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24065231.Pdf Open Educational Resources (OER) for Open Schooling The Commonwealth of Learning (COL) Open Schools Initiative launched an Open Educational Resources (OER) Project to provide materials under the Creative Commons license agreement to support independent study in 17 specially selected secondary school subjects. Funded by the William and Flora Hewlett Foundation its aim is to broaden access to secondary education through the development of high quality Open Distance Learning (ODL) or self‐study materials. These specially selected OER subjects include: 1. Commerce 11 2. Coordinated Science 10 (Biology, Chemistry and Physics) 3. English 12 4. English Second Language 10 5. Entrepreneurship 10 6. Food & Nutrition 7. Geography 10 8. Geography 12 9. Human Social Biology 12 10. Life Science 10 11. Life Skills 12. Mathematics 11 13. Mathematics 12 14. Physical Science 10 15. Physical Science 12 16. Principles of Business 17. Spanish Open Educational Resources are free to use and increase accessibility to education. These materials are accessible for use in six countries: Botswana, India, Lesotho, Namibia, Seychelles and Trinidad & Tobago. Other interested parties are invited to use the materials, but some contextual adaptation might be needed to maximise their benefits in different countries. The OER for Open Schooling Teachers’ Guide has been developed to guide teachers/instructors on how to use the Open Educational Resources (OER) in five of these courses. 1. English 2. Entrepreneurship 3. Geography 4. Life Science 5. Physical Science The aim of this teachers’ guide is to help all teachers/instructors make best use of the OER materials. This guide is generic, but focuses on Namibian examples. Print‐based versions are available on CD‐ROM and can be downloaded from www.col.org/CourseMaterials. The CD‐ROM contains the module and folders with additional resources, multimedia resources and/or teacher resources. Note that not all subjects have multimedia resources. Acknowledgements: The William and Flora Hewlett Foundation Namibian College of Open Learning (NAMCOL): www.namcol.com.na National Institute of Educational Development (NIED): www.nied.edu.na Ministry of Education of the Republic of Namibian (MoE): www.moe.gov.na Ministry of Education, Seychelles: www.education.gov.sc Ministry of Education and Training, Lesotho: www.gov.ls/education Ministry of Education Trinidad& Tobago: www.moe.gov.tt National Open School of Trinidad & Tobago (NOSTT): www.moe.gov.tt/NOSTT Ministry of Education and Skills Development, Botswana: www.moe.gov.bw Botswana College of Distance and Open Learning (BOCODOL): www.bocodol.ac.bw Ministry of Education Zambia: www.moe.gov.zm Commonwealth of Learning, 2012 CC BY‐SA © 2012 by the Commonwealth of Learning. Open Educational Resources (OER) for Open Schooling are made available under a Creative Commons Attribution‐ShareAlike 3.0 Licence (international): http://creativecommons.org/licences/by‐sa/3.0. For the avoidance of doubt, by applying this license the Commonwealth of Learning does not waive any privileges or immunities from claims that it may be entitled to assert, nor does the Commonwealth of Learning submit itself to the jurisdiction, courts, legal processes or laws of any jurisdiction. Published by: Commonwealth of Learning 1055 West Hastings, Suite 1200 Vancouver, British Columbia Canada V6E 2E9 Telephone: +1 604 775 8200 Fax: +1 604 775 8210 Web: www.col.org Email: [email protected] The Commonwealth of Learning (COL) is an intergovernmental organisation created by Commonwealth Heads of Government to encourage the development and sharing of open learning and distance education knowledge, resources and technologies. 2/27/2012 4:25 PM Table of Contents Geography 12 Unit 1: Structure of the Earth Unit 2: Map Reading Skills Unit 3: Weather Studies Unit 4: Climate Unit 5: Utilisation and Management of Water Resources Unit 6: Utilisation and Management of Wildlife Resources Unit 7: Sustainable Utilisation of Forest and Veld Products Unit 8: Utilisation and Management of Rangelands Unit 9: Utilisation and Management of Water, Coal and Sun Resources Unit 10: Research Methods Unit 11: Agriculture: Arable and Pastoral Farming Unit 12: Tourism Unit 13: Processing and Manufacturing Industries in Botswana and the SADC Region Unit 14: Mining Unit 15: Population Studies and HIV and AIDS Contents Unit 1 1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 1 Topic 1: The Structure of the earth .................................................................................. 5 Topic 2: Folding and Faulting ........................................................................................ 18 Topic 3: Earthquakes ...................................................................................................... 