T.C. Firat Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Genel Türk Tarihi Anabilim Dali

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T.C. Firat Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Genel Türk Tarihi Anabilim Dali T.C. FIRAT ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ GENEL TÜRK TARİHİ ANABİLİM DALI BİZANS İMPARATORLUĞU’NDA TİCARET (VIII-X. YÜZYILLAR) DOKTORA TEZİ DANIŞMAN HAZIRLAYAN Yrd. Doç. Dr. Sezgin GÜÇLÜAY Mehmet Ertan BAMYACI ELAZIĞ-2017 II ÖZET Doktora Tezi Bizans İmparatorluğunda Ticaret (VIII-X. Yüzyıllar) Mehmet Ertan BAMYACI Fırat Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Genel Türk Tarihi Anabilim Dalı Elazığ-2017, Sayfa: XIII+302 İnsanlık tarihi ile başlayan ticaret, tarih boyunca farklı gelişim süreçleri yaşamıştır. Hayatın devamı için gerekli olan zorunlu tüketim ürünlerinin takası (trampa) ile başlayan bu süreç, günümüze gelindiğinde küresel bir boyut kazanmış ve dünya siyasetinin temel belirleyici unsurlarından biri halini almıştır. Başlangıçtan günümüze yaşamış olduğu gelişim sürecinde ticarete katkı sunan aktörlerden birisi ise Bizans’tır. Bir çağa damgasını vurmuş bu büyük imparatorluk, uygulamış olduğu ticaret politikaları ve ticarete kazandırmış olduğu müesseselerle sadece kendi döneminde değil, kendinden sonra kurulan güçlü devletlere de örnek oluşturmuştur. Bizans’ın sahip olduğu coğrafi konum, onu doğu ve batı dünyası arasında bir kavşak yapmıştır. Özellikle de Bizans, doğunun lüks ürünlerini batıya aktarmada önemli bir aracı rol üstlenmiştir. İmparatorluğun başkenti olan Konstantinopolis, uluslararası ticaretin yürütülmüş olduğu yolların kesişme noktasındadır ve adeta bir dünya başkentidir. Ayrıca “Altın Boynuz” olarak tabir edilen doğal ve muhteşem bir limana sahip olması bu kentin ticari anlamda en büyük avantajlarından biri olmuştur. Nüfusunun en az olduğu dönemlerde dahi sayının iki yüz binin altına düşmemesi burayı ticari açıdan hep önemli kılmıştır. Kentte yoğun bir üretim yapılmasına rağmen, bu üretim kentin ihtiyaçlarını karşılama noktasında yeterli gelmemektedir. Bu sebeple başkent, imparatorluğun farklı bölgeleriyle ve dış dünyayla ithalat ağırlıklı bir ticari faaliyet sürdürmektedir. Bu noktada özellikle ipek ve baharat gibi pahalı ve lüks ürünlerin temininde dış dünyaya muhtaçtır. Gerçi VI. Yüzyılla birlikte başkent ve III çevresinde ipek üretimine geçilmiş olsa bile, uzunca bir süre daha yeterli üretim kalitesi ve hacmi yakalanamadığı için bu üründe dışa bağımlılık devam etmiştir. Kentin hayvansal gıda ve sebze talebi çoğunlukla başkent ve çevresinden sağlanmış, hayati öneme sahip tahıl ise Mısır’ın kaybedilmesinden sonra yoğun olarak Anadolu ve Balkanlardan karşılanmıştır. Başkent nüfusunun oluşan gıda talebini karşılamayı ise Bizans imparatorları kendilerine görev bilmişlerdir ve bu noktada yapılan ticarette kârlılıktan öte halka karşı sorumluluk bilinciyle hareket edilmiştir. Bizans bütçesi içerisinde en büyük gelir kalemi toprak vergisi olmasına rağmen, ticaretten elde edilen gümrük vergileri Bizans ekonomisi için oldukça önemlidir. İmparatorluğun yaşamış olduğu siyasi çalkantılar, savaşlar, istilalar, doğal afetler ve kıtlıklar gibi olumsuzluklar Bizans’ın ticaretini olumsuz olarak etkilese dahi, bu faaliyeti hiçbir zaman bitirmemiştir. X. Yüzyıla gelindiğinde Bizans ticareti dünyada özel bir noktadadır. Konstantinopolis, sokaklarında binlerce yerli ve yabancı tüccarın iş yaptığı, limanlarında onlarca ticaret gemisinin demirlediği ve gümrük noktalarının sürekli hareketli olduğu bir kent görünümü çizmektedir. Ayrıca Konstantinopolis dışında Antakya, Sinop, Trabzon, Kıbrıs, Girit ve Selanik gibi ticaret açısından önemli merkezler, imparatorluğun ticaretinin canlanması ve gelişmesine büyük katkı sunmuşlardır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Bizans, Ticaret, Konstantinopolis, Ekonomi, Anadolu, Balkanlar, Tarih, İpek. IV ABSTRACT Doctoral Dissertation Trade in the Byzantine Empire (VIII-X. Centuries) Mehmet Ertan BAMYACI Fırat University Institute of Social Sciences General Turkish History Department Elazığ- 2017; Sayfa: XIII+302 Throughout the history of human, trade had lived different developmental processes. This process, which started with the exchange of obligatory consumption products necessary for the continuation of life gained a global dimension when it came to the present day and it became one of the main determinants of world politics. Byzantium is one of the actors who contributed to the commercialization during the development process which trade had lived from the its beginning. This great empire which has marked an era, set example with its trade politics and mercantile institutions brought in not only for its own time and also for powerful states established after itself. The geographical location of Byzantine has made it an intersection between the eastern and western worlds. Byzantine has also played an important role in transferring