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C O P Y Rig H T , 1956, Jean H a Z E Ltin E

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C O P Y Rig H T , 1956, Jean H a Z E Ltin E Copyright , 1956, Jean Hazeltine THE HISTORICAL AND REGIONAL GEOGRAPHY OF THE WILLAPA BAY AREA Volume I DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State U n iv e r s ity By JEAN HAZELTINE, B .A ., M.A ***** The Ohio S ta te U n iv e r s ity 1956 Approved by: ' Adviser partment of Geography ACKNOWLEDGEMENT!:) In the research for this study, aid and a d v ic e w e re most willingly given by many individuals and organizations. Some of these are mentioned in the bibliography and f o o t­ notes. Special thanks is due to the following: the vaor-ious members of the staff of the Pacific County Courttiouse who assisted the writer In perusal of the County records; Mr. Robert Bailey, who permitted the use of his extensive scrap book of P acific County historical items; Mr. D ean E astm an, Vice President, Northern Pacific Railway Company j Mrs. James G. Walker, Jr., Secretary, Pacific County H istorical Society; the local manufacturing plants--Olympic Hardwood Company, Twin Harbors Lumber Company, Weyerhaeuser Tim ber Company, Willapa Branch, and VI ilia pa Cedar Sales Company-- a l l of which provided sta tistic s unobtainable e ls e w h e re ; the South Bend, Raymond, University of Washington, W ashington State, and The Ohio State University libraries and th e ir respective staffs; and for their encouragement a.nd fore "bear — ance, Mr. and Mrs. E. T. Hazeltine. Special tribute is given to Professor Guy—Harold. Smith for his most helpful editorial assistance, and e sp e ­ c ia lly for his patient guidance and advice which c o n s i d e r ­ ably sharpened and improved the focus of this sturdy. l i . TABLE OP CONTENTS Chapter Page INTRODUCTION............................................ ................... 1 I DESCRIPTION OF THE AREA The Cultural Features................................... 8 The Physical Setting..................................... 11 II THE WILLAPA BAY AREA PRIOR TO I 8 5 O The Discovery of Shoalwater Bay 38 The Indian Community ..................................... 65 The P o litic a l H istory, Economy, and Settlement Prior to 1 8 5 0 ......................... 73 I I I THE SETTLEMENT OP THE BAY REGION, I 8 5 O-I8 9 O The Extra-R egional In flu en c es................ 82 Settlement and Population.... ................ 94 Routes of Travel and Methods of Transportation ................................................. I l l The Economy in the Period 1 8 5 0 -1 8 9 0 . 117 Sum m ary............ ........................................ 129 The Cultural Landscape in 1 8 6 5 ............. 131 The Cultural Landscape in 1 8 8 5 . .......... 132 The Development of a Region .................... 134 IV THE SECOND WAVE OF SETTLEMENT, 1890-1920 The Extra-Regional Influences ............... 1 36 Settlement and Population ......................... 144 Routes of Travel and Methods of Transportation ......................................... 158 The Economy of the Bay Region, 1 8 9 0 - 1920.......................................................................... 163 i l l TABLE OF CONTENTS (cont«d.) Chapter Page Summary.................................................................... l 80 The Cultural Landscape in 1920 ............. l 8 l Beginnings of Regional Disjointment. 184 V THE FRONTIER OF PIONEER SETTLEMENT PASSES, 1920-1945 The Extra-Regional Influences.*..... 186 Settlement and Population ................. 186 Routes of Travel and Methods of Transportation ................................................. 193 The Economy of the Region, 1920 -1 9 4 5 203 Summary..................................................................... 219 The Cultural Landscape in 1945 ............. 220 The Region, and Its Parts ......................... 227 VI THE POST-WAR PERIOD, 1945-1955 Introduction ....................................... ................ 230 The Extra-Regional Influences ............... 231 Settlement and Population ......................... 232 Routes of Travel and Methods of Transportation ................................................. 2 3 8 The Economy of the Region, 1945-1955 244 The Cultural Landscape in 1955 ............. 275 The Region. ...................................................... 281 VII FINDINGS AND CONCLUSIONS Summary of the Historical Geography of Willapa Bay ................................................. 288 The Influence of Geographic Factors. 294 The Settlement of the Willapa Bay Area........................................................................ 302 The Rise and Decline of Regionality. 3 0 6 APPENDICES........................................................................................ 316-339 BIBLIOGRAPHY................................................................................... 