4498 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE MAY 17 Office and Post Roads at 10 a. m., Wed resolution to extend the provisions of the Springs and Grain Valley, Mo., urging enact nesday, May 19, 1943, to consider H. R. Bituminous Coal Act of 1937 for a period of ment of HoUEe bill 2082 as a war measure; 687. Public hearings will be held. 90 days; without amendment (Rept. No. to the Committee on the Judiciary. - · 450). Referred to the COmmittee of the 759. By Mr. LAMBERTSON: Petition of COMMITTEE ON IMMIGRATION AND Whole House on the state of the Union. Rev. Wright M. Horton, and 21 other citizens NATURALIZATION Mr. SASSCER: Committee on Naval Affairs. of Frankfort, Kans., and community, urging The Committee on Immigration and S. 879. An act to amend the act entitled support of House bill 2082, introduced by,. Hon. "An act authorizing a reduction in the course JosEPH R. BRYSON, of South Carolina, to re Naturalization will hold hearings at 10 of instruction at the Naval Academy,"- ap duce absenteeism, conserve manpow-er, and a.m. on Wednesday, May 19 and Thurs proved June 3, 1941 (55 Stat. 2~8) without speed production of materials necessary for day, May 20, 1943, on all bills dealing amendment (Rept. No. 451) . Referred to the the winning of the war, by prohibiting the .with the Chinese Exclusion Act, H. R. Committee of the Who1e House on the state manufacture, sale, or transportation of alco 1882, H. R. 2309, H. R. 2428, and H. R. of the Union. holic liquors in the United States for the 2429. Mr. COLE of New York: Committee on duration of the war and until the termina Naval Affairs. H. R. 2629. A bill to provide tion of demobil1zation; to the Committee on COMMITIEE ON THE MERCHANT MARINE AND an allowance for quarters and 10ubsistence for the Judiciary. F'ISHERmS mitlshipmen of the Naval Reserve; with 760. By Mr. FISH: Petition of 64 residents The Committee on the Merchant amendment (Rept. No. 452). Referred to the o! Dutchess County, N.Y., favoring the enact Marine and Fisheries will hold a public Committee of the Whole House on the state ment of House bill2082, a measure to prohibit of the Union. the manufacture, sale, or transportation of hearing on Thursday, May 20, 1943, at Mr. PATTON: Committee on Accounts. alc'oholic liquors in the United States for the 10 a.m. on H. R. 2612, to extend the ef House Resolution 237. Resolution granting duration of the war and until the termina fective date of the act of December 17, a gratuity to the estate of Rose Ann French; tion of demobtlization; to the Committ-ee on 1941, relating to additional safeguards to without amendment (Rept. No. 453) . Re the Judiciary. the radio communications service of ferred to the House Calendar. 761. Also, petition of a committee of 50 ships of the United States. from Orange County, N. Y., favoring the en actment of House bill 2082, a measure to pro PUBLIC BILLS AND RESOLUTIONS hibit the sale of intoxicating liquors for the EXECUTIVE COMMUNICATIONS, ETC. Under . clause 3 of rule XXII, public duration of the war, and until the termina tion of demobilization; to the Committee on Under clause 2 of rule XXIV, executive bills and resolutions were introduced and the Judiciary. communications were taken from the severally referred as follows: 762. By Mr. FITZPATRICK: Petition of the Speaker's table and referred as follows: By Mr. WARD: Bronx Council, Am-erican Jewish Congress, 417. A letter from the Secretary of War, H. R. 2715. A bill relating to the classifi New York City, endorsing and urging the t~nsmitting a draft of a proposed bill to cation of substitute post-office clerks and passage of House bill 2328, introduced by the prohibit the allowance of credit in the· com substitute city letter carriers in first- and Honorable WALTER LYNCH; to the Committee putation of lump-sum payments to Air Corps second-class post offices, and substitute on the Post Office and Post Roads. Reserve officers under the provisions of sec laborers in the Postal Service and Railway 763. Also, petition of the Trade Union tion 2 of the act of June 16, 1936, as amend Mail Service, and for other purposes; to the Council of the American Labor Party, urging ed, for active service hereafter 'performed Committee on the Post Office and Post Roads. the defeat of the Connally bill (S. 796); to the during the present wars and for 6 months By Mr. COMPTON: Committee on Military Affairs. thereafter; to the Committee on Military H. Res. 238. Resolution creating a special 764. By Mr. SCHIFFLER: Petition of Mr. Affairs. committee to study artd investigate the ac and Mrs. William H. Young and other resi 418. A letter from the Secretary of the In tivities of the Office of Price Administration; dents of the Wheeling area of West Virginia, terior, transmitting a draft of a proposed bill to the Committee on Rules. urging the establishment of a Chiropractic to provide for the classification of the public H. Res. 239. Resolution to provide for ex Corps in the armed forces now; to the Com lands in Alaska; to the Committee on the penses of investigation authorized by House mittee on Military Affairs. Public Lands. Resolution 238; to the Committee on Ac 765. Also, petition of Mrs. Irwin Hamilton counts. and other residents of the Wheeling area of REPORTS OF CO:MMITTEES ON PUBLIC West Virginia, urging the establishment of a Chiropractic Corps in the armed ,forces now; BILLS AND RESOLUTIONS MEMORIALS to the Committee on Military Affairs. Under clause 2 of rule XIII, reports ·of Under clause 3 of rule Y~I. memorials 766. By Mr. HEIDINGER: Resolution of the committees were delivered to the Clerk were presented and referred as follows: Eldorado Central Labor Union, of Eldorado, Ill., signed by Robert Braddock, president, and for printing and reference to the proper By the SPEAKER:· Memorial of the Legisla calendar, as follows: William Gallagher, secretary, of said labor ture of the Territory of Hawaii; memorializ union, urgl:ng the continuance of the Na Mr. SHEPPARD: Committee on Appro ing the Preside_nt and the Congress of the tional Youth Administration and that a suf priations. H. R. 2713. A bill making appro United States-to ame~d the Hawa!ian Homes ficient appropriation be made therefor; to the priations for the Navy Department and the Commission Act, 1920, as amended, to permit. Committee on Appropriations. naval service for the fiscal year ending June the Commis~ion to grant certain licenses; to · 767. Also, petition of the Woman's Chris 30, 1944, and for other purposes; without the Committee on the Territories. tian Temperance Union, of Mill Shoals, Ill., amendment (Rept. No. 446). Referred to the signe.d by Vernon Staton and 66 other citi Committee of the Whole House on the state PRIVATE BILLS AND RESOLUTIONS zens of that community, urging the passage of the Union. of House bill 2082; to the Committee on the Mr. CANNON of Missouri: Committee on Under clause 1 of rule XXII, private Judiciary. Appropriations. H. R. 2714. A bill making bills and resolutions were introduced and 768. By the SPEAKER: Petition of Clifford appropriations to supply urgent deficiencies severally referred as follows: J. Durr, petitioning consideration with refer in certain appropriations for the fiscal year ence to the Select Committee To Investigate ending June 30, 1943, and for prior fiscal By Mr. CUNNINGHAM: H. R. 2716. A bill to provide for the pay the Federal Communications Commission; to years, and for other purposes"; without the Committee on the Judiciary. amendment (Rept. No. 447). Referred to the ment of $20,000 to Clarence Leaon Rounds, administrator of the estates of Gerald 769. Also, petition of sundry citizens of Committee of the Whole House on the state Minnesota, petitioning consideration of their of the Union. Rounds, deceased; Richard Gray, deceased; Virginia Grafton, deceased; and Geraldine resolution with reference to House bill 2082; Mr. KERR: Committee on Appropriations. to the Committee on the Judiciary. Report · pursuant to House Resolution 105 Titus, deceased; to the Committee on Claims. authorizing the Committee on Appropria By Mr. JONES: tions to examine into and determine the fit H. R. 2717. A bill granting an increase of ness of certain Government personnel to pension to Elizabeth M. Levering; to the Com continue in their employment; without mittee on Invalid Pensions. r. SENATE amendment (Rept. No. 448) . Referred to the By Mr. BARRY: · Committee of the Whole House on the state H. R. 2718 (by request). A bill for the re . M~NDAY, MAY 17, 1943 of the Union. lief of Lillian Woodward; to the Committee Mr. SABATH: Committee on Rules. House on Claims. The Chaplain, Rev. Frederick Brown Resolution 236. Resolution providing con Harris, D. ~ D:,' "' offered the following sideratjori of House Joint Resolution 122, . PETITIONS, ETC. prayer: ' · ' joint resolution extending the provisions of the Bituminous Coal Act of 1937 for a pe Under clause 1 of rule XXII, petitions Gracious God, the Father Almighty, in riod of 90 days; without amendment .