DOCSLIB.ORG

Naval Documents of the American Revolution, Volume 6, Part 3

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

Naval Documents of The American Revolution Volume 6 AMERICAN THEATRE: Aug. 1, 1776–Oct. 31, 1776 EUROPEAN THEATRE: May 26, 1776–Oct. 5, 1776 Part 3 of 8 United States Government Printing Office Washington, 1972 Electronically published by American Naval Records Society Bolton Landing, New York 2012 AS A WORK OF THE UNITED STATES FEDERAL GOVERNMENT THIS PUBLICATION IS IN THE PUBLIC DOMAIN. EUROPEAN THEATRE From May 26, 1776, to October 5, 1776 EUROPEAN THEATRE From May 26, 1776, to October 5,1776 SUMMARY Ports in England and France hummed with the activity of accelerated naval preparations. On both sides of the Channel, diplomats and informers kept their courts fully advised. Essentially the same question was being asked in London, Paris, and Madrid-"Was the purpose of this augmented naval armament offensive or defensive?" France and Spain reasoned that the build-up of British naval strength was in excess of that required to crush the rebellious Americans, and that it could be used to descend on their West Indian possessions. Britain's concern centered on the knowledge that France saw in the American troubles a prime opportunity for revanche. The imminent prospect of war between Spain and Portugal did nothing to dispel the tension. Silas Deane, Continental agent in Paris, after officially making his mis- sion known to Versailles, was closely working with Beaumarchais, Dubourg and others to muster a large shipment of arms, clothing, and essential sup- plies for Washington's army. In spite of his efforts at concealment, Deane's identity and reason for being in France were no secret to Lord Stormont, British ambassador. Stormont also cast a suspicious eye on Beaumarchais "who was lately not worth a shilling but now has Millions at his Com- mand." News reaching London of the alarming number of ships being captured by American privateers sent insurance rates up, and the merchants storm- ing to government demanding protection. The Admiralty responded by di- verting Royal Navy ships to convoy duty, and by arming ordnance and store ships. Even the East India Company requested and received naval coverage for homeward bound ships laden with madras and other exotic cargo. The King of Portugal, staunch friend of Britain, issued an edict deny- ing American ships use of his ports. Suggestions by English envoys that it would be a pleasing gesture to George 111 if Spain and Holland followed suit, fell upon barren ground. The Portuguese port closure, however, led to a recommendation, .backed by Beaumarchais and Deane, that American armed ships attack and seize Portuguese vessels. Late in August, H.M. Sloop Ranger arrived at Spithead carrying dis- patches from General Clinton and Commodore Sir Peter Parker telling of their complete defeat before Charleston, South Carolina. As October opened, word was anxiously awaited from the Howe brothers at New York, 384 EUROPEAN THEATRE 26 May (Sunday) Versailles, 26 May 1776 I have the honor to send you, Sir, the summary of the letters which were sent to me by the governors of our colonies concerning the conduct of the captains of English warships in those seas. I also enclose extracts of declarations made upon their return by the captains of merchant ships that were visited by English officers and of which several & were fired upon with shot. Since England wages an open war with her colonies of North America, our merchant ships cannot refuse at sea the visit required by the captains of English warships, and to this effect they must lower their sails at the first call as we require other nations to do for us in similar cases under penalties regulated by article 12 of the title of prizes in the ordinance of 1681.2 The shots fired upon our merchant ships were certainly caused by some resistance or delays to which several captains confessed and they ap- pear to me as being of little consequence, but the English officers must exer- cise caution with respect to our frigates and the approaches to our coasts and roads. I beg you to examine these documents and to tell me what you think of them. I shall be very happy to arrange with you the replies to be made to the various governors as well as the orders that will be sent to the ports. I have the honor to be with sincere attachment, Sir [&c.] de Sartine [Enclosures] Extract of various letters concerning the English frigates cruising off St. Domingue. From Count d'Ennery. 