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Cambridge University Press 0521790247 - Medieval Africa, 1250-1800 Roland Oliver and Anthony Atmore Index More information Index Abd al-Karim, and otherthrow of Africa in the Iron Age ‒ Tunjur – Agades , , Abd al-Mumin of Morocco Agau people, Ethiopia –, Abd al-Wadids, dynasty of Tlemcen Ahmad, Mawlay, of Morocco, and Abdallabis, rulers of Nubia , invasion of Songhay –, – Abdallah Jamma of Nubia Ahmad b. Ibrahim of Adal Abu Abdullah Muhammad, sharif of and destruction of Solomonid Morocco empire – Abu Amr Uthman, ruler of Kanen defeat of , , Abul-Hasan, sultan of Morocco Ain Jalut, battle of Abu Yusuf Yaqub of Morocco Aïr , ; see also Agades Abu Zakariyya, sultan of Tunis , Aja people , Accra , and Atlantic slave trade Acholi people Akan people Adal, Sultanate of , , and slave trade , and destruction of Solomonid and gold, empire – Akinjogbin, I. A. overrun by Barentu Oromo Aksum Aden , , fall of Adrar , pillaged by Imam Ahwad Africa Akwamu, expansion and Atlantic slave and artistic, material and cultural trade – independence before , Alawi dynasty of Morocco , –, climate zones – Albusaid Imams of Oman, geography – Algeciras, Moroccan capture of historical sources for – Algeria independence of –, Ottoman government organisation interregional trade – – languages trade oral tradition Algiers political enlargement as motive force growth of – – involvement of al-Din brothers political organisation Ottoman control of political vitality Ali Bey al-Kabir of Egypt population growth and political seizure of power – change – Almeida, Francisco de slave trade –; traditional nature Almohad empire , of decline of society, expansion of Almoravids, conquest of Morocco spiritual vibrancy – Alvarez, Francisco – transport systems – Alwa warfare, nature of –, capital city Aegean Sea, islands , , kingdom of , © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 0521790247 - Medieval Africa, 1250-1800 Roland Oliver and Anthony Atmore Index More information Index penetration by Arab pastoralists Bambuk goldfields , , , political breakdown , , bananas , , trade Banda people , see also Nubia Bantu languages and speakers , Amara Dunkas, Funj conqueror of in rain forest –, – Nubia contact with Lwo Ambuila Tiongo, battle of household organisation in rainforest Amda Siyon, emperor of Ethiopia Amhara , , East African Iron Age , , Amharic language –, , – occupation of eastern South Africa Angola competing warrior-smiths South-Eastern complex – early political organisations within South-Western complex – Banu Hassan nomadic people, foundation of Portuguese colony Morocco origin of name Banu Hilal as slave-trading enterprise Ifriqiya Anjou, Charles, Count of Morocco – Ap-Funy , role in Maghribi society Arabia , , Banu Maqil, migrations of Arabic language , , , , , , Banu Marin, and invasion of Morocco , , , ; see also Morocco, Marinid Arabs , , , , , , , , , Banu Wattas, Morocco , –, , , , , Barbarossa, see Khayr al-Din , Barentu Oromo people, expansion of Aregay, Merid , Arochuku Barquq, Sultan , Aruj al-Din Barreto, Francisco Asante kingdom Barros, João de , expansion and Atlantic slave trade Batavian Republic – Battell, Andrew – foundations of Battle of the Three Kings, Morocco imperial system of Bayezid II, Sultan Aswan, Ottoman capture of Bemba, kingdoms of – Mamluks at Benguela , Atlas mountains , , , , , , Benin –, , emergence of – Avungara rulers of Azande expansion – Awjila, oasis of , obas of, –, Awlad Mumammad, Fezzan dynasty slavery and slave trade – , trade with Portuguese – Aybeg, Sultan of Egypt Berber language , Ayyubid dynasty of Egypt –, Berbers Azande in Cyrenaica –; in Morocco assimilation of subjects inter-dynastic conflict origins of hegemony unification by Islam – al-Azhar, university mosque , , , Bidderi, shrine – Bigo earthworks site, Uganda , Badi II, sultan of Funj Bijaya (Bougie) , , Badi IV, sultan of Funj Aruj al-Din’s expedition against © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 0521790247 - Medieval Africa, 1250-1800 Roland Oliver and Anthony Atmore Index More information Index Bijaya (Bougie) (cont.) Burckhardt, J. L. – Spanish garrison at Burton, Richard university mosque of Burundi, kingdom of , , –, Bilma salt mines , , Birmingham, David Bushong people, and Kuba kingdom Bisa, kingdoms of ‒ Bito dynasty of Bunyoro , Butana , Black Death Butwa arrival in Alexandria attacks on Portuguese Ifriqiya challenge to Mutapa kingdom – Mamluk Egypt trade relations with Portuguese blacksmiths , , , in Kongo Cairo , , , itinerant – Bonaparte’s occupation of organisers of warrior bands capture by Ottomans Blue Nile , , , character of Bonaparte, Napoleon , foundation of Napoleonic wars – growth of under Maluks Borana Oromo people importance in Ottoman empire encroachment into Ethiopia religious centre migrations of –, social hierarchy – Bornu , camels , , , , , , , , , ascendancy of , , , , , , , attacks on Hausa canoes , , , –, , , , decline of , , Islamic influence Câo, Diogo colonisation by Kanem Cape, settlement of Dutch East India military strength , – Company at , – relations with Tunis Dutch gentry class – slave trade – Dutch moves inland trans-Saharan slave trade , – importation of slaves –; effect of Botswana settlement on Khoi and Sotho-Tswana , emergence of Cape Coloured people Bouré goldfields , British ethnic composition expulsion of Xhosa from Zuurveld growth of – Cape of Good Hope , rule of Cape Cape Town – Browne, W. G. cattle , , , , –, , , , Bruce, James , –, , , , , , , Buganda, kingdom of –, –, , , , expansion of –, –, – government of