33 Topic 4: Volcanicity ....................................................................................................... 44 Unit summary ................................................................................................................. 58 Assessment ..................................................................................................................... 59 Unit 1 Structure of the Earth Introduction Welcome to the first unit of the Grade 12 Geography programme which deals with the structure of the earth. You would probably realise that what you are going to learn in this first unit is not entirely new to you. You studied the Physical Environment when you were doing Social Studies at junior schools. This unit builds on the foundation laid by the Social Studies course. In all there are 16 units in this Geography programme. The subject Geography deals more with the physical environment and how these influence human activities. It is important to start the Geography programme with a closer look at the processes responsible for the formation of the physical features. This unit therefore is the foundation upon which all other units are built. For example in the next unit or Unit 2, you will do map reading which will help you locate these physical features on maps. In this unit, you will learn about the earth as part of the physical world. The term “physical” means natural. A scientific field called geophysics studies the physics of the earth. Through geophysics many significant discoveries about the nature of the earth have been made. In this unit you will study the earth’s surface and the natural behaviour of the earth below the surface. Besides the structure of the earth you will learn about the formation of different landforms associated with the movement of the earth. The topics addressed by this unit are: Topic One: The Structure of the Earth In this topic we will be looking at the different layers that make up the inside of the earth. These are the earth crust, the mantle and the core. We will move on to learn about the internal movements that take place inside the earth that causes earth movements called plate tectonics and the various types of plate boundaries. Topic Two: Faulting and Folding The first topic describes various types of earth movements and the landforms associated with them. We will be looking specifically at folding and the formation of Fold Mountains. We will move on to faulting and the formation of rift valleys and block mountains. Topic Three: Earthquakes The topic deals with earthquakes, what causes them and the various types of shock waves. We will also look at how earthquakes are measured, the distribution of earthquakes and their effects. Topic Four: Volcanicity In this topic we are going to discuss volcanicity. We are going to look at how volcanoes occur, internal and external volcanic features and the various types of volcanoes. We will also look at the distribution of volcanoes and their effects on humans. 1 Upon completion of this unit you will be able to: List and describe the three layers that comprise the earth’s structure. Describe the proportion of land and water Describe rock types (igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic) and their formation Outcomes Explain the forces of compression and tension in relation to the theory of plate tectonics. Describe the distribution of earthquakes and volcanoes in relation to plate margins. Explain how volcanoes and earthquakes are formed and their impact on humans and the environment. Interpret the Richter scale to determine the magnitude of earthquakes. Describe the formation of related landforms for example, fold mountains and lakes, rift valleys and block mountains. Discuss the impact of the above landforms on human activities Time Time You will need 2 hours to study each topic. You will therefore need to dedicate 8 hours for you to cover the entire whole unit sufficiently. You might finish studying each topic in less than 2 hours or exceed your study time as this is determined by your understanding of the topic and reading speed. You will need about an hour to complete the assignments and another to complete the assessment. However, do not be too worried if you take longer. Learning approaches In order to ensure smooth learning, this unit has been designed with the following features: Unit and Topic objectives: these are meant to focus your attention so that you know exactly what is expected of you. Activities or Exercises: they are of two types. The first types are meant for you to recall your previous knowledge. The second type are meant to test your understanding of the content you have just learnt Presentation of content:
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