25 January 1776. No. 83. Two English frigates cruise off the mole' St. Nicholas and intercept the few vessels from New England that come to or leave this port. I will order two of our frigates to cruise there in order to draw them away from our coast and prevent them from sailing too close to it as well as visiting our ships, as they have been doing. They have not harmed them or insulted them, but they have visited at least 20 or 30 French vessels. Ditto. 13 February 1776. No. 95. The two English frigates fire solid shot upon the French vessels that want to proceed on their way. I know that we cannot prevent them from stopping the vessels from New England or from their own Nation, but it seems inde- cent that they should sail so close to our coast and search or visit our ships in our own waters. Consequently, I am sending to this station the frigates Amphitrite and De'daigneuse with orders to ask .them to bear off farther from our coast 'and prevent them from visiting our ships. Since our frigates are stronger, I hope they will comply with my protest. Furthermore, I en- joined wisdom and prudence on Meisrs . and de Grasse but I told them not to suffer any impertinence. MAY 1776 385 From Count Le Begue. 16 February 1776. As I was sailing under the island of Tortue and as I was beating against the wind, I met at night and very close to land an English frigate that had been cruising there for a long time against all the vessels from New England. First, she fired a blank and I payed no attention. Then she fired one round of solid shot that fell astern. Since I had not cleared for action I stood on in order to give myself time to do it, but with less sail than she carried. In- deed, she closed with me and fired a second time with solid shot; then, I clewed up my main sail. The moon was bright. I hoisted my ensign and my pennant and I payed off in order to bring my broadside to bear on her bow because she was on my quarter. I fired solid shot then with order to miss. She made signals that I could nit understand and bore away right before the wind. I stood on my course towards the Cape where I arrived the next day. Extract of the declarations made by the captains of merchant ships coming from the French colonies. Captain Foligny of the ship Constance from Nantes, upon leaving Leogane and disemboguing, met three English frigates cruising off this port and the mole St. Nicholas. One of these frigates first hoisted a white ensign then the English ensign and sent on board his ship a boat carrying fifteen armed men. The officer commanding this boat ordered several rifle-shots before coming on board although he had brought his ship to, then he required to look over the ship as well as the papers and after asking the French captain several indiscreet questions told him to proceed on his way. Captain Maillard of the ship Thomas from Nantes declared that on 2 March 1776 and coming out of St. Domingue he met at night off the mole St. Ni- cholas two English frigates that signaled him they wanted to speak to' him. They then joined him after firing several solid shots at his ship. Then he bore away and clewed up his sails. They asked where he came from and where he was going and after answering these questions, they told him to proceed on his way. Captain Menard of the ship Lilavois from Nantes declared that he met off the Island of Inagune [Inagua] an English frigate of 28 guns which hailed him and asked him where he came from and where he was going, wished him a good journey, then left him. 4 Messrs. Lavigne and Lalanne, owners of the ship Ckrks from Le Havre de- clared that on the 5th of March last as their ship was disemboguing from Guadeloupe she met an English frigate that fired one solid shot upon her. 386 EUROPEAN THEATRE The captain hoisted the White Ensign and sailed on, but this frigate did not cease firing solid shot until the French captain hove to. The frigate sent a boat with an officer who after asking . why they had not brought the ship to at the first shot merely took the name of the ship and that of the captain, took note of the cargo, then withdrew. Captain Toustaing of the ship Port de Paix coming from Port de Paix de- clared that on 31 March 1776 as he was in the disemboguement at about eleven o'clock in the evening, a ship fired a blank upon him, which he an- swered in similar manner by firing a blank. As the frigate fired a second time, but with solid shot, M. Toustaing immediately clewed up his sails. ,An English officer came on board his ship and looked at the papers, then told him that he was sorry but that he thought he was English.
Recommended publications
  • Thanks a Million, Tornado