(Rept; and papers were laid on the Clerk's desk awe and ·rev-erence we, stand before Thy No. 449). Referred to the House Calendar. and referred as follows: greatness that we cannot measure. Yet Mr. DOUGHTON: Committee on Ways and 758. By Mr. BELL: Petition of Hattie Hal are we grateful that our eyes have seen Means. House Joint Resolution 122. Joint lar, of Blue Spring, Mo., and others from Blue beauty, our hearts have felt love, our 1943 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 4499 minds have discovered truth, and -.>ur to $20,000 (with an accompanying paper); to "Whereas the great milk-producing areas of wills have found purposes that lift A.nd the Committee on Appropriations and ordered the State and the fine herds of milk cows ennoble and tie us to causes greater than to be printed. established therein are now by reason of a our -own brief span. We give Thee SUPPLEMENTAL ESTIMATES, DISTRICT OF shortage of labor and of milkers threatened COLUMBIA (S. Doc. No. 41) with extinction, with the result that the. pro hearty thanks for great souls, great duction of a sufficient quantity of pure and music, and great books, which for us · A communication from the President of wholesome milk will not be available to the have been mirrors of Thy glory. We the United States, transmitting supple consuming public; and / who are of the earth earthy do feel the mental estimates of appropriations for the "Whereas one of the primary :reasons for pull of the eternal tugging at our way District of Columbia, fiscal year 1944, involv the shortage of the production of milk and ing an increase of $733,078, in the form of co11sequent shortage of butter, cheese, and ward hearts. We are conscious of a . amendments to the Budget for that fiscal heavenly gravitation which lifts us to other milk products is the lack of suitable year (with an accompanying paper); to the and capable labor upon the dairy farms and a mood of penitent aspiration, of un Committee on Appropriations and ordered to the shortage of qualified milkers; and utterable longings, of winged thoughts be printed. "Whereas in the d'€velopment of the dairy that wander off into eternity. DEFICIENCY AND SUPPLEMENTAL ESTIMATES, industry in the State of California, especially As now we front the tasks of a new POST OFFICE DEPARTMENT {S. Doc. No. 42) in the San Joaquin Valley, Portuguese immi grants from the Azores Islands have played week give us a vision of the far-off years A com~unication from the President of the as they may be if redeemed by the sons United States, transmitting deficiency esti a major role in the development of the dairy of God, that we may take heart and bat mates of appropriations, fiscal years 1941 and industry and in the increased production of tle more valiantly for Thy children and 1942, 1n the sum of $644,432, and supple milk; and mental estimates of appropriations, fiscal "Whereas the Portuguese people who have ours. As we have mastered nature th&.t immigrated to the United States from Portu we might gain wealth and comfort help year 1943, in the sum of $6,421,800, amount ing in all to $7,066,232, for the Post. Office gal and the Azores Islands and their children us now to master the social relations of Department (with an accompanying paper); who have been born in California have proven mankind that we may gain justice, to the Committee on Appropriations and their patriotism and their adherence to the emancipation from want and fear, and ordered to be printed. American ideals of government, and have be a world of brothers. In the Dear Re come worthy and sincere citizens of Califor deemer's name. Amen. CLASSIFICATION OF PuBLIC LANDS IN ALASKA nia and the United States; and A letter from the Secretary of the Interior, "Whereas the restricted immigration quota DESIGNATION OF ACTING PRESIDENT transmitting a draft of proposed legislation for the Portuguese people from Portugal and PRO TEMPORE to provide for the classifica.._tion of public the Azores Islands now precludes the entry into the United States of sufficient numbers The Secretary, Edwin A. Hal~ey, read lands in Alaska (with an accompanying paper); to the Committee on Public Lands of them to successfully continue in their the following letter: and Surveys. efforts for the preservation and greater de WASHINGTON, D. C., May 17, 1943. velopment of the dairy industry and the in· To the Senate: AMENDMENT OF COMMUNICATIONS ACT {S. Doc. creasing of the production of milk in Cali Being temporarily absent from the Senate, I No. 43) fornia: Now, therefore, be it appoint Han. ScoTT W. LucAs, a Senator from A letter from the· Chairman of the Federal "Resolved by the Assembly and Senate of the State of Illinois, to perform the duties of Communications Commission, transmitting the State of California (jointly), That the the Chair durin~ my absence. a draft of proposed legislation to amend sec Legislature of the State of California respect . • CARTER GLASS, tion 353 (b) of the Communications Act of fully memorializes the President and the Con P?·esit?-ent pro tempore. 1934, as amended (with an accompanying gress of the United States to enact such legis paper); to the Committee on Interstate Com lation as is necessary to permit the increase Mr. LUCAS thereupon took the chair merce and ordered to be printed. in the immigration quotas for the Portuguese as Acting President pro tempore. people from Portugal and the Azores Islands DISPOSITION OF ExECUTIVE PAPERS to the United States, in order that they may THE JOURNAL A letter from the Archivist of the United come to the State of California to augment On request of Mr. HILL, and by unani States, transmitting, pursuant to law, a list and increase the labor on dairy farms and mous consent, the reading of the Journal of papers and documents on the files of the engage as milkers; and be it further of the proceedings of the· calendar day Departments of War, Navy, and Agriculture "Resolved, That the chief clerk of the As· (3); Board of Governors of the Federal Re_. sembly of the State of California is hereby Friday, May 14, 1943, was dispensed with, serve System, and Federal Works Agency (2), directed to transmit copies of this resolution and the Journal was approved. which are not needed in the conduct of busi to the President and Vice President of ·the MESSAGE FROM THE HOUSE ness and have no permanent value or his· United States, the Speaker of the House of torical interest, and requesting action look Representatives, and to each Senator and A message from the· House of Repre ing to their disposition (with accompanying Member of the House of Representatives from sentatives, by Mr. Taylor, its enrolling papers); to a Joint Select Committee on the California in the Congress of the United clerk, announced that the House had Disposition of Papers in the Executive De States." passed the following bills and joint reso partments. By Mr. CAPPER: A petition of sundry citizens of Greens lution, in which it requested the concur The ACTING PRESIDENT pro tem rence of the Senate: burg and vicinity, in the State of Kansas, pore appointed Mr. BARKLEY and Mr. praying for the enactment of Senate bill 860, H. R. 2581. An act authorizing the acquisi BREWSTER members of the committee on relating to the sale of alcoholic liquors to tion and conversion or construction of cer the part of the Senate. the members of the land and naval forces tain landing craft and district craft for the of· the United Sta.tes; to the Committee on United States Navy, and for other purposes; PETITIONS .AND MEMORIALS Military Affairs. H. R. 2664. An act to provide for the train Petitions, etc., were laid before the REPORTS OF COMMITI'EES ing of nurses for the armed forces, govern-. Senate, or presented, and referred as mental and civilian hospitals, health agen The following reports of committees cies, and war industries, through grants to indicated: were submitted: institutions providing such training, and for By the ACTING PRESIDENT pro tem By Mr. WALSH, from the Committee on other purposes; and pore: Naval Affairs: H. J. Res. 122. Joint resolution to extend A joint( resolution of the Legislature of S. 1066. A bill authorizing the acquisition the provisions of the Bituminous Coal Act of California; to the Committee on Immigra and conversion or construction of certain 1937 for a period of 90 days. tion: landing craft, district craft, and special boats EXECUTIVE COMMUNICATIONS, ETC. for the United States Navy, and for other "Assembly Joint Resolution 43 purposes; with amendments (Rept. No. 241); The ACTII\iG PHJV~IDENT pro tem "Joint resolution relative -to increasing -the and pore laid before the Senate the following quota for Portuguese immigration from H. R. 1563. A bill authorizing the acquisi communications and letters~ Which were Portugal and the Azores as an aid to milk tion and conversion or .construction of cer referred as indicated: production in California tain auxiliary vessels for the United States - ~ \i ., ... ' "Whereas the dairy industry in the State Navy, and for other purposes; with an amend SUPPLEMENTAL ESTf;MAT!f: ):~TERIOR of California has, by the development o~ the ment (Rept. No. 242). . DEPARTMENT (S. Doc. No. 39) finest breeds of dairy cattle and through the By Mr. REYNOLDS, from the Committee A communication from the President of the energetic