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Aleksandar M. Prascevic LES RELATIONS ENTRE CHRÉTIENS

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Aleksandar M. Prascevic LES RELATIONS ENTRE CHRÉTIENS ORTHODOXES ET MUSULMANS EN EUROPE DU SUD-EST DURANT LE XIVe ET XVe SIÈCLE Thèse présentée au Centre d’études du religieux contemporain de l'Université de Sherbrooke comme exigence partielle du programme de Doctorat en études du religieux contemporain pour l'obtention du grade de Philosophiae Doctor (Ph.D.) CENTRE D’ETUDES DU RELIGIEUX CONTEMPORAIN UNIVERSITÉ DE SHERBROOKE 2016 ©Aleksandar Prascevic, 2016 Table des matières INTRODUCTION ..............................................................................................................................6 1. Le sujet de recherche ...................................................................................................................6 2. L'état de la recherche ...................................................................................................................7 3. Le cadre théorique.....................................................................................................................12 4. La problématique ......................................................................................................................16 5. Les hypothèses..........................................................................................................................19 7. La méthodologie .......................................................................................................................22 8. Les limites et les sources............................................................................................................23 8.1 Les sources..........................................................................................................................25 8.2 Les oeuvres historiques ........................................................................................................27 9. Les problèmes historiographiques ..............................................................................................30 9.1 Les différentes conceptions de l'histoire des communautés islamiques en Europe du Sud-Est ....34 9.2 Le plan de la thèse ...................................................................................................................39 CHAPITRE PREMIER : La dimension religieuse dans l'histoire de l'Europe du Sud-Est .......................42 1. Introduction ..............................................................................................................................42 2. La définiton de la nationalité et de la religion ..............................................................................44 3. L'influence de la christianisation dans la formation des nations balkaniques ..................................47 4. L'influence de l'islamisation dans la formation des nations balkaniques.........................................60 5. Conclusion ...............................................................................................................................66 CHAPITRE DEUXIÈME : Les rencontres entre chrétiens et musulmans en Europe du Sud-Est du VIIe au XIIe siècle ........................................................................................................................................69 1. Introduction ..............................................................................................................................69 2. L'établissement des musulmans dans les régions des dirigeants chrétiens ......................................72 3. Les guerres arabo-byzantines 629-1180 ......................................................................................77 4. Ahmad Ibn Rustah ....................................................................................................................82 5. Ahmed Ibn Fadlân.....................................................................................................................84 6. Ali Al Masû’dî ..........................................................................................................................89 7. Abu Hamid al-Gharnati .............................................................................................................93 8. Conclusion ............................................................................................................................. 107 CHAPITRE TROISIÈME : Le rôle des musulmans dans les guerres de Constantinople 1281-1308 ...... 110 1 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 110 2. Les relations entre chrétiens byzantins et musulmans ottomans en Asie Mineure 1281-1301 ........ 114 3. L'attitude d'Osman envers les chrétiens en Asie Mineure 1305-1326........................................... 129 4. La position des chrétiens dans les provinces byzantines d'Asie Mineure 1281-1301 ..................... 134 5. La guerre entre l'empereur Andronic II et les Turcs 1303-1305................................................... 137 6. Les guerres des Catalans, des Turcs et des Turcopoles contre l'Empire byzantin 1305-1307 ......... 147 7. Les attaques des Catalans et des Turcs contre les monastères de Mont Athos 1305-1308.............. 155 8. L'attaque des Turcs contre l'île byzantine Chios en 1307 ............................................................ 163 9. Conclusion ............................................................................................................................. 165 CHAPITRE QUATRIÈME : Le rôle des musulmans dans les guerres balkaniques 1308-1313 ............. 170 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 170 2. La description des manuscrits écrits en vieux slave .................................................................... 174 3. L'histoire des mercenaires turcs en Serbie 1308-1310 ................................................................ 178 4. La guerre du roi Milutin contre les mercenaires turcs dans l'Empire byzantin en Europe 1312 et en Asie Mineure en 1313 ................................................................................................................. 183 5. Les guerres balkaniques dans la perspective d'Andronic II Paléologue ........................................ 189 6. Les guerres balkaniques dans la perspective des historiens ......................................................... 192 7. Conclusion ............................................................................................................................. 205 CHAPITRE CINQUIÈME : Le rôle des musulmans dans les guerres balkaniques 1321-1355 .............. 211 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 211 2. La guerre dynastique byzantine 1321-1328 ............................................................................... 216 3. Les relations entre les Turcs et les empereurs byzantins 1328-1337 ............................................ 222 4. Le rôle des chrétiens dans l’armée ottomane ............................................................................. 234 5. Le siège ottoman de Constantinople en 1337 ............................................................................. 239 6. La guerre civile entre Paléologue et Cantacuzène 1341-1347 ..................................................... 246 6.1 Le rôle des dirigeants turcs dans la guerre civile byzantine ................................................... 248 6.2 Le mariage dans la politique internationale de Constantinople............................................... 270 7. Les Byzantins et les Turcs contre les pays balkaniques .............................................................. 275 7.1 La bataille de Stephaniana en 1344 ..................................................................................... 276 7.2 Les expéditions byzantines et turques contre les Serbes et les Bulgares 1345-1354 ................. 278 7.3 La politique « antiturque » ou « antimusulman » de l'empereur Dusan 1342-1355 ................. 285 8. La deuxième guerre civile dans l'Empire byzantin 1352-1354 .................................................... 289 2 8.1 La bataille de Didymotique en 1352 .................................................................................... 297 8.2. La chute de Gallipoli en 1354 ............................................................................................ 300 9. La guerre balkanique de 1355 .................................................................................................. 305 9.1 Le rôle du Grand Vizir Soliman dans les relations entre chrétiens et musulmans .................... 308 10. Conclusion............................................................................................................................ 312 CHAPITRE SIXIÈME: L'expansion des musulmans en Europe 1362-1385 ........................................ 318 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 318 2. La politique d'expansion du sultan Mourad Ier en Europe 1360-1371........................................... 323 3. Les activités diplomatiques byzantines en Europe 1350-1366 ..................................................... 328 4. Les raisons de désintégration de l'Empire serbe en 1366 ...........................................................
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