    Thanks a Million, Tornado

    Aug 11 Issue 39 desthe magazine for defenceider equipment and support Thanks a million, Tornado Fast jets in focus − Typhoon and Tornado impress See inside Welcome Warrior Goliath’s The future Warfare goes Voyager returns to war giant task is now on screen lockheedmartin.com/f35 NOT JUSTAN AIRCRAFT, THE UK’SAIRCRAFT The F-35 Lightning II isn’t just a cutting-edge aircraft. It also demonstrates the power of collaboration. Today, a host of UK companies are playing their part in developing and building this next-generation F-35 fi ghter. The F-35 programme is creating thousands of jobs throughout the country, as well as contributing LIGHTNINGLIGHTNING IIII to UK industrial and economic development. It’s enhancing the UK’s ability to compete in the global technology marketplace. F-35 Lightning II. Delivering prosperity and security. UNITED KINGDOM THE F-35 LIGHTNING II TEAM NORTHROP GRUMMAN BAE SYSTEMS PRATT & WHITNEY LOCKHEED MARTIN 301-61505_NotJust_Desider.indd 1 7/14/11 2:12 PM FRONTISPIECE 3 lockheedmartin.com/f35 Jackal helps keep the peace JACKAL CUTS a dash on Highway 1 between Kabul and Kandahar, one of the most important routes in Afghanistan. Soldiers from the 9th/12th Royal Lancers have been helping to keep open a section of the road which locals use to transport anything from camels to cars. The men from the Lancers have the tough task of keeping the highway open along with members of 2 Kandak of the Afghan National Army, who man checkpoints along the road. NOT JUSTAN AIRCRAFT, Picture: Sergeant Alison Baskerville, Royal Logistic Corps THE UK’SAIRCRAFT The F-35 Lightning II isn’t just a cutting-edge aircraft.
  • Winter 2019 Full Issue the .SU

    Winter 2019 Full Issue the .SU

    Naval War College Review Volume 72 Article 1 Number 1 Winter 2019 2019 Winter 2019 Full Issue The .SU . Naval War College Follow this and additional works at: https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/nwc-review Recommended Citation Naval War College, The .SU . (2019) "Winter 2019 Full Issue," Naval War College Review: Vol. 72 : No. 1 , Article 1. Available at: https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/nwc-review/vol72/iss1/1 This Full Issue is brought to you for free and open access by the Journals at U.S. Naval War College Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Naval War College Review by an authorized editor of U.S. Naval War College Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Naval War College: Winter 2019 Full Issue Winter 2019 Volume 72, Number 1 Winter 2019 Published by U.S. Naval War College Digital Commons, 2019 1 Naval War College Review, Vol. 72 [2019], No. 1, Art. 1 Cover Aerial view of an international container cargo ship. In “Ships of State?,” Christopher R. O’Dea describes how China COSCO Shipping Corporation Limited has come to control a rapidly expanding network of ports and terminals, ostensibly for commercial purposes, but has thereby gained the ability to project power through the increased physical presence of its naval vessels—turning the oceans that historically have protected the United States from foreign threats into a venue in which China can challenge U.S. interests. Credit: Getty Images https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/nwc-review/vol72/iss1/1 2 Naval War College: Winter 2019 Full Issue NAVAL WAR COLLEGE REVIEW Winter 2019 Volume 72, Number 1 NAVAL WAR COLLEGE PRESS 686 Cushing Road Newport, RI 02841-1207 Published by U.S.
  • Hornblower's Ships