e11orts ot producers of milk, become on Mlli~ary Affairs.: " United States, transmitting: a supplemental one of the most progressive States in the . S. 1026. A .bill to provide for the settle estimate of appropriation for the Department Union, for the production of dairy cattle and ment of claims for damage to or loss or de of the Interior, fiscal year 19~, a~ounting milk; and struction of property or personal injury or LXXXIX--284 4500 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE MAY 17_ death caused by military personnel or ci and approval. I feel that it would be a HOUSE BILLS AND JOINT RESOLUTION vilian employees, or otherwise incident to long step in the right direction, by af REFERRED activities of the War Department or of the fording an organization which could dis .Al:my; with amendments (Rept. No. 243). The following bills and joint resolu cuss the mutual problems of the nations tion were severally read twice by their BILLS AND JOINT RESOLUTION in this hemisphere. titles and referred as indicated: • INTRODUCED Members of the Senate will remember H. R. 2581. An act authorizing the acquisi I Bills and a joint resolution were intro that the President of Bolivia in his ad tion and conversion or construction of cer duce, read the first time, and, by unan dress to this Chamber recently suggested tain landing craft and district craft for the imous consent, the second time, and re the advisability of forming a pan-J\meri United States Navy, and for other purposes; ferred as follows: can legislative union, and I welcome the to the Committee on Naval Affairs. suggestion coming from the president of H. R. 2664. An act to provide for the train By Mr. GILLETTE: one of our sister republics. It is my pur ing of nurses for the armed forces, govern S.1110. A bill providing for 'the designation mental and civilian hospitals, health agencies, of each Monday during the present war as pose to press for the early consideration and war industries, through grants to insti Memory Monday; to the Committee on the of this joint resolution. tutions providing such training, and for other Judiciary. There being no objection, the joint purposes; to the Committee on Commerce. By'Mr. BONE: resolution
; .1943 CON-GRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 4505 able to find 500 planes to give Chennault Has the Senator any information as to like to refer to a very short speech which to use against the Japanese in China. where this enormous amount of war ma was made over the Columbia Broadcast The reason for his presence here, per terial is going? ing System by Ambassador Grew. He haps, is that someone has finally realized Mr. CHANDLER. I regret to say that said: the seriousness of the situation in China. I have no accurate information. I have Even before Pearl Harbor Japan was strong Unless we give her immediate aid she been unable to satisfy myself why we and possessed a military machine of great may be forced out of the war. I dislike could not supply 500 planes for General power-and when I speak of. that m111tary to think what the future might hold for Chennault in China, when the need is machine I include all branches of the Japa us if China were completely out ·of the so desperate. · I am quite certain we have nese armed forees, the Army, the Navy, and war. not done it. I am quite certain that the Air Force. - Mr. BRIDGES. Is the Senator famil there have been times when we have Mr. President, I ask unanimous consent· iar with the fact that, many months ago, courted narrow escapes. The escapes to have the entire address printed in the China sent a military mission to this in the Pacific have been so narrow as to RECORD at this point. - country, that it was here in Washington make it seem almost foolhardy to court There being no objection, the address and presented its case as forcibly and them. We must support China, Aus was ordered to~ be printed in the RECORD, plainly as possible, and yet it is under tralia, and our whole Pacific area." A as follows: stood that it went back without assur failure to do so may bring unparalleled OUR WAR WITH JAPAN ances as to what aid could be given disaster to the people of the United (Joseph C. Grew) China? States. . Even before Pearl Harbor, Japan was strong Mr. CHANDLER. I know the mission Mr. ELI,rENDER. Mr. President, will and possessed a military machine of great was here. Apparently the results it ob the Senator further yield?· power-and when I speak of that m111tary tained were not good. They certainly Mr. CHANDLER. I yield. machine I include all branches of the Jap were not satisfactory to China. Over Mr. ELLENDER. Since the speech of anese armed forces, the army, the navy, and and over again I have said that it seems the Senator a couple of weeks ago I tried the air force. That military ma.chine had been steadily strengthened and developed a shame that Australia, China, and other to obtain information why planes were during many years, especially since Japan's nations and commonwealths fighting not sent to China. My information is invasion of Manchuria in 1931, an act of with us are not given a place on a gen that it is an easy matter to send the unprovoked aggression which, in effect, com eral board of strategy so that they may planes there, but the difficulty is in sup menced the expansionist movement of Japan be able to present their case and get some plying the gasoline and oil properly to in total disregar
Mr. President, there is an old s:;~, ying cost us, and will cost us in the future the very likely to spread throughout Europe. that when the devil wants nothing done lives of many of our boys in the United Certainly it will be an extremely difficult he appoints a commission. In this case States Army Air Corps and the otner matter to prevent it from doing so. nothing was done. Dr. Soong ought to services. It will greatly prolong the war. Unless Japan is defeated, no matter know who killed the )..eague of Nations. Failure to obtain such bases, Senators, how willing England might be to try to He said it was killed at the time of the will prolong the war. It will put gold help us in the Pacific, she will have a Manchurian incident, and it was killed stars on many a mother's flag. But tough job on her hands in Europe, even by England and France because, he said, realists are realists, and we must face the with the coming of peace there. She will they did not think it was necessary to facts. have a very difficult time in straighten act for their own security. So long as What of the help we shall get from ing out some of the conditions which are '1t was not necessary for them to act for Great Britain against Japan after the bound to prevail in Europe. So she will their own security they did not care to defeat of Germany? The answer is clear. be at least partially tied up there. Cer act in behalf of China under the Cove~ Great Britain will fight until the uncon tainly Russia will look after herself; and nant of the League of Nations. ditional surrender of Japan, but Mr. Russia wants to rehabilitate her own Mr. CHANDLER. Mr. President, I Churchill has already warned us and country. · In my judgment, the United thanlc the Senator from Minnesota. promised the British people that after States of America will be left alone to From reading the history of the times the defeat of Germany there will be at fight the war against Japan; and Russia and from speaking with men who were least a partial demobilization of the and the other countries will be sitting on the spot I know that a time came British Army. on the sidelines while we are carrying on when the g~eat President of the United If we fight Germany first and help that war. States lost his influence in dealing with bring about the defeat of Germany, we Mr, CHANDLER. Mr. President, I am the other leaders of the world. I do not will not be able partially to demobilize so much of a realist that I remember want such a thing to happen to the any section of the American Army. We that we let them fight alone for quite a President of the United States this time. have a right, then, to ask ourselves just long time. I want to strengthen his arm so that he how much fighting spirit the British will Mr. WHEELER. That is correct. can have a voice in the peace which is . put into the war against Japan once the Mr. CHANDLER. That was when: to be made. I hope that he will, in his pressure of immediate danger to Great many of the American people thought it wisdom, consult with Members of the Britain has been removed by the defeat was not to our interest to fight because Senate on both sides, and give them some of Germany. We would hope devoutly of another war in Europe, and we liter information about what to expect in the that the recent· campaign-and ·:t refer ally told them it was not our war. "'!.am matter of a formula for world peace. I again to that recent campaign-of the enough of a realist to believe that the think perhaps a failure to consult di British Army in India against the Japa Russians may tell us that the war in the rectly with the Senate in the last war was nese 1n Burma will not be typical. The Pacific is our war. If they do, we shall