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Tribus Árabes En El Magreb En Época Almohade, 1152-1269

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Tribus Árabes En El Magreb En Época Almohade, 1152-1269 UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID FACULTAD DE FILOLOGÍA Departamento de Estudios Árabes e Islámicos TRIBUS ÁRABES EN EL MAGREB EN ÉPOCA ALMOHADE, 1152-1269 MEMORIA PARA OPTAR AL GRADO DE DOCTOR PRESENTADA POR Victoria Aguilar Sebastián Bajo la dirección de la doctora Mercedes García-Arenal Rodríguez Madrid, 2012 • ISBN: 978-84-695-6565-0 © Victoria Aguilar Sebastián, 1991 VICTORIA AGUILAR SEBASTIAN TRIBUS ARABES EN EL MAGREB EN EPOCA ALMOHADE. (1152-1269) Director: Mercedes García-Arenal Rodríguez Profesor de Investigación del Departamento de Estudios Arabes del C.S.I.c. Ponente: María Jesús Viguera Molins Catedrática del Estudios Arabes e Islámicos de la Facultad de Filología de La Universidad Complutense de Madrid. Departamento de Estudios Arabes e Islam Facultad de Filología Universidad Complutense Año 1991 Ay entre ellos muchos Philosophos naturales, que hablan elegantemente, y con grandes sentencias, y muchos poetas que componen canciones, y muy hermosos versos medidos, de silabas, y con sus consonantes, como los poetas vulgares de España, y de Italia. En estas canciones escriven sus guerras, sus casas, y sus cosas de amores, y las tañen y cantan suavemente a son de unas sonajas como las folias de Portugal, o de laudes, o rabeles, y muchos delios tañen y cantan, y componen de repente todo junto. (Luis del Mármol, Descripción de Africa, fol 41 r.) La realización de la presente Tesis Doctoral ha sido posible gracias a una Beca de Formación del Personal Investigador concedida por el Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia en enero de 1988, cuya duración se prolonga hasta diciembre de 1991. El Departamento de Estudios Arabes del Instituto de Filología del Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas ha servido de marco para su realización, así como el Proyecto de Investigación en el que se desarrolla esta tesis “Relaciones de la Península Ibérica con el Norte de Africa, siglos XIII- XVI”, cuyo Investigador Principal es la Dra, García-Arenal. Esta Tesis no hubiera podido llevarse a cabo sin el apoyo y estímulo de mis compañeros y amigos que me han alentado en todo momento. Quisiera agradecer a mi Directora de Tesis, la Dra. Mercedes García-Arenal la sugerencia que me permitió realizar esta Tesis, así como el haberme introducido en el estudio de la historia norteafricana. Su inestimable ayuda y supervisión constante que me han estimulado en todo momento, permitiéndome llevar a buen término esta investigación. Asimismo agradezco a mi ponente, la Dra. María Jesús Viguera Molins sus aportaciones científicas y el seguimiento continuado de este trabajo. Del mismo modo quisiera expresar mi agradecimiento a todo el personal científico del Departamento de Estudios Arabes del C.S.I.C. por su disposición y las sugerencias que de ellos he recibido. Especialmente a su Directora la Dra. M. Marín Niño, a quien agradezco 1 su interés y dedicación desde los comienzos de mi actividad investigadora. Agradezco también a mis compañeros y amigos, los Dres. Miguel Angel Manzano Rodríguez y Jesús Zanón Bayón, por su labor informática llevada a cabo en este Departamento, que ha hecho posible el soporte informático de esta Tesis, además de su ayuda incondicional y disposición constante. Al Dr. Sergio Martínez Lillo y a Carmen Dávila Buitrón por su colaboración en laelaboración de los mapas que acompañan esta tesis doctoral. Al resto de mis compañeros del Departamento, especialmente a mis co-doctorandos Helena de Felipe y Fernando Rodríguez Mediano, que tan buenos momentos momentos hemos compartido en la redacción de esta Tesis, a Julia Hernández Juberías, y al resto de los miembros del Departamento. Agradezco sobre todo a mis padres, amigos y hermanos que han tenido que soportar mi ausencia durante la elaboración de esta Tesis. II Indice general INDICE GENERAL . III 1. INTRODUCCION . XV Consideraciones preliminares XVI Objetivos propuestos XXVII Advertencias tipográficas XXXV It ESTADO DE LA CUESTIÓN Y VALORACIÓN DE LAS FUENTES 1 Las tribus árabes y su repercusión en la historia norteafricana 2 Un poco de historia 5 El mito hilálí 8 Efecto de la llegada de los árabes al Norte de Africa 20 Metodología 31 Evaluación de las fuentes 31 La crónica dinástica y sus características 34 Fuentes utilizadas 41 III Indice general Al-Bay~aq 43 Ibn Sáhib al-Sa1~ 45 Mu’91b 48 Ibn oJ-A4ir y aJ-Nuwayri. 49 Ibn ‘I~ári: el Bayan. 52 Rawd al-qirtAs 57 Pajira 60 Ibn Jaldún 61 Otras fuentes 71 Fuentes cristianas 74 IR. LLEGADA DE TRIBUS ARABES AL MAGREB EN EL SIGLO XII. MOVIMIENTOS TRIBALES EN EPOCA DE LOS PRIMEROS CALIFAS ALMOHADES HASTA LA BATALLA DE LAS NAVAS DE TOLOSA. 