The Role of Postal Networks in Digital Financial Services
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International Telecommunication Union ITU-T FG-DFS TELECOMMUNICATION STANDARDIZATION SECTOR OF ITU (10/2016) ITU-T Focus Group Digital Financial Services The Role of Postal Networks in Digital Financial Services Focus Group Technical Report ITU-T Focus Group Digital Financial Services: The Role of Postal Networks in Digital Financial Services FOREWORD The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) is the United Nations specialized agency in the field of telecommunications, information and communication technologies (ICTs). The ITU Telecommunication Standardization Sector (ITU-T) is a permanent organ of ITU. ITU-T is responsible for studying technical, operating and tariff questions and issuing Recommendations on them with a view to standardizing telecommunications on a worldwide basis. The procedures for establishment of focus groups are defined in Recommendation ITU-T A.7. TSAG set up the ITU-T Focus Group Digital Financial Services (FG DFSs) at its meeting in June 2014. TSAG is the parent group of FG DFS. Deliverables of focus groups can take the form of technical reports, specifications, etc., and aim to provide material for consideration by the parent group in its standardization activities. Deliverables of focus groups are not ITU-T Recommendations. ITU 2016 This work is licensed to the public through a Creative Commons Attribution-Non-Commercial-Share Alike 4.0 International license (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0). For more information visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ ITU-T Focus Group Digital Financial Services: The Role of Postal Networks in Digital Financial Services The Role of Postal Networks in Digital Financial Services ITU-T Focus Group Digital Financial Services: The Role of Postal Networks in Digital Financial Services About this Report This Technical Report was written by the following authors, contributors, and reviewers: The authors of this Technical Report are Nils Clotteau, David Avsec and Yury Grin. Contributions were received from the members of the FG DFS Ecosystem Working Group and, in specific, from Antony Chigaazira, Sergey Dukelskiy, Anil Gupta, Viktor Nosov, Alexandre Rodrigues, Ricardo D. Valencia, and Graham Wright. This Technical Report was reviewed by the Focus Group Digital Financial Services. If you would like to provide any additional information, please contact Vijay Mauree at [email protected] ITU-T Focus Group Digital Financial Services: The Role of Postal Networks in Digital Financial Services CONTENTS Page 1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 6 2 The Current State of Play .......................................................................................................... 7 3 The Role of Postal Networks in Digital Financial Services .................................................... 9 3.1 Posts as support services .............................................................................................................................. 9 3.2 Posts as direct DFS providers ................................................................................................................... 13 4 What’s Next? ............................................................................................................................ 16 List of Figures Figure 1 – Traditional Postal Operator (until 80s-90s) .................................................................... 6 Figure 2 – DFS Operator .................................................................................................................. 6 Figure 3 – SWOT ............................................................................................................................. 9 Figure 4: Areas of responsibility .................................................................................................... 11 List of Tables Page Table 1 – Impact of Choice of Partners ................................................................................................................ 12 ITU-T Focus Group Digital Financial Services: The Role of Postal Networks in Digital Financial Services Executive summary Postal operators have a long tradition of offering financial services. This report explores the current and potential role of postal networks in the emerging digital financial services (DFSs) ecosystem. The report investigates five separate models by which today’s postal networks are involved in the ecosystem: two as support services, and three as direct providers of DFSs. This report also covers three new ways for posts to be involved in the ecosystem: as a Mobile Network Operator (MNO), an interoperability platform, and as an eCommerce facilitator. ITU-T Focus Group Digital Financial Services: The Role of Postal Networks in Digital Financial Services 1 Introduction Postal services are primarily associated with mail, postal carriers, and physical delivery. Therefore, post offices are not the first thing that comes to mind when discussing digital financial services (DFSs). However, postal operators have a long tradition of offering financial services, which dates back to 1861, when the first postal savings bank was established in the United Kingdom. Furthermore, if we go back some 20 or 30 years, we should remember that in many countries, postal and telecommunication activities were grouped into one single entity: the Post and Telecom (P&T) operator. A large number of those P&T operators were also providing financial services (money orders, telegraphic money orders, savings accounts, etc.). “Traditional” postal operators could therefore be schematically represented as follows: Figure 1 – Traditional postal operator (until 80s-90s) Today, when we talk about the development of DFSs, three complementary elements are needed: A physical network for the cash-in/cash-out and to act as a front office to engage clients; A digital network to transport the flow of digital messages (mobile, cards, electronic, etc.) A financial services provider in some cases this will be the same as one of the two previous elements), which will ensure regulatory compliance, take care of the back-office, design products, etc. Such an operator can be represented schematically in the following way: Figure 2 – DFS operator Comparing Figures 1 and 2, we can see the similarities between the model of the traditional postal operator and a DFS operator. Postal operators boast one of the largest physical networks in the world, with a total of more than 660,000 post offices, which can all be used as agents for the provision of DFS. Most postal operators today also offer some form of financial services, from domestic and international electronic money transfers to savings accounts, insurance, and loans. It is estimated that 1.5 billion people globally access financial services through a post office.1 In this context, postal operators already possess two of the three key elements necessary to deploy DFS. 1 ANSÓN & TOLEDANO, 2010, “BETWEEN FINANCIAL INCLUSION AND POSTAL BANKING: IS THE SURVIVAL OF POSTS ALSO THERE?”, UNIVERSAL POSTAL UNION. ITU-T Focus Group Digital Financial Services: The Role of Postal Networks in Digital Financial Services Therefore, postal operators are very well positioned to at least play a role in the development of DFSs. 2 The current state of play Based on data from a questionnaire launched by the Universal Postal Union (UPU) in 2015, 91% of designated postal operators2 in UPU member countries and territories (183 out of 201) provide financial services. Almost all of these provide remittance services, either on their own or in partnership with banks and/or money transfer companies. A large proportion of postal operators also provide bill payments or government payments. In terms of account-based services (current accounts or savings accounts), 87 postal operators are offering them, on their own (in 52 countries or territories), or in partnership with other financial institutions (in 36 countries).3 This represents a total of 1.96 billion accounts belonging to approximately 1 billion clients. The UPU established a business model (BM) typology for the provision of financial services by postal operators.4 In all models, there are varying levels of operational complexity and involvement of the postal operator in the provision of financial services. Five main families of BMs have been identified: • BM 1: cash merchant. The Post acts as a cash-in/cash-out agent for one or more partners (money transfer operators (MTO), mobile money operators, utility companies, etc.). The services facilitated by the Post are transactional financial services such as remittances, bill payments, government payments, etc. • BM 2: proprietary domestic and cross-border payments. The Post operates its own domestic payments or international remittances (for the latter, in partnership with other Posts). This can be done in post offices using paper-based money orders (a model that is progressively disappearing) or electronic transfers, which are now the norm. 88% of the 150 Posts that are operating under this model are offering electronic services. In some countries, such as Morocco, these services are also available through mobile phones for peer to peer (P2P) payments. • BM 3: partnership with a financial services provider. The Post partners with a financial services provider such as a bank, insurance company, FinTech, technology provider, mobile network operator, or a microfinance institution, to offer the financial services of