responsible for at least some of our British have had in India 10 soldiers· for have to look out for ourselves. troubles. every 1 the Japanese have had in Burma, Mr. President, the Generalissimo of Mr. SHIPSTEAD. Mr. President, will but-so little energy has been put into the China will not surrender. He has a great the Senator again yield? campaign that the British Army is now spirit. Tijat strong man and his · good Mr. CHANDLER. I yield. back where it started on the border of wife, who was educated in the United Mr. SHIPSTEAD. The Senator knows India, and the same weary lack of spirit States, in schools in Georgia and Massa· very well that President Wilson lost ~is has been exhibited in the building of air chusetts, have a tremendous Christian influence at Versailles because he spon fields from which airplanes can take off infiuence. The heart of every citizen of sored theories which were too idealistic to keep open a faint line to our gallant the United States was thrilled when· we for the practical, poker-playing repre and isolated ally, China. In all the argu watched her, 1n her return to this coun sentatives of other governments who ments for striking Germany first, China try, moving among the people of the · wanted to get for their countri~s the loot is our forgotten partner. She is the United States and telling her story. The they had promised each other. partner who for 6 long years has borne Generalissimo and Mme. Chiang Kai· Mr. CHANDLER. I appreciate the the burden and the heat · of the battle shek are democratic, they are Christian, ideals of Woodrow Wilson as much as I against Japan, and she is our most vital they are stliving desperately in China,. am able to, because I was raised to be partner in the war against the Japane'se; almost barehanded, almost without lieve that he was a man of the highest because, inasmuch as we cannot use the weapons, -and almost without food, and ideals, and believed that we could work Soviet airfi~lds, it is vital to our victory with the full realization that million~ of out an association of nations which over Japan that we shall have the use of their people will be destroyed and would make for the peace of the world. Chinese air fields from which to bomb starved; but nevertheless they continue I regret anything that hindered him in Japanese shipping from Chinese ports the fight, absolutely without fear. Nei bringing that about, because I believe and along the China coast, and ulti ther one of them fears anything. They that if his ideals had been successfully mately to bomb Japan itself. do not even fear death, as they have said. carried out we might have avoided the Mr. WHEELER . . Mr. President, will Mme. Chiang Kai-shek has said that present war. I want this time to support the Senator yield? they will never go until their time comes. ··our President or whoever undertakes to Mr. CHANDLER. I yield. She has said that when their time comes negotiate a peace on our behalf, so that Mr. WHEELER. I think everyone ap they will be ready to go, but that they will he may not lose his influence and may Pl'eciates ttie great fight the Russians live out their lives for their people, and not be humiliated and embarrassed and have put up. They have exceeded any will fight for them until the final tick of repudiated finally by the people of his thing that anyone in America thought the clock. There is not a person in the country, especially if he stands for a they could do, and I believe the American world who does not approve and appre principle which is right-the brother people are deeply appreciative of the ciate such loyalty and devotion as that. hood of men all over the world. fight of the Russians, and admire the However, Mr. President, sheer exhaus Mr. President, I think Stalin is a fight the Russians have made. But, as tion or starvation too long continued realist. Let us be realists, too, with re the Senator has well said, Stalin is a may force them into inaction. There is .spect to the matter. It is difficult for me realist. He did not meet with the con a limit to · human endurance. to believe that the Soviet U.nion will give ferees at Casablanca. We do not know No single factor in this war is so es us any real help against Japan. Others the word he sent there, but we know that sential to the interests of the people of may thin}c the Soviet Union will. I re word was sent there, and we know he did the United States as is the continuance peat, it is difficult to believe that the not come. If Europe is in the condition of the fight of China against the Jap Soviet Union will give us any real help in which we think it is, we know that anese. Since we do not have the use of against the Japs, and the cost to us of after this war, regardless of whether Russian airfields, we must have the use not being able to bomb Japan from Stalin says, "I want these countries," the of Chinese airfields. Without them, it Soviet territory will be great. , We have seeds of communism will have been would take us many years to defeat not been able to obtain bases in the planted in those countries; and because Japan; and it is barely possible that Soviet maritime provinces from which to of the economic conditions which will without them we might never accom bomb Japan. That failure has already exist after the war, communism will be plish Japan's defeat. The openjng of 1943 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 4511
the Burma Road, therefore, is of vital it would be almost mass suicide to attack ~merican Senator. I am not willing to importance to the people of the :United them. The raid at Dleppe cost the lives be silent when the interests of my coun States. As far as my voice will carry, I of more than 50 percent of the Canadians try are at stake. I do not know whether will say that. Mr. Roosevelt and Mr. who undertook to make the raid to test Senators are attending the conferences Churchill are making plans for opera the German defenses. Of course, if the which are being held here to map the tions as far as the human eye can see; order is given, our men will go, and they strategy for 134,000,000 people. I do not and if my voice could go that far, every will succeed; but again they will leave know whether they ought to attend or step of the way I would say to them, the fiower of American manhood and not; but I have an idea that it would be· "Open Burma and supply China, be womanhood on Flanders Field, between better if they did. cause that is vital to the people of the the channel coast and the Rhine River. No citizen of this country is more United States, and because we owe it to I do not want that to happen, except as anxious to win the war than am I, and to our gallant ally who has fought so long a final resort. do everything humanly possible to end it on our side, who has fought during the We have now surrounded Germany. as soon as possible. I claim for myself heat of the battle, when the sun beat She has lost the initiative. She has lost sufficient determination and sufficient down upon her." the position of carrying the fight to the courage to speak out when I feel that it Mr. President, it seems strange to me enemy. The only thing she has in store is time to speak. The time is now. In a and to this moment it is unexplained for her in the future is surrender, as she few days the decision will be made. I why, with 2,000,000 fighting men in In surrendered on the peninsula in Tunisia. want the decision to be made in the in dia, the British have apparently not so The Germans did not fight there as the terest of the people of the United States. far made a determined effort to open British fought,at Dunkerque. The Ger I have a right to ask that. Every other the Burma Road. If they will not do so, mans gave up. They did npt fire the Senator has a right to ask it; and the we shall have to, in our own interest. If' last shot. They did not use the last tough, hard-fisted realist who rules the the spirit and the will to open the Burma shell. When we carried the fight to country across the seas has not the Road cannot be found in the British in them, they gave up. At Bataan and Cor slightest objection.. In fact, he has the India, we shall have to supply the spirit regidor our men ran out of food, ammu greatest respect for men who stand up and the will from America. If the Brit nition, and supplies. They had no for their own country. ish soldiers and the tribesmen of India chance. Mr. BROOKS. Mr. President, will the will not open it, we shall have to call Mr. President, Japan now rules 300 Senator yield? upon the boys from Kentucky, Massa million people. The Japanese are work Mr. CHANDLER. I yield. chusetts, Montana, Georgia, Minnesota, ing feverishly to fortify every strategic Mr. BROOKS. I am particularly glad Pennsylvania, California, and the other point they have seized. We know that to hear the Senator take that theme. States of the United States, and they they are developing improved weapons of We welcome Churchill to America. All must open it; because its opening is of war. We know that if we put off our America feels kindly toward him and re the most vital importance to the inter attack against Japan