against Humanity: the French Example
    University of Pittsburgh School of Law Scholarship@PITT LAW Articles Faculty Publications 2003 Politicizing the Crime Against Humanity: The French Example Vivian Grosswald Curran University of Pittsburgh School of Law, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarship.law.pitt.edu/fac_articles Part of the Comparative and Foreign Law Commons, Courts Commons, Criminal Law Commons, Criminal Procedure Commons, European Law Commons, Holocaust and Genocide Studies Commons, Human Rights Law Commons, International Humanitarian Law Commons, International Law Commons, Jurisprudence Commons, Law and Politics Commons, Law and Society Commons, Legal Commons, Legal History Commons, Public Law and Legal Theory Commons, and the Transnational Law Commons Recommended Citation Vivian G. Curran, Politicizing the Crime Against Humanity: The French Example, 78 Notre Dame Law Review 677 (2003). Available at: https://scholarship.law.pitt.edu/fac_articles/424 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Faculty Publications at Scholarship@PITT LAW. It has been accepted for inclusion in Articles by an authorized administrator of Scholarship@PITT LAW. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. PROPTER HONORIS RESPECTUM POLITICIZING THE CRIME AGAINST HUMANITY: THE FRENCH EXAMPLE Vivian Grosswald Curran* C'est une lourde tdche, pour le philosophe, d'arracherles noms a ce qui en prostitue l'usage. Dojd Platon avait toutes les peines du monde d tenirferme sur le mot justice contre l'usage chicanier et versatile qu'en faisaient les sophistes. 1 INTRODUCTION The advantages of world adherence to universally acceptable standards of law and fundamental rights seemed apparent after the Second World War, as they had after the First.2 Their appeal seems ever greater and their advocates ever more persuasive today.
    [Show full text]
  • Íbúum Á Laugavegi Hótað Dagsektum
    Berglind Ágústsdóttir lh hestar ræktaði hæst dæmda íslenska stóðhestinn ÍÞRÓTT • MENNING • LÍFSSTÍLL BLS. 6 ÞRIÐJUDAGUR 20. MAÍ 2008 Gæðingum á Þrír fá alþjóðleg LM fjölgar dómararéttindi GARÐAR THOR CORTES Nú liggja fyrir félagatöl hesta- Þrír íslenskir hestaíþrótta dómarar mannafélaganna fyrir árið 2008. fengu alþjóðleg dómararéttindi Sumarblóm fer að Sjóvá kvennahlaup ÍSÍ mun Vatn er lífsnauðsynlegt Fjöldi þátttakenda frá hverju fé- á dómararáðstefnu FEIF sem verða tímabært að gróð- fara fram í nítjánda sinn og hollasti svaladrykk- lagi á LM2008 miðast við þau. Tölu- var haldin á Hvanneyri 11. til 13. ursetja í garðinn. Blóm- laugardaginn 7. júní í urinn. Það hentar vel á verð fjölgun hefur orðið í félögun- apríl. Alls tóku 48 dómarar þátt í legt og fagurt umhverfi samstarfi við Lýðheilsu- milli mála og skemmir um og þar með fjöldi hrossa sem ráðstefnunni, þar af ellefu frá Ís- er gott fyrir heilsuna og stöð og er því kjörið að ekki tennur og er því gott hvar er betra að slaka á byrja að þjálfa sig og fara að hafa ætíð vatn við þau hafa rétt til að senda til þátt- landi. Eftir ráðstefnuna var haldið en í fallegum og friðsæl- út að skokka. Bolurinn í ár höndina. töku. Á LM2006 voru 112 í hverj- nýdómarapróf og stóðust þrír ís- um garði sem prýddur er er fjólublár og er þema ársins um flokki en á LM2008 eiga 119 lenskir dómarar prófið: Elísabeth dýrindis gróðri? Ef fólk er ekki „Heilbrigt hugarfar, hraustar þátttökurétt. Alls sendu félögin Jansen, Hulda G. Geirsdóttir og svo heppið að eiga garð má alltaf fá sér konur“.
    [Show full text]
  • Bulletin De L'association Pour L'etude De L'oeuvre D'henri De Han
    BULLETIN DE L'ASSOCIATION POUR L'ETUDE DE L'OEUVRE D'HENRI DE HAN N° 14 - Mai 1987 ACTES DU COLLOQUE D'ANVERS tenu le 17 novembre 1985 à l'occasion du centenaire de la naissance d'Henri de Man ASSOCIATION POUR L'ETUDE DE L'OEUVRE D'HENRI DE MAN Département d'histoire du droit et des doctrines juridiques et politiques, Place de l'Université 3, 1211 GENEVE <* (Suisse) EDITEUR Association pour l'étude de l'oeuvre d'Henri de Mon [Vereniging voor de stucfie van het werk van Hendrik de Mon] p.a. Département d'histoire du droit et des doctrines juridiques et politiques Place de l'Université 3, CH-1211 Genève 4 (Suisse) [Secrétariat pour la Belgique et les Pays-Bas : Jan Ockeghemstraat 16, B-2520 Edegem-Antwerpen (Belgique)] REDACTEUR RESPONSABLE Michel Brélaz, 79A avenue Curé-Baud, CH-1212 Grand-Lancy (Suisse) Les textes, signés ou non, n'expriment pas nécessairement les vues de l'Association, de son comité et de ses membres. Ils peuvent être cités, moyennant indication de la source, mais ne peuvent être reproduits ou traduits, en tout ou en partie, qu'avec l'autorisation préalable de l'éditeur. Copyright 1987 by Association pour l'étude de l'oeuvre d'Henri de Man. Tous droits de reproduction et de traduction réservés. 3 TABLE DES MATIERES Sommaire 5 L DISCOURS D'INAUGURATION ET ACTES DU COLLOQUE 9 H.B. Cools Toespraak 11 J. de Meyer Toespraak 19 A.M. van Peski Dankwoord 21 P. Dodge Post hoc, propter hoc : A critique of Sternhell on de Man 23 K.