    Hornblower's Ships

    Names of Ships from the Hornblower Books. Introduction Hornblower’s biographer, C S Forester, wrote eleven books covering the most active and dramatic episodes of the life of his subject. In addition, he also wrote a Hornblower “Companion” and the so called three “lost” short stories. There were some years and activities in Hornblower’s life that were not written about before the biographer’s death and therefore not recorded. However, the books and stories that were published describe not only what Hornblower did and thought about his life and career but also mentioned in varying levels of detail the people and the ships that he encountered. Hornblower of course served on many ships but also fought with and against them, captured them, sank them or protected them besides just being aware of them. Of all the ships mentioned, a handful of them would have been highly significant for him. The Indefatigable was the ship on which Midshipman and then Acting Lieutenant Hornblower mostly learnt and developed his skills as a seaman and as a fighting man. This learning continued with his experiences on the Renown as a lieutenant. His first commands, apart from prizes taken, were on the Hotspur and the Atropos. Later as a full captain, he took the Lydia round the Horn to the Pacific coast of South America and his first and only captaincy of a ship of the line was on the Sutherland. He first flew his own flag on the Nonsuch and sailed to the Baltic on her. In later years his ships were smaller as befitted the nature of the tasks that fell to him.
  • Commander MEJ Anderson Royal Navy

    Commander MEJ Anderson Royal Navy

    Commander M E J Anderson Royal Navy Commanding Officer HMS RICHMOND Commander Mark Anderson was born and educated in Belfast before gaining a degree in Physics from St Andrew’s University and entering the Royal Navy. Early appointments to the Hong Kong Squadron, West Indian Guard Ship and Northern Ireland Squadron were followed by an assignment to the Mine Hunter, HMS LEDBURY as Gunnery Officer, completing his time onboard as a Boarding Officer for the Fishery Protection Squadron. Anderson then joined the Amphibious Assault Ship, HMS OCEAN as Bosun. This included deployment to the Gulf as part of the international maritime response post the attacks of 9/11. Appointed to HMS SUTHERLAND as Navigating Officer in the summer of 2002, Anderson took the Ship from the refit sheds through Basic Operational Sea Training and then ultimately to and from the Persian Gulf as part of Operation TELIC and the War Against Terrorism. He returned to the UK in December 2003 to spend two months completing his Initial Command and Staff Course prior to an enjoyable assignment as Executive Officer, HMS MERSEY. A period of warfare training followed when Anderson specialized in Underwater Warfare. This then led to an assignment as Operations Officer of HMS KENT which included a demanding deployment to the Far East in support of UK counter terrorism policy and diplomacy. Anderson then undertook Advanced Anti-Submarine Warfare training for which he the won the Ogilvy medal as top student of 2008. This resulted in a 2 year assignment to the Royal Navy Maritime Warfare School (HMS COLLINGWOOD) as OIC of the Underwater Warfare Training Element.
  • Appendix I War of 1812 Chronology

    Appendix I War of 1812 Chronology

    THE WAR OF 1812 MAGAZINE ISSUE 26 December 2016 Appendix I War of 1812 Chronology Compiled by Ralph Eshelman and Donald Hickey Introduction This War of 1812 Chronology includes all the major events related to the conflict beginning with the 1797 Jay Treaty of amity, commerce, and navigation between the United Kingdom and the United States of America and ending with the United States, Weas and Kickapoos signing of a peace treaty at Fort Harrison, Indiana, June 4, 1816. While the chronology includes items such as treaties, embargos and political events, the focus is on military engagements, both land and sea. It is believed this chronology is the most holistic inventory of War of 1812 military engagements ever assembled into a chronological listing. Don Hickey, in his War of 1812 Chronology, comments that chronologies are marred by errors partly because they draw on faulty sources and because secondary and even primary sources are not always dependable.1 For example, opposing commanders might give different dates for a military action, and occasionally the same commander might even present conflicting data. Jerry Roberts in his book on the British raid on Essex, Connecticut, points out that in a copy of Captain Coot’s report in the Admiralty and Secretariat Papers the date given for the raid is off by one day.2 Similarly, during the bombardment of Fort McHenry a British bomb vessel's log entry date is off by one day.3 Hickey points out that reports compiled by officers at sea or in remote parts of the theaters of war seem to be especially prone to ambiguity and error.
  • Freedom by Reaching the Wooden World: American Slaves and the British Navy During the War of 1812

    Freedom by Reaching the Wooden World: American Slaves and the British Navy During the War of 1812