until Germany has spects him because he is a great ·.repre ests of our country. surrendered we shall meet a very strong sentative of his country. We admire Whether we attack Germany first or Japan, much stronger than we face Stalin because he is a great champion of Japan first, we must strike in Burma and today; and we will have suffered appall his country. must strike victoriously; and from our ing losses on the continent of Europe. ·The Senator spoke kindly of the forti present vast store of equipment we must We have already taken losses in Africa tude and leadership of Generalissimo ~upply the transport planes, the pursuit that we do not know about. The hard Chiang Kai-shek and his delightful wife, planes, and the bombers which are so est job I ever had in my life was to who thrilled this body as I have never desperately needed by General Chen vote for war. I followed the leadership seen it thrilled during my short period of nault, who has so superbly used the few of the President of the United States be service here. They are respected because he has had. He is in Washington. Talk cause I felt that he wanted to keep us they represent their country. We have to him and ask him what he needs in out of war. I still believe that. Last been extending our aid to all the world. China in order to drive out the Japs. week I wrote 50 letters to men and It is high time for someone to start Talk to Gen. Joe Stilwell. He is in women in Kentucky, many of whom I shouting, louder and louder, for the in Washington. See what they say. Gen know personally. I knew their lads. terests of America. I commend the Sen- . eral Stilwell is one of our finest generals. Some of their fathers had served in the ator for taking the lead at this time, He said he was chased out of Burma and last war. Their boys were lost in when the conference for mapping future did not like it. I am sure he would be Tunisia. strategy is being undertaken in the Cap both willing and able to lead a victorious Have Senators any responsibility in ital of America. army into and through Burma. this matter? Is it of any concern to us? Mr. CHANDLER. I thank the Sena What, then, a:re the prospects if we Ought we to be interested? Whatever tor from Illinois. attack Germany before we attack Japan? the final result is to be, we shall pay for Mr. VANDENBERG. Mr. President, Let us now consider that question. Of it with the blood of our sons and the will the Senator yield? • course, we would incur great losses. The tears of their mothers. There will be Mr. CHANDLER. I yield. defensive positions which the Germans nothing that we can say or do that Mr. VANDENBERG. I shall never have constructed on the continent of will lessen the distress of mothers whose undertake to be a civilian strategist in Europe are strpng. Anyone who talks to sons have been lost, or strengthen them conneCtion with the conduct of this war. one of the raiders who was in the expe for the long journey ahead, because when I do not know whether the able Senator dition to Dieppe, as I have done, will they have lost their sons they have lost from Kentucky is right or wrong in his get some idea of the terrific fire power of all. ' technical analysis. If I had an opinion, the German defenses on the Continent. Have we not, as Senators, a right to be it would be that he is wholly right. Of course, we can overcome those strong concerned over where the sacrifices of Whatever the validity of his opinion, I defenses; but if we plan to do so we our men are necessarily made in the wish to give myself the privilege of say must face the fact that in doing so we cause of victory? I want Great Britain ing to him that I should be very proud shall lose the finest boys our country to succeed. I voted for lend-lease and to be making the speech which he is now has produced-the finest tank men, the all the other things. I voted for every making. finest air-corps men, the finest marines, measure that I thought would support Mr. CHANDLER. Mr. President, the and the finest Navy men. I am con Britain in her gallant stand to preserve tribute of the Senator from Michigan vinced-! do not know it, but I am con her homeland. If Britain had fallen, I touches me very deeply. Yet I will be vinced-that the defenses on the conti still believe she would have prevented a accused in some quarters of speaking nent of Europe, in France and in the serious menace to the people of the from the standpoint of emotion. I am provinces north of France, may extend United States. a southerner. Southerners are emo to a depth of hundreds of miles; and in I have vigorously supported every tional-some more so than others. my opinion, judging from what I have measure which has been brought here to Southerners sometimes have more emo learned from men who have been there, assist Russia in the war; but I am an tion than do others. I rather admire 4512 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE MAY 17 those who do not have so much because If we should attack Germany before deciding how this war shall be fought they bear just as heavy burdens, and attacking Japan, therefore. we should and when. We have the right to ask our they bear them without a tear. I cannot have to expect that: Government to make that decision on do that. First. We would have no peace, and the basis of America's interest, which I should be ashamed to fail to speak peace is one of our two chief aims. are also the interests of peace. when I should have spoken. Every Sen Second. We should incur the maxi I therefore ask earnestly that in the ator who heard the speech which I made mum of American losses, and to defeat conferences now being held that our on the 16th of April, and who is lis Germany, Italy, and Japan, with a mini leaders assert themselves to the extent tening to the one I am now making, mum of American losses, is our other that when the war is over we shall take knows that I was never more earnest in chief aim. our place among the nations of the my life with respect to the situation What if we should attack Japan first? earth in such a way that we shall have which confronts the people of the only We would, of course, continue to give great influence in building a secure country I have, and the one which I the British and the Russians support to and lasting peace. We must not re love devotedly. the extent that they must have it to peat the failures of the last war. China We have a right to ask that in the con continue successfully their fight against must remain in this war, and she can ferences which are being conducted in Germany, but we are strong enough now not remain in it unless we go quickly to Washington by the leaders of the world, to do that and still. defeat Japan. We her aid. We must reopen the Burma with the exception of the Russian leader, must keep China in the fight, and· we Road, however difficult the- task may be, · who so far has not agreed to meet in· must bomb Japan from Chinese bases. and I do not underestimate the diffi.cul conference with the other two leaders, We must attack Japan across the Pacific, ties involved. the interests of the United States shall North Pacific, Central Pacific, South and We must establish a lasting peace at be given consideration. I wish we might Southwest Pacific, by whatever route the conclusion of this war. The war is get all the leaders together. I wish the seems best to our Naval and military not yet over; it is not yet won. I would Generalissimo could meet with the leaders, and attack as well from the In - not undertake from information which I others. I hope that some day we may dian ocean. After the defeat of Japan have, and which t can obtain, to forecast have a peace in Europe which will result we could return with all our forces to a time when the war will be over. In in making Europe democratic. We say Europe and finish Germany. Germany my opinion, it will .depend in large meas that we want to have democracy in would be much weaker then than she is ure on the decisions made at the Wash Europe. I am not certain that that is today, and we would be able then to have ington conference which is now being what we shall get, but it is worth fight something to say about the settlement held between Prime Minister Churchill ing for. in Europe. We might be able to set up a and the President of the United States. We know that if we put off our attack Europe of democracy and peace. If we agree to fight Japan first, the war against Japan until Germany has sur The war in the Pacific must not be may be over much sooner. But if we rendered, we shall face a very strong neglected. We must, in my opinion, at c·ontinue first to fight Germany, it may Japan, much stronger than we face to tack Japan first. Bever be over. day, and that we shall have ta~en severe If a sufficient number of Senators of I appeal to all Senators-! know they losses on the continent of Europe. the United States, and a sufficient num are just as concerned and just as anxious If we attack Germany first, therefore, ber of the people of the United States as I am-to see that our aims and ob we shall suffer all the losses-hear me, would make manifest to the Commander jectives shall