340 Iv LIST OP TABLES Titles Page 1. Birthplaces of Pacific County Residents.. 104-5 2. Categories of Employment ....................................... 108-9 3. An Analysis of the Origins of the Foreign Born in Pacific County, 1910-1920 .................. I 57 4. Cranberry Production In Washington .............. 166 5 . Value of Production of Oysters at Willapa (Shoalwater) Bay and at Puget Sound...... 168 6 . Market Value of Processed Salm on......... 170 7. Value of All Pish Taken, 1915-17 ................... 171 8 . Value of Output In Fisheries Industries.. 171 9» Foreign Born in Pacific County by Country c f O rigin, and Number of In d ian s, Chinese, and Japanese ....................................................................... 192 10. Vessel Passengers on Willapa Harbor. ............195 11. Number and Destination of Vessels Leaving Willapa Harbor ................................................................. 198 12. Accumulated Federal Expenditures and Ap­ propriations and Annual Shipping by Selected Years for Oregon and Washington Coastal P orts..... ......................... 200 13* Cranberry Production ...................... 207 14. Oyster Production from Willapa Harbor... 208 15* Fish and Shellfish Landed at Willapa Harbor .................................................................. 209 16. Number Employed in Fisheries Processing 210 v VI Title Page 17- Log and Lumber Production In P a c ific County ................................................................................. 211-12 IS. Per Cent of Foreign Born Whites in Pacific County and Selected Statistics Concerning Their Native Countries, and Number of Indians, Chinese, and Japanese 2 3 6 19. Number and Destination of Vessels Leav­ ing Willapa Harbor .................................................... 242 20. Annual Landings of Shellfish In Willapa Harbor District in Number of Pounds 2 5 8 21. Log Production in Western Washington and Pacific County in M Board Feet ...................... 262 2 2 . Lumber Production and Number of Mills in Pacific County .............................................................. 262 23. Distribution of Forest Stands ......................... 2 6 7 24. Distribution of Timberland Ownership In P acific County.............................................................. 270 25* Manufacturing Statistics for Pacific County ................................................................................. 318 26. Value of Agricultural Production in Pacific County .............................................................. 320-22 27. Agricultural Statistics for Pacific County ................................................................................. 324-29 28 . Farm Ownership by Amount of Acreage 331-32 29. Distribution of Population in Pacific County ................................................................................. 334-339 LIST OP ILLUSTRATIONS Titles of Figures Page 1. The location of Pacific County and the Willapa Bay re g io n ............................................... 6 2. The distribution of population in Pacific County ......................................................... 7 3» Land Use Map of Pacific County .................. 10 4. Relief map of the Willapa Bay area,... 13 5. How Cape Shoalwater has eroded ................... 15 6 . Distribution of oyster beds in Willapa Bay.......................................................... 21 ?• Clim atic charts of North Head and South Bend ................................................................... 26 8 . Isohyetal map of the Willapa Bay area. 2 8 9. View looking north from the mouth of the Columbia River............................................... 33 10. Typical scene of tidelands with for­ ested hills in the background .................... 34 11. View of the middle peninsula , with the ocean in the foreground and the bay in the background ......................................................... 33 12. Part of the Naselle River valley 36 13« The c ity o f Raymondj beside the W illapa R i v e r . , ..................... 37 v li v i i i Titles of Figures Page 14. Above: A portion of the map entitled "A Chart of the Northern Pacific Ocean, con­ taining the Northeast Coast of Asia and the Northwest Coast of America": Below: A portion of the map entitled "Chart of the Northwest Coast of America and the Northeast Coast of Asia, Explored in the Years 1668 and 1779 by Captain Cook, and Further Explored in 1788 and 1789 by John Meares."........................................................ 43 15. Part of Vancouver’s map ........................................ 47 16. A portion of a map by Clark which depicts the area immediately north of the mouth of the Columbia River ...........................................
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