    [Show full text]
  • Creating Value Through Open Data
    Creating Value through Open Data Creating Value through Open Data: Study on the Impact of Re-use of Public Data Resources Digital Agenda for Europe This study has been prepared by Capgemini Consulting as part of the European Data Portal. The European Data Portal is developed by the European Commission with the support of a consortium led by Capgemini Consulting, including INTRASOFT International, Fraunhofer Fokus, con.terra, Sogeti, the Open Data Institute, Time.Lex and the University of Southampton. For more information about this paper, please contact: European Commission Directorate General for Communications Networks, Content and Technology Unit G.3 Value Data Chain Daniele Rizzi – Policy Officer Email: [email protected] Project Team Dinand Tinholt – Vice President, EU Lead, Capgemini Consulting Executive lead European Data Portal Email: [email protected] Wendy Carrara – Director, Principal Consultant, Capgemini Consulting Project Manager European Data Portal Email: [email protected] Written and reviewed by Wendy Carrara, Wae San Chan, Sander Fischer, Eva van Steenbergen (Capgemini Consulting). Internal identification Contract number: 30-CE-0677290/00-65 SMART number: 2014-1072 DISCLAIMER By the European Commission, Directorate-General of Communications Networks, Content & Technology. The information and views set out in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official opinion of the Commission. The Commission does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this study. Neither the Commission nor any person acting on the Commission’s behalf may be held responsible for the use which may be made of the information contained therein. ISBN 978-92-79-52791-3 DOI 10.2759/328101 © European Union, 2015.
    [Show full text]
  • France's 2017 Presidential Election
    France’s 2017 Presidential Election: In Brief name redacted Analyst in European Affairs April 13, 2017 Congressional Research Service 7-.... www.crs.gov R44815 France’s 2017 Presidential Election: In Brief Contents Overview ......................................................................................................................................... 1 The Election: Possible Outcomes and Main Candidates ................................................................. 1 Key Campaign Issues ...................................................................................................................... 4 The Economy ............................................................................................................................ 4 Islamist Terrorism and Muslim Integration ............................................................................... 5 Foreign and Defense Policy and Relations with the EU and NATO ......................................... 6 Relations with the EU ......................................................................................................... 6 Relations with NATO .......................................................................................................... 7 Defense Policy .................................................................................................................... 7 Relations with Russia .......................................................................................................... 7 Implications for U.S.-French Relations ..........................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • La Résistance Légale Des Présidents Des Chambres, Jules Jeanneney Et Edouard Herriot, Face Au Régime De Vichy (1940-1942) Jérôme Henning
    La résistance légale des Présidents des Chambres, Jules Jeanneney et Edouard Herriot, face au régime de Vichy (1940-1942) Jérôme Henning To cite this version: Jérôme Henning. La résistance légale des Présidents des Chambres, Jules Jeanneney et Edouard Herriot, face au régime de Vichy (1940-1942). Cahiers Jean Moulin, Centre Lyonnais d’Histoire du Droit et de la Pensée Politique, 2017, Résistance, 10.24401/cjm.101. hal-02094535 HAL Id: hal-02094535 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02094535 Submitted on 9 Apr 2019 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. « Résistance et obéissance, voilà les deux vertus du citoyen. Par l’obéissance, il assure l’ordre ; par la résistance, il assure la liberté […]. Obéir en résistant, c’est tout le secret. Ce qui détruit l’obéissance est anarchie ; ce qui détruit la résistance est tyrannie » (Alain, 1970, t. 2, p. 265). Ce jeu d’équilibre subtil auquel se livre Alain, véritable chantre du radicalisme de l’entre-deux-guerres, trouve un écho étonnant dans la forme de résistance que les Présidents des deux assemblées, Jules Jeanneney et Édouard Herriot, tentèrent face au régime de Vichy.