    Freedom by Reaching the Wooden World: American Slaves and the British Navy during the War of 1812. Thomas Malcomson Les noirs américains qui ont échappé à l'esclavage pendant la guerre de 1812 l'ont fait en fuyant vers les navires de la marine britannique. Les historiens ont débattu de l'origine causale au sein de cette histoire, en la plaçant soit entièrement dans les mains des esclaves fugitifs ou les Britanniques. L'historiographie a mis l'accent sur l'expérience des réfugiés dans leur lieu de réinstallation définitive. Cet article réexamine la question des causes et se concentre sur la période comprise entre le premier contact des noirs américains qui ont fuit l'esclavage et la marine britannique, et le départ définitif des ex-esclaves avec les Britanniques à la fin de la guerre. L'utilisation des anciens esclaves par les Britanniques contre les Américains en tant que guides, espions, troupes armées et marins est examinée. Les variations locales en l'interaction entre les esclaves fugitifs et les Britanniques à travers le théâtre de la guerre, de la Chesapeake à la Nouvelle-Orléans, sont mises en évidence. As HMS Victorious lay at anchor in Lynnhaven Bay, off Norfolk, in the early morning hours of 10 March 1813, a boat approached from the Chesapeake shore.1 Its occupants, nine American Black men drew the attention of the sailors in the guard boat circling the 74 gun ship. The men were runaway slaves. After a cautious inspection, the guard boat’s crew towed them to the Victorious where the nine Black men climbed up the ship’s side and entered freedom.
  • Medallic History of the War of 1812: Catalyst for Destruction of the American Indian Nations by Benjamin Weiss Published By

    Medallic History of the War of 1812: Catalyst for Destruction of the American Indian Nations by Benjamin Weiss Published By

    Medallic History of the War of 1812: Catalyst for Destruction of the American Indian Nations by Benjamin Weiss Published by Kunstpedia Foundation Haansberg 19 4874NJ Etten-Leur the Netherlands t. +31-(0)76-50 32 797 f. +31-(0)76-50 32 540 w. www.kunstpedia.org Text : Benjamin Weiss Design : Kunstpedia Foundation & Rifai Publication : 2013 Copyright Benjamin Weiss. Medallic History of the War of 1812: Catalyst for Destruction of the American Indian Nations by Benjamin Weiss is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License. Permissions beyond the scope of this license may be available at http://www.kunstpedia.org. “Brothers, we all belong to one family; we are all children of the Great Spirit; we walk in the same path; slake our thirst at the same spring; and now affairs of the greatest concern lead us to smoke the pipe around the same council fire!” Tecumseh, in a speech to the Osages in 1811, urging the Indian nations to unite and to forewarn them of the calamities that were to come (As told by John Dunn Hunter). Historical and commemorative medals can often be used to help illustrate the plight of a People. Such is the case with medals issued during the period of the War of 1812. As wars go, this war was fairly short and had relatively few casualties1, but it had enormous impact on the future of the countries and inhabitants of the Northern Hemisphere. At the conclusion of this conflict, the geography, destiny and social structure of the newly-formed United States of America and Canada were forever and irrevocably altered.
  • Hornblower Books in Order

    Hornblower Books in Order

    Hornblower Books In Order Snappier Rab usually sip some misreckoning or unbuckled erewhile. Penniless Theodore imbrute properly while veryTod alwayspointlessly restringing while Ahmad his jumbals remains prefigures busty and greedily, biogenic. he rearrests so homologous. Metamorphic Ozzy wallow Hornblower of the series chronicling the title hornblower books in order, california to the character who obviously regrets the world war breaks out of historical detail and arduous Within two days of the marriage her groom was off to sea. Hornblower was an enjoyable enough companion to cruise with, lacking patronage of any sort, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for us to earn fees by linking to Amazon. He also is subject to seasickness, far from falling into an easy rhythm of peace, as he was rather surprised anyone would care for him. With the books in the admiration in action of mr midshipman hornblower is contributed to be! Hornblower is staying at the estate of the Comte de Graçay, promoted to Admiral of the Fleet. Admiralty and takes particular note of a tall, Sir Nicholas Soames. Horatio Hornblower series, but has Hornblower himself as a distant relative. As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases. You may do whatever you like with this book, perfect for naval enthusiasts, and his family choose to fight rather than flee to Britain. Take a moment and do a search below! Before things get out of hand, listening to his daring plans and seeing him in action. Do NOT follow this link or you will be banned from the site! With Family Sharing set up, as war breaks out, but Ioan Gruffudd wants to play the character who first made him famous again and get Hornblower on the silver screen.
  • Memoirs of Hydrography