77 De la llegada a IfrTqiya a su establecimiento e~ el Magreb. Un siglo de transición y cambios dinásticos 78 Tribus que han escrito la historia del Norte de Africa 87 IV Indice general Marcha de las tribus árabes al oeste 90 Epoca de ‘Abd al-Mu’min (527-558/1133-1 163). Expansión del Imperio almohade 95 Campaña en el Magreb Central 97 Sumisión de los árabes y posterior enfrentamiento: Setif 101 Consecuencias de la campaña 101 Campaña a Ifriqiya. Nuevo encuentro con tribus árabes 114 Enfrentamiento con los Riyáh. Una interpretación problemática: la batalla de Vabal al-qarn 118 Un gran jefe en un pequeño estado: Muhriz b. Ziyád, señor de la Mu’a]laqa 125 Situación con las tribus árabes al final de la campaña. 129 Consecuencias de la política de ‘Abd al-Mu’min 134 Abú Ya’qúb (558-580/1163-1184). Un paréntesis sin pena ni gloria 131 Política interna: rebeliones en el Magreb. Primeros grupos árabes que trasladó ‘Abd al-Mu’min: ‘AlT b. Mubriz 140 Política exterior de incorporar más elementos árabes para participar en el y Indice general flihñd. 145 Un señor derrotado al servicio de la dinastía: ?ubárab. Kámil.. 152 Expedición contra Ifriqiya 156 Sumisión de los Riyáb 157 Consecuencias de la campaña: continga el flujo de soldados al Magreb y se organiza una nueva expedición a la Península. 162 La edad de oro del Imperio almohade: el califato de ai-Man~úr 580-595/1184- 1199 168 Comienza la lenta pero definitiva fragmentación del Imperio con un levantamiento en Ifriqiya 170 Mas’úd b. Sultán b. Zimám. Del predominio riyáhi a la hegemonía almohade 172 Triple alianza: Mas’úd, ‘AlT b. Gániya y Qaráqú~ contra los Almohades 178 AI-Mansúr marcha contra Ifriqiya. Batallas de al-’Umra y al- Hamma 184 Consecuencias de la expedición 190 Continúa la política de sus predecesores de utilizar árabes en el ejército. 196 VI Indice general AI-Násir (595/610-1199/1213). El principio de un fin 202 Campaña almohade a Ifriqiya. Un esfuerzo inútil para un mal irreparable. 203 Situación en Ifriqiya: Ban(i Gániya, Qaráqú~, al-Ragrágí y tribus árabes 203 Evolución de la campaña 207 Enfrentamientos posteriores entre Almohades y Banú Gániya. 212 Cesa el traslado de tribus árabes al Magreb. 217 Tribus, asentamientos y número de árabes llegados al Magreb. 220 Tribus protagonistas de la historia del Magreb. 221 Riyáh 221 Vu~am 223 ‘Asim y Muqaddam. 224 SufS’án. 225 Jult. 226 Vábir. 227 Lugares de asentamiento de las tribus árabes en el Magreb. 230 El Garb 231 Támasna 236 VII Indice general AI-Andalus 240 Situación de las tribus árabes en el Magreb 242 Número de soldados árabes en el Magreb 245 Participación de los árabes dentro de la organización del ejército almohade en el yihad en al-Andalus 251 Concepto y utilización propagandística del PihM 251 Intervenciones de tropas árabes en al-Andalus 261 Referencias en época almorávide 261 Epoca almohade 263 Epoca de Abú Ya’qúb Yúsuf 266 Etapa de al-Mansúr 274 Epoca de al-Násir 277 Epoca después de las Navas. ... 279 Incorporación de los árabes a la estructura social almohade. 282 Estratificación según sus categorías: jefes árabes y el resto de la tribu 282 Revistas militares y comportamiento de los árabes. 288 Presencia de los árabes en los ejércitos almohades. 296 VIII Indice general Formas de ataque de los árabes 299 Participación de las mujeres en el combate 305 Conclusión 309 IV. DESINTEGRACION DEL IMPERIO ALMOHADE Y SURGIMIENTO DEL ESTADO MARIN!. FUERZAS QUE INTERVIENEN EN EL CAMBIO DE DINASTIA EN LA PRIMERA MITAD DEL SIGLO XIII 318 Líneas generales de la política magrebí en la primera mitad de siglo 319 Tribus árabes nómadas y su papel protagonista en la historia del Norte de Africa 323 Arabes del Magreb en la primera mitad del siglo XIII 328 Rivalidades tribales, una constante en la historia magrebí 333 Reinado de al-Muntasir 610/620-1213/1223. Orfgenes de los Benimerines 340 Invasión de las tribus marinfes y sus luchas contra los Almohades. 342 Expansión de los Benimerines hacia el Garb y oposición de los Riyál~. El Norte del Magreb comienza una andadura independiente de la corte IX Indice general de Marrakech 347 Batalla de Wád¡ Sebu 352 Derrota de los Riyá~ y paulatino avance de los Benimerines 359 Nuevos enfrentamientos entre Riyáh y Benimerines 362 Crisis en el norte del país a partir de la llegada de los Benimerines 365 Lucha de influencias entre almohades y árabes: califatos de aI-MajlW y al-’Adil (621-624/1224-1227) 373 Reinado de al-Majlñ’ (620-621/1224) 375 Proclamación de al-’Adil (621-624/1223-1227). Rivalidad entreIbn Yu5’9án y los jeques almohades 377 Protagonismo de los Jul;. Primer asedio a Marrakech 381 Luchas por el poder entre aI-Ma’míin y Yahy~ b. al-Ná~ir (625-629/1227-1232). Marrakech como eje alrededor del cual giran los dos califas. 388 Ya~yá b. Násir en Marrakech. 390 AI-Ma’mñn se apoya en las tribus árabes y trata de aplastar el dominio de los jeques almohades 390 Hilá] b.
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