    [Show full text]
  • The Project of Liberation and the Projection of National Identity. Calvo, Aragon, Jouhandeau, 1944-1945 by Aparna Nayak-Guercio
    The project of Liberation and the projection of national identity. Calvo, Aragon, Jouhandeau, 1944-1945 by Aparna Nayak-Guercio B.A. University of Bombay, India, 1990 M.A. University of Pittsburgh, 1993 Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of Arts and Sciences in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Pittsburgh 2006 UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH ARTS AND SCIENCES This dissertation was presented by Aparna Nayak-Guercio It was defended on December 13, 2005 and approved by Dr. Alexander Orbach, Associate Professor, Department of Religious Studies Dr. Giuseppina Mecchia, Assistant Professor, Department of French and Italian Dr. Lina Insana, Assistant Professor, Department of French and Italian Dr. Roberta Hatcher, Assistant Professor, Department of French and Italian Dissertation Advisor: Dr. Philip Watts, Assistant Professor, Department of French and Italian ii Copyright © by Aparna Nayak-Guercio 2006 iii THE PROJECT OF LIBERATION AND THE PROJECTION OF NATIONAL IDENTITY. ARAGON, CALVO, JOUHANDEAU, 1944-45 Aparna Nayak-Guercio, PhD University of Pittsburgh, 2006 This dissertation focuses on the months of liberation of France, June 1944 to May 1945. It analyzes three under-studied works taken as samples of texts that touch upon the question of contested identities. The texts are chosen from the main divisions of the political spectrum, namely Gaullist, far right, and far left. Although the focus is on the texts themselves, I trace the arguments found in these works to the larger discourses in which they are inscribed. In particular, I address the questions of guilt and innocence, justice and vengeance, past and future in the given historical circumstances.
    [Show full text]
  • EUROVISION 2008 Name in Database Name on CD Track Number CD
    EUROVISION 2008 Name in database Name on CD Track number CD number 2008 Alb Zemrën E Lamë Peng (Albania) 2 1 2008 And Casanova (Andorra) 1 1 2008 Arm Qele, Qele (Armenia) 3 1 2008 Aze Day After Day (Azerbaijan) 4 1 2008 Bel O Julissi (Belgium) 6 1 2008 Bie Hasta La Vista (Belarus) 8 1 2008 Bos Pokusaj (Bosnia & Herzegovina) 5 1 2008 Bul DJ, Take Me Away (Bulgaria) 7 1 2008 Cro Romanca (Croatia) 21 1 2008 Cyp Femme Fatale (Cyprus) 10 1 2008 Cze Have Some Fun (Czech Republic) 11 1 2008 Den All Night Long (Denmark) 13 1 2008 Est Leto Svet (Estonia) 14 1 2008 Fin Missä Miehet Ratsastaa (Finland) 16 1 2008 Fra Divine (France) 17 1 2008 Geo Peace Will Come (Georgia) 19 1 2008 Ger Disappear (Germany) 12 1 2008 Gre Secret Combination (Greece) 20 1 2008 Hun Candlelight (Hungary) 1 2 2008 Ice This Is My Life (Iceland) 4 2 2008 Ire Irelande Douze Pointe (Ireland) 2 2 2008 Isr The Fire In Your Eyes (Israel) 3 2 2008 Lat Wolves Of The Sea (Latvia) 6 2 2008 Lit Nomads In The Night (Lithuania) 5 2 2008 Mac Let Me Love You (FYR Macedonia) 9 2 2008 Mal Vodka (Malta) 10 2 2008 Mnt Zauvijek Volim Te (Montenegro) 8 2 2008 Mol A Century Of Love (Moldova) 7 2 2008 Net Your Heart Belongs To Me (The Netherlands) 11 2 2008 Nor Hold On Be Strong (Norway) 12 2 2008 Pol For Life (Poland) 13 2 2008 Por Senhora Do Mar (Negras Águas) (Portugal) 14 2 2008 Rom Pe-o Margine De Lume (Romania) 15 2 2008 Rus Believe (Russia) 17 2 2008 San Complice (San Marino) 20 2 2008 Ser Oro (Serbia) (feat.
    [Show full text]
  • French Involvement and Solidarity in South West France with the Spanish Republic in the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939)
    French Involvement and Solidarity in South West France with the Spanish Republic in the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939) Oliver Astington, BA (Hons) Thesis submitted to the University of Nottingham for the degree of Master of the Arts in Modern Language Studies December 2010 1 Acknowledgements Although the research for this thesis has been based on individual research, I would like to thank all those who have in many ways funded, facilitated and enabled this research project to be successful. I am grateful for the kind support of the University of Nottingham School of Modern Languages and Cultures for part funding my research and providing me with excellent support from the staff at the Postgraduate office to the academics of the Departments of French and Francophone studies and Spanish, Portuguese and Latin American Studies. It has been a pleasure to have discussed and presented my research, as well as learnt from the experience of academics and peers alike within these departments. Special thanks must go to Dr Gareth Stockey who encouraged me throughout the project and allowed it to develop so successfully, having benefitted from two of his courses on the Spanish Civil War as an undergraduate from 2008-2009. I would also like to thank Professor Nick Hewitt for his advice on the Front Populaire in France and whose course on the Front Populaire and Culture from 2008-09 provided me with the foundations for many aspects of the French side of this study. I must also thank the staff at numerous departmental archives across the South West of France, whose time and advice was greatly valued in finding so many intriguing documents for my viewing.
    [Show full text]