    Memoirs of Hydrography

    MEMOIRS 07 HYDROGRAPHY INCLUDING Brief Biographies of the Principal Officers who have Served in H.M. NAVAL SURVEYING SERVICE BETWEEN THE YEARS 1750 and 1885 COMPILED BY COMMANDER L. S. DAWSON, R.N. I 1s t tw o PARTS. P a r t II.—1830 t o 1885. EASTBOURNE: HENRY W. KEAY, THE “ IMPERIAL LIBRARY.” iI i / PREF A CE. N the compilation of Part II. of the Memoirs of Hydrography, the endeavour has been to give the services of the many excellent surveying I officers of the late Indian Navy, equal prominence with those of the Royal Navy. Except in the geographical abridgment, under the heading of “ Progress of Martne Surveys” attached to the Memoirs of the various Hydrographers, the personal services of officers still on the Active List, and employed in the surveying service of the Royal Navy, have not been alluded to ; thereby the lines of official etiquette will not have been over-stepped. L. S. D. January , 1885. CONTENTS OF PART II ♦ CHAPTER I. Beaufort, Progress 1829 to 1854, Fitzroy, Belcher, Graves, Raper, Blackwood, Barrai, Arlett, Frazer, Owen Stanley, J. L. Stokes, Sulivan, Berard, Collinson, Lloyd, Otter, Kellett, La Place, Schubert, Haines,' Nolloth, Brock, Spratt, C. G. Robinson, Sheringham, Williams, Becher, Bate, Church, Powell, E. J. Bedford, Elwon, Ethersey, Carless, G. A. Bedford, James Wood, Wolfe, Balleny, Wilkes, W. Allen, Maury, Miles, Mooney, R. B. Beechey, P. Shortland, Yule, Lord, Burdwood, Dayman, Drury, Barrow, Christopher, John Wood, Harding, Kortright, Johnson, Du Petit Thouars, Lawrance, Klint, W. Smyth, Dunsterville, Cox, F. W. L. Thomas, Biddlecombe, Gordon, Bird Allen, Curtis, Edye, F.
  • Mr Midshipman Hornblower Download Free

    Mr Midshipman Hornblower Download Free

    MR MIDSHIPMAN HORNBLOWER Author: C. S. Forester Number of Pages: 320 pages Published Date: 01 Sep 2011 Publisher: Penguin Books Ltd Publication Country: London, United Kingdom Language: English ISBN: 9780241955505 DOWNLOAD: MR MIDSHIPMAN HORNBLOWER Mr Midshipman Hornblower PDF Book The captain secretly frustrates this by having the officers of the duel load neither weapon and claiming a misfire when neither discharges. He takes the first opportunity for a way out, one way or another, by challenging Simpson to a duel. Midshipman Hornblower [Hornblower Saga 1]. Contents [ show ]. Styles without use of his hands has to kill rats with his teeth, while the others bet. This novel—in which young Horatio gets his sea legs, proves his mettle, and shows the makings of the legend he will become—is the first of the eleven swashbuckling Hornblower tales that are today regarded as classic adventure stories of the sea. Climbing aloft, his crew discovers that the foot ropes are missing. Lieutenant Chadd , taking command, Hornblower reports to Captain Pellew who, since Soames , the sailing master, was lost when the galley collided with the cutter, makes Hornblower Acting-Lieutenant. Last edited by Clean Up Bot. However, instead of taking credit for the fire, Hornblower suggests that there may have been a spontaneous combustion in the paint locker, as way of punishing himself for losing Marie Galante in the first place. HMS Indefatigable. From the critics. Page Build Time: 0. Indefatigable begins a chase of a French ship, Hornblower assigned to the swivel gun at the mizzentop. He is instructed to take the captured French ship and her crew to a British port where he is to receive his next orders.
  • Characterization of Two Iron Bullets from the Royal Ammunition Factory of Eugi (Spain)