be achieved, that victory Senators; I believe this sincerely-if we in Chief their wishes and their fears shall come at the earliest possible mo-· attack Germa..ny first, therefore, we shall concerning this deadly enemy, we would ment, and at the least cost. I appeal to suffer all the losses that it is possible attack Japan first. them to show their concern. It will be for us to suffer, both in Europe and the If we should attack Japan first, we too late if we wait. Some day we will be Far East. Does any Member of the Sen would suffer fewer losses than by attack..; handed a treaty to ratify. . We will not ate disagree with me? One of the fun ing Germany first, and would have a bet know anything about it in advance. It damental interests of our people in this ter chance of achieving peace. If we will be too late then. By what we do war is to win it with the· loss of the attack Japan first, we will be acting in then affirmatively, or by what we refuse. smallest possible number of American the interest of the people of the United or fail to do, or by acting in such a man soldiers. States. ner that we shall have no influence we What kind of a peace in Europe shall The policy of the United States should will, all of us, whether willfully or ~ot we be able to establish if we have to turn be controlled by the interests of the peo become parties to laying the groundwork all of our strength into the war with ple of the United States. The Govern for a repetition of this terrible war in Japan, and if the Soviet Union is at ment of the United States is the servant. another generation. peace, free to use the pressure of all its not the master, of its people. We are Mr. CLARK of Missouri. Mr. Presi strength on Europe? We shall have little citizens, not subjects. That situation is dent-- or nothing to say about the peace in not true everywhere. In some countries Mr. CHANDLER. I yield to the Sen Europe-! believe that-and we shall see the people are subjects, but in America ator from Missouri. set up a Europe divided against itself, we are citizens and not subjects, and Mr. CLARK of Missouri. . It seems t~ divided into an area controlled by Great we have a right to ask our Government me that a complete and adequate illus Britain in western Europe, and an area to act in accordance with our interests. tration of the point the Senator from controlled by the Soviet Union in central I repeat that it is in the interest of Kentucky has so ably made lies in the and eastern Europe. In such a settle every citizen of the United States that fact that at the end of the last war the ment of Europe there could be no peace. we defeat Japan first. We are today. a countries which had made up the asso If we are to follow such a course, defeat strong Nation. ciated and allied nations, without any Germany, and leave Great Britain and I speak as an American Senator who of them knowing the reason for it, in Russia with their spheres of influence on has supported loyally the Commander the peace treaty put Japan in the pos the continent of Europe, does any Sen in Chief of the Army and Navy of the session as _mandates of the bulwark, the ator believe that they will consult us people of the United' States. I supported buttress of islands which the Japanese if they seek to divide Europe as they see his efforts to prepare this country for improved and used as a jumping-off fit? Suppose Russia should want Swe war before it came upon us. Since we place for their campaign of supremacy den, suppose Russia should want Fin have been in the war upon no occasion and aggrandizement in -the Pacific. It land, suppose Russia should want Es have I failed to support vigorous prose seems to me,· unless some attention is tonia, Lithuania, or Latvia, . would we cution of the war, and I have not in any given to that matter at the proper time, be able to do anything about it? Sup wise failed to place in the hands of our that a similar result may follow after pose she should want the Bosporus and Army, or the army of our allies, every the next war. Japan was with us, or pre the Dardanelles, do Senators think the possible means successfully to achieve tended to be with us, in the First World United States could do anything about victory. We have a right to ask our War, but she made no sacrifices and it after Germany is out of the war? Government to take the leadership 1n contributed nothing to the common vic- 1943 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE · 4513 tory, nevertheless, in the conferences on by the advice of our high Army and Navy says should be done, and not to make any the treaty, in which the American people officers. In the nature of things, of question about it; the soldier merely car took no interest at all, the negotiators of· course, there must be a political side to ries out orders. I know that to be so the treaty put Japan in the possession every War; alliances between countries from the standpoint of an Army private. of this invaluable chain of islands which and agreements between countries of one A soldier does just w:Aat he is told to do have enabled her to make her attack on kind or another during a war are in and asks no questions. the whole world. evitable; but, in the last analysis, it However, I have a feeling that the Mr. CHANDLER. The Senator from would not be wise, in my humble judg great majority of the high-ranking Missouri is exa~tly right. As I say, either ment, ~o take action of a political na Army and Navy officers, who, after all, knowingly or unwillingly, in many in ture binding this country to any course must fight the war and must die for their stances, we were persuaded to bring of action without, at least, the tacit, if country if the occasion comes, would like about either by inaction or failure to not the express, approval of those who to do what I am urging, if our Comman recognize them, the desperate situations have actually the responsibility of fight der in Chief and Mr. Churchill would ar which have been create'd in the world and ing the war. One of the disadvantages range for them to do it. I have the feel which have brought about the terrific of a democracy is that in time of war we ing that if that were done, they would losses the whole world has suffered in do not know to what extent the opinion approve it, and would go into the fight this war. of the military and naval leaders in with a little more enthusiasm, if that Mr. SHIPSTEAD. Mr. President, will fluences the political action of the Gov were possible, and with a little more the Senator yield? ernment, or vice versa. spirit of determination, because I have a Mr. CHANDLER. I yield. I wish there were some way by which feeling that they consider in their hearts Mr. SHIPSTEAD. In reference to the we could all be reassured, as it were, con that that is the course of wisdom for this statement of the Senator from Missouri cerning what the military leaders think is country to pursue. about what Japan got out of the last the best procedure for us, that is, from the The speech I made here on the 16th of treaty, Clemenceau, after the protest of standpoint of our own interest, as every April I made on my own responsibility Wilson, said: other country is thinking of its interest; and without any encouragement from We ~ad destroyers in the Mediterranean; ·and, secondly, from the standpoint of anybody. I received some encourage we had to get them from Japan, we had to the combined allied interest. If I could ment from some level-headed persons pay for them, and we had to give ·them what feel that the high military leaders were and one always thinks a man is level we promised them. in favor of a second front in Europe, headed if he agrees with his own con 'I wish to compliment the Senator from largely composed of our own troops, first, clusions. I received some discourage Kentuck:y on the speech he is making. with a sort of a mark-time procedure in ment from some who did not agree with He has several times alluded to the fact our war with Japan, I should feel some me; and I do not complain about that, that Russia is not represented at the what reassured, because their judgment, for men have a right to agree or dis conference now being held and has not in my opinion, would be the best judg agree, and each one of us should figure participated in other conferences which ment we could employ, But if,· on the out as best he can his obligations to his have to do not only with the conduct of other hand, they favored a niore aggres people and his country, and do the ut the war but also with the peace. Did it sive war in the Pacific, and were induced most he can to represent the country's ever occur to the Senator that Russia to forego what they believed to be a wise best interest, and I know my colleagues was an ally ot'ours in the last war, pos strategic and military operation for a · are doing that. I may be permitted to sibly lost more men than any other na-. consideration which was largely politi say that for this speech I received much tion engaged in that war and yet before cal, I feel, then, that we would be em more encouragement from those from the war was over we joined with Japan, barking