luxurious products of the east to the west. Constantinople, the capital of the empire so to say is a world capital by reason of being at the crossroads of the ways in which international trade is carried out. Moreover, having a natural and magnificent harbour called "golden horn" is one of the great commercial advantages of this city. It has always been important from a commercial point of view that the population does not fall below two hundred thousand even in the least periods. Despite intensive production in the city, this production is not enough to meet the needs of the city. For this reason, the capital is carrying on a commercial activity mainly in import trades with different regions of the empire and also with the outside world. In this point, it depends on the outside world especially in the supply of expensive and luxurious products such as silk V and spices. Even though the silk production has been started in the capital and its surroundings with the 6th century anyway it has continued its dependence on the outside world since it has not been able to obtain sufficient production quality and volume for a long time. The city's animal food of origin and vegetable demand was mostly provided from the capital and its surroundings while crops with its vital importance were heavily provided from Anatolia and the Balkans after the loss of Egypt. The Byzantine emperors were obliged to meet the food demand of the capital city and the trade made in this point was carried out with a sense of responsibility towards the people rather than profitability. Although the largest income in the Byzantine budget is the land tax, the taxes obtained in trade are very important for the Byzantine economy. Even though political turbulences, wars, invasions, natural disasters and famines that the Empire has experienced affected Byzantine trade negatively but could never finish this activities. By the 10th century, Byzantine trade is at a special place in the world. Constantinopolis draws the appearance of a city where thousands of local and foreign merchants work on its streets, dozens of trade vessels anchor in its ports and customs docks are constantly moving. Apart from Constantinople, important trade-oriented centers such as Antakya, Sinop, Trabzon, Cyprus, Crete and Thessalonica have also contributed greatly to the revitalization and development of the empire's trade. Keywords: Byzantine, Trade, Constantinople, Economy, Anatolia, Balkans, History, Silk VI İÇİNDEKİLER ÖZET .............................................................................................................................. II ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................... IV İÇİNDEKİLER ............................................................................................................. VI TABLOLAR LİSTESİ ................................................................................................. IX HARİTALAR LİSTESİ ................................................................................................ X ÖNSÖZ .......................................................................................................................... XI KONU VE KAYNAKLAR ........................................................................................ XIII GİRİŞ ............................................................................................................................... 1 I. VI. YÜZYILDA BİZANS İMPARATORLUĞU ..................................................... 1 I.1. Justinos Hanedanı Döneminde (518-602) Bizans’ın Siyasi Yapısı .................... 1 I.2. VI. Yüzyılda Bizans’ın Genel Ekonomik Durumu Ve Ticaret Politikası ......... 14 II. VII. YÜZYILDA BİZANS İMPARATORLUĞU ................................................. 24 II.1. İmparator Phokas Döneminde (601-610) Bizans’ın Siyasi Yapısı .................. 24 II.2. Heraklius (Herakleios) Hanedanı Dönemde (610-711) Bizans’ın Siyasi Yapısı ....................................................................................................................... 25 II.3. VII. Yüzyılda Bizans’ın Genel Ekonomik Durumu Ve Ticaret Politikası ...... 37 BİRİNCİ BÖLÜM 1. VIII-X. YÜZYILLARDA BİZANS’IN SİYASİ YAPISI ...................................... 43 1.1. İmparatorlar Philippikos (711-713), II. Anastosios (713-715) Ve III. Theodosios (715-717) Döneminde (711-717) Bizans’ın Siyasi Yapısı......................................... 43 1.2. Isaura Hanedanı Döneminde (717-802) Bizans’ın Siyasi Yapısı ........................ 45 1.3. Nikeforos Hanedanı Döneminde (802-813) Bizans’ın Siyasi Yapısı .................. 58 1.4. İmparator V.Leo Ermeni Döneminde (813-820) Bizans’ın Siyasi Yapısı ........... 61 1.5. Amorıon Hanedanı Döneminde (820-867) Bizans’ın Siyasi Yapısı .................... 62 1.6. Makedonyalılar Hanedanı Döneminde (867-1025) Bizans’ın Siyasi
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