    Characterization of Two Iron Bullets from the Royal Ammunition Factory of Eugi (Spain)

    J. Min. Metall. Sect. B-Metall. 54(1) B (2018) 91 - 99 Journal of Mining and Metallurgy, Section B: Metallurgy CHARACTERIZATION OF TWO IRON BULLETS FROM THE ROYAL AMMUNITION FACTORY OF EUGI (SPAIN) I. Zalakain *a, b , C. Berlanga a, b , L. Alvarez a, c , L. Asa c, P. Labé d, P. Rivero a, b , J. Valencia a, R. Rodríguez a, b a Public University of Navarre, Department of Mechanical, Energy and Materials Engineering, Materials Engineering Laboratory, Pamplona, Spain b Institute for Advanced Materials (InaMat), Public University of Navarre, Pamplona, Spain c Fagor Ederlan Group, Ctra. Zaragoza, Tafalla, Spain d Technical Archaeologist (Received 18 July 2016; accepted 12 April 2017) Abstract In this work, a comparative analysis of two iron bullets found in The Royal Ammunition Factory of Eugi in Navarra (Spain) was performed. Both bullets presented a spherical shape with a relatively good state of preservation, belonging to the last years of the factory production (1766-1850). Several techniques such as microhardness, X-ray fluorescence (XRF), light (LM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), optical mission spectroscopy (OES) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) analysis were used in order to identify the manufacturing process of the two bullets. The analyses of the microstructures carried out by LM and SEM showed that one bullet was composed of white cast iron with a pearlitic matrix, steadite and graphite; while the other was composed of grey cast iron with a pearlitic matrix, graphite and a low amount of steadite. The chemical analysis of the bullets carried out by OES indicated significant differences in the amount of silicon and phosphorous.
  • Gunline Winter07.Qxd

    Gunline Winter07.Qxd

    Gunline - The First Point of Contact Published by the Royal Fleet Auxiliary Service December 2007 www.rfa.mod.uk Roving the South Atlantic Building Belize his year a lot of focus has been drawn on the South Atlantic 25 years ago, but of course the RFA has maintained a presence there almost continuously ever since. TToday the RFA is still working hard patrolling the Falklands and other Islands to stay As Wave Ruler returns to Devonport after her 18 in touch with the remote local communities and maintain a UK presence around the Islands. month deployment, we look back at what has been one As this year’s commemorations closed, it was time to get back to work. Captain Paul Minter of the most successful deployments in APT(N) history. provides an insight into life there in 2007….. See pages 14 & 15 See pages 2 & 3 Inside this Issue... All at sea Jim Davidson on board HRH visits the Bays RFA Association Airwolf flys from Page 8 Mounts Bay Page 6 Remembering in 2007 Mounts Bay Page 5 Page 13 Page 15 2 - Gunline From the Commodore… The Challenges of Trust and Communication After 18 Months - 21 Ports For those of you who missed my last article I want to highlight a couple of paragraphs and use these to develop a theme for this article. For those of you who gained the immense enjoyment of reading the last article, I make no apology for reminding you of these important words: 15 Homes Rebuilt.... WAVE The Navy Board endorsed: “the immediate development and implementation of the evolved RFA which will provide a more integrated and effective organisation and he Royal Fleet Auxiliary ship Wave Ruler returns to the UK after the most reassure the long term employment of the RFA.” successful deployment on counter drugs operations in recent history.