on a" road of doubtful worth, whom I wanted to have encouragement, Great Britain, and France, and sent an and that the remarks of the Senator from and I have spoken to the Senate today army to Russia and conducted a war Kentucky, if such were the case, would not only my own feelings but the feeling against the Russian people for several be a very fine warning for us all to of quite a number of military and naval years? I thought it significant that absorb. men in the United States who think that Stalin in one of his very rare speeches I am wondering-of course, there is the course I have suggested is the right called attention to the fact that the allies prob~bly no answer to the question one for us to pursue. of the last war had finally attacked the what our high Army and Navy officers If we could somehow exert, not po Russian people, a:s he claimed, without feel is the role of the United States in li-tical pressure, not pressure of any kind, justification. I thought it significant this war, in view of the conditions as but if we could exert such correct in also that he said the Russian people had they now stand. Are they in favor of fluence over the discussions now pro not forgotten it. Having had that ex making the attack in the Pacific the ceeding that in the long run finally we perience in the last war, they may be a primary objective, and the opening of a could cause those who are making the second front in Europe the secondary plans for the future, those who have the little coy about their allies at this time. right to make the strategy, to adopt our Mr. CHANDLER. I thank the Senator objective, or vice versa? I have a sort of feeling, which I cannot substantiate, suggestions, it would be better for our for his observation. country. Congress has the right to' de Mr. President, I desire to close with that the military leaders are more in clined to take a larger interest in the clare war, or the right to say that a war this word-- . Pacific than has been taken up to now; exists, but under our Constitution, the Mr. TYDINGS. Mr. President, before but that, of course, is merely an opinion; President of the United States has to the Senator concludes, will he permit an and it may not be accurate. make the war. We cannot make it. interruption? Mr. CHANDLER. First, may I express But I do not think that should mean Mr. CHANDLER .. I yield to the Sen- my deep appreciation to my friend from that we should not be interested. If ator from Maryland. · ' Maryland for his generous comment somehow we could have brought to bear Mr. TYDINGS. First-of all, I should concerning this feeble effort of mine. upon the consciences of the men who are like to say that, regardless of whether He and I were friends before I became a conferring that what we suggest is one agrees or disagrees with the position Member of the Senate, and he knows of proper, it would be well. They are not of the Senator from Kentucky, I think my devotion to him and of my sincere all in agreement; I take it there will be no one can fail to appreciate the high appreciation of any compliment which quite a contest over many questions, but courage, the . candor, and the basic may come from him. if we could convince them that it is to patriotism which have inspired him to the best interests of the United States speak out on a subject in a manner which We know how difficult it is to get Army convince our leaders first, and then the will probably make him a target of at or Navy officers to talk, because if they leaders of the other countries-that we tack. I know that everything he says is talk, and make a mistake, and say the -'fight Japan and then fight Germany, inspired by an earnest desire to serve wrong thing, they usually become civil that such a course would be in the inter the country of which we are all citizens. ians. A military man wants to do his est not only of the American people, but As I listened to a portion of the Sena job as best he can, and carry out orders. of the peace of the world, we would have tor's speech, one thought which occurred The Senator from Maryland was a dis done a good job. I should not lil{e to be to me is to what extent the future mili tinguished soldier, and he knows the sol a party to a bad job; I should not like tary policy of our country is influenced dier's business is to do ~at his superior to make a mistake. 4514 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE MAY 17 I want Senators of the United States Whenever we participate in an inter what he said is accurate, but I do not to be sufficiently interested-and, if it national conference, I am reminded of think it is. We were not prepared for war is necessary, to assert their int~resir an ..aphorism by a wise American, and it at Pearl Harbor. If we had been pre that they will receive from time to always frightens me. Will Rogers once pared, what occurred would not have time more information, so that when said that we never lost a war and never happened, in my opinion. Mr. Pl·esi we are confronted with treaties to es won a conference, and I become nervous dent, I do not want anyone to prepare tablish the peace of the world. in the every time we engage in a conference. us in a similar way if we are to get into future, we will do a better job than our Of course, conferences are necessary, but, a fight. If we are to have a fight I want predecessors did 25 years ago. I do not in my opinion, out of this conference will our country to be much better prepared criticize them; they did the best they come defeat for all the people of the to take on an enemy and do a better job could under the circumstances, and their United States if the United :"~ations do than we did that day at Pearl Harbor. action was not influenced by any other not decide to wage a vigorous war against Mr. HATCH. Mr. President, will the than a patriotic motive; but the result Japan. Japan is still planning to invade Senator yield again? was a mistake-indeed, many mistakes the west coast of the United States. A Mr. CHANDLER. I yield. were made, and if we learn anything Japanese admiral said he expected to dic Mr. HATCH. I repeat, Mr. President, from wars which have to be fought over tate the peace terms. Where? In Tokio? we were prepared, we had the men, we and over again, we should not repeat the In Rome? In Berlin? No; but in the had the material, we had the equipment, mistakes which have been made time White House at Washington. Of course, and I say, as I said before, the failure after time. to the average American that seems fool was human failure, as the Senator well Mr. President, there is One who holds ish and silly, but the Japs have done so knows. the destiny of all of us in the hollow of many things which we thought they . Mr. CHANDLER. Mr. President, I His hand, and without Him and His could not do, it is high time we took into simply do not agree with the Senator spirit men fail; they fail all over the account the fact that this is a treacher from New Mexico. I have no objection to earth. I hope that somehow in His wis ous, dangerous, powerful enemy, becom the Senator feeling as he does, but I am dom He will give to the leaders of the ing more powerful every day, skilled in going to continue to feel the way I do people of the United States a vision that the art of what is possible, not -the im about that matter. will show them to path to peace in such possible. They believe in the art of the I wish to say to the Senator that we a way that we will be able to avo:.d, in possible. are not now so well prepared for war another generation, a repetition of this I wish that at some time when my col in the Pacific area as I wish we were, and terrible, destructive war. leagues have opportunity they would re we are not so well prepared for war in Mr. SHIPSTEAD. Mr. President, will view American public opinion of .Septem Australia as I wish we were. We were the Senator yield? ber, October, and November 1941. Just not very well prepared for war in the Mr. CHANDLER. I yield. read the statements and see how they Philippines. \Ve were driven from the Mr. SHIPSTEAD. The Senator has sound. American magazines, American Philippines, and I want the United stated in his very able and patriotic ad newspapers, Cabinet members, high States to arrange to go back sometime so dress that he knew he might be at ranking Army and Navy officials, said: that we can liberate the followers of tacked for making it. Other Senators "The Japs are slant-eyed; they cannot Quezon, our devoted friend. If we do have referred to the same possible action. see. Their planes are top-heavy; they not soon prepare to do so, Senators, it The Senator knows, as does every other cannot fiy. Their guns are bad. They may be too late. Senator, that it sometimes takes as much have no money. They have no morale. Mr. BONE. Mr. President, will the courage to meet attacks made in forensic They are worn out with the war against Senator yield? battle in the Senate as it takes to meet China. If they dare to provoke us, we Mr. CHANDLER. I yield. the bullets of enemies in military ven have our finger on the trigger, and it will Mr. BONE. I think all of us who are tures. Of