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Traditional Technologies in the Yak Farming System of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, China

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Traditional Technologies in the Yak Farming System of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, China Blackwell Science, Ltd http://www.paper.edu.cn Milking and milk processing: traditional technologies in the yak farming system of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, China S K DONG,1,3* R J LONG2,3 and M Y KANG1 1Key Laboratory of Natural Disaster and Environmental Change, Ministry of Education, Institute of Resources Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, P. R. China, 2Northeast Plateau Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Science, Xining, 810001, P. R. China and 3Grassland Science College, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, P. R. China Yak milk and its products are widely consumed by local herders and are regarded as the resources of economic income by the households on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Yak raisers have developed their own milking skills and milk-processing technologies through a long history of yak keeping. All of these traditional skills and technologies have their own characteristics. In this paper, the methods and procedures of milking and milk processing in yak farming systems are reviewed. Keywords Dairy yak, Milk collection, Milk products. *Author for correspondence. E-mail: [email protected] management and milking regime, averaging 0.9 kg INTRODUCTION to 2.6 kg daily within around 180 days of lactation, Yaks are found extensively on China’s Plateau, there are many of them (around 100 head per which is an alpine and subalpine region at altitudes household), so the total quantity produced is sub- ranging from 2000 to 4500 m with a cold, semihu- stantial.7 Moreover, the quality of yak milk is good. mid climate. The area of yak distribution extends The total dry matter is around 17–18% during the from the Himalayas in the south to the Altai in the main lactating period, the fat content varies at north, and from Pamir in the west to the Minshan around 6.5%, protein and lactose are each around mountains in the east, centring on the Qinghai- 5.5%, and ash 0.8%. The proportion of essential to Tibetan Plateau.1 There are 13 million head of yaks nonessential amino acids is around 0.8 : 1.10 This in China, and they play crucial roles in the animal dense and sweetish milk is greatly liked by the husbandry economy of this area. They provide local people and is processed into various prod- milk, milk products, meat, hair and hide for ucts, such as milk tea, butter, cheese, milk residue, Tibetan herders. They are also used as pack ani- milk cake, milk skin and yoghurt (sour milk), by mals and for draught purposes. Without yaks, it is Tibetan households.11 This paper aims to provide doubtful whether man could survive on the harsh, basic information on the traditional technologies of high-altitude grazing lands of the Plateau.2 milking and processing in the yak farming systems Although yaks are multipurpose animals, they of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. are raised mainly for milk production on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau of China.3,4 Milk and milk MILKING products are the major ingredients of the daily diets of Tibetan herders, particularly weak, ill and old Machine-milking is limited in the yak farming sys- people and children in areas where yaks graze on tems of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau by the poor the alpine meadows and mountain pastures.4 infrastructures on the summer pastures; pastures Because of a shortage of vegetables, yak milk is a near the herders’ houses are kept for winter graz- vital source of vitamins for Tibetan herders;5 butter ing, those far from the herders’ houses are kept for and cheese are two of the major sources of nutri- summer grazing, and the yak herds are normally tion.6 Milk and milk products are also used for milked on the summer pastures.4 Hand milking is many purposes other than food, such as fuel for more practical in these low-labour cost, low- family lamps by herders and holy lamps by Lamas producing yak farming systems, irrespective of or as a lubricant to assist hand milking.7 With a milking regimes and herd management. *Author for good market price, milk products contribute correspondence. E-mail: greatly to the family income of local herders Milking regime [email protected] besides beef, hair and hide.8,9 Three milking regimes exist in different localities: © 2003 Society of Although the milk yield of an individual yak once-daily milking in the mountain areas of the Dairy Technology female is low under the traditional feeding Northern Plateau, twice-daily milking on the 86 Vol 56, No 2 May 2003 http://www.paper.edu.cn grasslands of the Central Plateau and three-times to 0800 h, and are then allowed to graze freely and daily milking along the valleys of the Eastern Pla- have access to water at a short distance from the teau.12 This diversity in the milking regime campsite. The calves are tethered at the campsite, depends not only on the geographical difference or are tied together in pairs and allowed to graze but also on the herders’ custom and labour availa- near the camp from around 0800 to 1300 h. The bility and the condition of the animals.13 cows are driven to the campsite for a second milk- Although 30–50% more milk is obtained by ing (without tethering) from around 1300 to milking yaks two or three times a day rather than 1500 h. The calves are then allowed to graze with just once a day, the fat percentage in the milk their mothers away from the campsite from around declines with the increased milk yield (quantity).14 1500 to 1900 h. Grazing is ended at around 1900 h, Moreover, according to research by Zhang and and the calves are separated from their mothers and Pu15 on Tianzhu White yaks, milk yield was nega- tethered to a long rope at the campsite. The cows tively correlated with the total dry matter content are milked for a third time from around 1900 to and the amino acid content of the milk. 2100 h. The calves remain tethered overnight, and In addition to milk composition, the milking the cows may either be tethered or free, depending regime can affect the growth of the calves. The on the topography of the land and the ease with weight gain of the newborns under once-daily which they can be driven back to the campsite in milking can be double that from twice-daily milk- the morning.13 ing.16,17 This is a consequence of differences in Regardless of which kind of milking regime is milk intake by the calves. When the cows are used by the herders, the calves must be separated milked once a day, the calves are kept apart from from the cows at milking and for night grazing. If their mothers for a relative short period of time the calf is tethered, the cow will be tied up too, but only, and they get ample opportunity to suckle. not if the calf is kept in a closed corral. However, calves of cows milked twice a day have Tethering is usually done by hitching a neck rope perhaps only 4–5 h with their mothers, and their to a 40–50-cm wooden peg that, in turn, is attached chances of suckling are lower (see later). The to a long rope with many rings (Figure 1).21 As reproductive rate of the cows also fell significantly described by Zhang,10 the tethering site is square when they were milked twice or three times a day.18 with a wooden pole at each corner and enclosed by Frequent milking reduced the cows’ time on graz- several circles of ropes made from yak hair or skin ing and forage selection,19 and their poor body (Figure 2). There is a distance of around 2 m condition resulting from intake deficiency (both between two yaks and 5 m between two layers of quantity and quality) led to lower proportions of ropes. Normally, 1-year-old calves are tethered to cows in oestrus and pregnancy.20 the centre rope, 2-year-old calves to the second, dehorned cows to the third and horned cows to the Herd management fourth layer. First-calving cows are not usually Grazing and tethering (fencing) are two important milked, but are tethered to the sides of the outer aspects of herd management, and grazing manage- layer far from the tents. ment is related to the milking regime. Milking takes places where the cows are teth- In the once-daily milking regime, the cows are ered. After a short time, the cows ‘remember’ the recalled from their night grazing to the campsite, position along the rope where they are to be tied, where they are mustered without tethering (or with and they quickly learn a new position if given one tethering when the calves are tethered) from after a move to a new campsite.12 around 0500 to 0700 h They are milked from In some areas, milking also takes places in stalls. around 0700 to 0900 h. The calves are released The milkers calls to the yaks using the charming, from their overnight wooden closure (tethering) to eloquent names given to them at first milking. A little graze with their mothers and suckle from around barley powder mixed with salt may be used as a 0900 to 1800 h. The herds are then brought to the further incentive to tempt the cows into the stall campsites and the calves are fenced in a wooden (with left and front stone walls about 100–120 cm corral (or are tethered to a long rope) from around long, 60–80 cm wide and 60–80 cm high and the 1800 to 2000 h.
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