cavalry forces , –, , , –, trade –, , , , –, , –, , Bulala, attacks on Kanem , –, , , , , Bungu , Central Sudanic languages , , migrations from , , , Bunyoro, kingdom of Ceuta , conflict with Buganda Portuguese occupation of impact of Nilotes, – Chad, lake , , –, , © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 0521790247 - Medieval Africa, 1250-1800 Roland Oliver and Anthony Atmore Index More information Index Chadic languages , , Dongola , –, Changamire, – Dragut, Corsair captain, and Ottoman Charles V, Emperor control of Tripoli Chibinda Ilunga, and Lunda origin Dunama Dibalami of Bornu traditions – Dutch Chibuene capture of Luanda Chittick, Neville occupation of Cape –, Christianity and Christian missions , slave trade , , –, , , , , , , Dutch East India Company – , , , , , , Dyula , in Ethiopia – activities of in Kongo –, –, trade with Portuguese in Nubia –, –, Chwezi kingdom East African coast , , – Lwo conquest of – Indonesian contact with – Congo river , , , , –, Muslim settlers – Edo estuary (Nzadi) –, , , , and emergence of Benin Efik people, and Atlantic slave trade copper , , , , , , , –, Egba people – , –, , –, , , Egypt , , , , , , , –, , , , , , agriculture benefits of Ottoman control Coptic language Bonaparte’s conquest of Corsairs –, , , conquest by Fatimids Cushitic languages –, , , effects of Ottoman conquest Islam, adoption of – Cyrenaica , , language Mamluk seizure of power Dahomey, kingdom – slavery and military recruitment Damascus – sacked by Mongols taxation sacked by Timur see also Mamluks; Ottoman Egypt; Dar Fertit , Mamluk Egypt Darb al-Arbain (Forty Days Road) Elmina –, Darfur Ethiopia , , , , Christian outposts in abdication of Susenyos defeat of Tanjur dynasty Christian Church expansion Christianity , – Islamisation of – defeated by Funj sultanate penetration by Arab pastoralists destruction of Solomonid empire pilgrimage route through – trade links with Egypt Oromo settlement in –, – David, king of Maqurra partial Islamisation of – Delagoa Bay , nature of medieval – Denkyira, expansion of and Atlantic Roman Catholicism in – slave trade Sarsa Dengel’s attempts to stabilise Dias, Paulo occupation of Luanda Island survival of Christian kingdom – Dols, M. W. see also Solomonid empire © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 0521790247 - Medieval Africa, 1250-1800 Roland Oliver and Anthony Atmore Index More information Index Eware, oba of Benin – , –, , –, , , , Ewe people , , , Gold Coast Fagan, Brian European trading settlements Fasiladas, emperor of Ethiopia slave trade – Fatimids Goletta, Tunis conquest of Egypt as corsair base relations with Nubia Graham, John Fernandes, Antonio Gray, Richard Fez , , , , Great Zimbabwe, see Zimbabwe Fezzan , Griqua people – and trans-Saharan slave trade firearms , , , , –, –, , Habesh, establishment of Ottoman , , , , , , , , province of , , , , , , , Hafsid dynasty , , attacked by Morocco , France origins and Egypt , rule in Ifriqiya – and Algiers see also Ifriqiya and West Africa Hammadi Pasha, bey of Tunis Fulbe people , , Harar , , , , expansion into Adamawa Harms, Robert revolutionary jihad Hausa people and cities , –, Funj sultanate Bornu attacks on campaigns against Ethiopia conversion to Islam creation of Islamic influence , effects of emergence of military raids expansion – slavery Islamisation of – trade origins – Henry the Navigator, Prince , political disintegration – Herbert, Eugenia zenith of power Herero people , – Fur people migrations of establish dominance over Arab Hinda dynasties of Karagwe , nomads expansion of – Hofrat en-Nahas, copper mines , Galadewos, emperior of Ethiopia , , horses , , , , , , , , , Gama,
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  • Blood Rubber*

    Blood Rubber*

    Blood Rubber* Sara Lowes† Eduardo Montero‡ Bocconi University, IGIER, and CIFAR Harvard University 27 November 2017 Most Recent Version Here Abstract: We examine the legacy of one of the most extreme examples of colonial extraction, the rubber concessions granted to private companies under King Leopold II in the Congo Free State, the present-day Democratic Republic of Congo. The companies used violent tactics to force villagers to collect rubber. Village chiefs were co-opted into supporting the rubber regime, and villagers were severely punished if they did not meet the rubber quotas. We use a regression discontinuity design along the well-defined boundaries of the ABIR and Anversoise concessions to show that historical exposure to the rubber concessions causes significantly worse education, wealth, and health outcomes. We then use survey and experimental data collected along a former concession boundary to examine effects on local institutions and culture. We find a negative effect on local institutional quality and a positive effect on culture. Consistent with the historical co-option of chiefs by the concession companies, village chiefs within the former concessions are more likely to be hereditary, rather than elected, and they provide fewer public goods. However, individuals within the concessions are more trusting, more cohesive, and more supportive of sharing income. The results suggest that colonial extraction may have different effects on institutions and culture. Keywords: Africa, development, culture, institutions, colonialism. JEL Classification: O15,N47,D72,O43,Z13. * We thank Alberto Alesina, Robert Bates, Alberto Bisin, Melissa Dell, James Feigenbaum, James Fenske, Claudia Goldin, Robert Harms, Adam Hochschild, Richard Hornbeck, Stelios Michalopoulos, Nathan Nunn, Rohini Pande, James A.