course, the Senator may be at not take us more than 2 or 3 weeks-or, familiar with Civil War history will not tacked, but I am very proud of the fact at the outside, 2 or 3 months-to brush forget the proceedings in the Congress at tbat he has had the courage to say what them off." that time, when a committee was cre he has said, that in the Senate today he Do not think it was not considered by ated to direct the war operations, at took the trenches in defense of the Nation military and naval men that the Japs least to direct them so far as they could. and of his convictions. If the Senator could probably assault Pearl Harbor, but My friend the Senator from Kentucky should be attacked, let him consider his it was ruled out. It was too far away. will recall some of that history. There wounds as wounds of honor, for which he We were prepared for what? We had all sults were awkward, to say the least. may not be decorated with the Purple our ducks on the pond. Generals were called before the commit Heart, but for which I am sure American Mr. HATCH. M1:. President, will the tee and asked why they had not moved citizens of the futw·e will give him due Senator yield? in a certain way and in a certain direc credit. Mr. CHANDLER. I yield. tion. Probably no field officer in the Mr. CHANDLER. I thank the Senator Mr. HATCH. We were prepared at world can tell a Sen·ate or House com from Minnesota, and I say to him that Pearl Harbor for war. mittee why a commander moved his what happens to a single Senator or many 1'rr. CHANDLER. - I could not agree troops in a -certain direction at Chan- Senators is not of great concern, in the with the Senator about that, because if cellorsville. · ·long run of the years, to the people of the we were, we made the poorest showing Mr. President, while I agree to a con United States, but what happens to this tha.t was ever made in the history of siderable measure with what the Senator country is of grave concern to every citi war. from Kentucky says about the grim ne zen of the United States. Mr. HATCH. Let me say to the Sen cessities in the East, I am wondering how When I finish my present term, I shall ator that he is not being quite fair. far the Congress should go in·giving the have been in public office almost contin Pearl Harbor was prepared for war. The Army and Navy directives. I know that uously for 20 years, and I still claim fewer failure at Pearl Harbor was human fail I am not prepared to say how many men years than many of my colleagues. For ure. should be in the Far East or how many the honor I have enjoyed so long I am Mr. CHANDLER. I cannot agree with should be ·sent to Europe. I for one have grateful to the people of Kentucky, and I the Senator about that. In my opinion had a very wholesome respect for the hope to merit their confidence, and when we were not prepared for war at Pearl Japanese. I know they are a capable ever I fail to merit it, I do not want the Harbor, because we did not know there fighting people. I have lived among position longer. was going to be the kind of war which them, and I have no illusions with re I have undertaken to explain my views came. Can it be said we were prepared spect to them. They are a smart peo as to what, in my opinion, is one of the for what happened? We had all our ple. I recall my flesh almost shrinking most · serious and desperate situations planes out together, with wire fencing, on my bones when I heard statements that has ever faced the people of the and people standing around looking at made in this very Chamber that we United States. Somehow I have a feel them, and everything seemed to be all would clean up the Japanese in a short ing that out of this may come some bit right, and we had all our ships in the time and set Tokyo and Yokohama in of wisdom and encouragement which harbor togethei·, as I said, like ducks flames in a matter of days. We all re may assist our soldiers in prevailing. on-a pond. I know the Senator thinks member hearing sta~ements of that kind. 1943 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 4515 I wanted to get up and walk out of the know that conferences dealing with stra Mr. MILLIKIN. I should like to re Chamber when I heard them, and a sort tegic questions are proceeding now, and fresh the memory of the distinguished of feeling of depression came over me, in a few days perhaps a decision will be Senator from Kentucky, ·entirely aside because I knew what we confronted. made, a decision which will be of the from the moral interest in the questions Now I notice in the newspapers loud greatest moment to the people of Amer which he has been propounding, of the demands, even from military and naval i-ca and perhaps of the world. I have fact that we have a direct, sworn obliga leaders, for an enormous addition to the been urging that that conference decide tion in the matter. I am np.t passing number of planes we have on European that it is in the interest of the American upot1 the copt.r!lversial features at all, but fronts, so that we can bomb Germany people that we fight Japan first. I would refresh the memory of the out of the war. That pressure comes Mr. BONE. Mr. President, is it the Senator with respect to article I, section just at a time when the pressure in the Senator's view-and I ask the question 8, of the Constitution, which places on Far East is growing. I am wondering because I was called out of the Chamber us the duty to declare the war, the duty how far those of us in this Chamber and did not hear all his remarks-is it t'o make rules for the Government and and in the Chamber at the other end of the Senator's view that there should be regulation of the land and naval forces, the Capitol should now go in pressing a · a public announcement of a very mo the duty to raise and support-armies, the viewpoint which may be persuasive and mentous and decisive policy-that is, a duty to provide and maintain a Navy, perhaps dominating to some extent. policy of turning most- of our energies and the duty to make all laws which shall One hesitates to take on that responsi toward Japan and easing off our pres be necessary and proper for carrying bility. If we could only know the real sure on the European situation-or does into execution the powers thus conferred. truth! But even that suggestion does the Senator think that that would be These discussions do not rest on a mere not in any way militate against the the part of wisdom? matter of persuasiveness or on a mere argument made by the Senator from Mr. CHANDLER. Oh, no; I would not matter of moral interest. They touch a Kentucky. It is merely a question which make any public announcement. I have vital, sworn part of our duty. is in my mind, and T know it is in the not asked that public announcement be Mr. CHANDLER. I agree with the minds of other Senators. How far are made, but I ask, and will continue to ask, Senator from Colorado. I am not one we entitled morally to go in telling the that our treatment of Japan be in ac of those who subscribe to the view that Commander in Chief and the War and cordance with the facts, as I understand a Senator sh~uld be disinterested in Navy Departments what they should do them to be, and as the circumstances jus these questions, that the only time he in the disposition of troops and planes? tify; that we treat Japan as a No: 1 should be consulted is when another ap I think everyone wants this war won enemy, because it is in the interest of the propriation is wanted for a new battle on both fronts, and certainly no man people of the United States to do _so, ~d ship or for a new gun, an(( that on all dares minimize the seriousness of the that we make arrangements to fight other matters Senators should not be far eastern situation, for it is a deadly Japan, because Japan presents an immi consulted at all. So far as I am con thing. My own private opinion was that nent danger to the people of America. cerned, I am going to have my say when Japan in her Chinese venture was really Mr. BONE. And would we furnish I think I shoulf have it; and when I giving her troops a dress rehearsal, and that information to the people by telling think I should have it, no one will keep getting her divisions trained one after them or by actually doing it? Ordinar me from having it. the other, for the coup down through the ily the chain of events informs us. Mr. BURTON. Mr. President, will the southwest Pacific was onP. of the most Mr. CHANDLER. The information Senator yield? astounding' performances in all human will come to the people all right if we Mr. CHANDLER. I yield. history. The speed and certainty with take ac_tion. It does not make any dif Mr. BURTON. I. am sure I agree with which it was accomplished following the ference how much information we give the Senator that we should have a vital attack on Pearl Harbor will stand out as to the people with respect to what has · interest in these questions, both now and one of the great . military and naval been done in China-and not much has in times to come. accomplishments of all time. been done. At the time when we entered the war, So we are dealing with a resourceful. Mr. BONE. That is correct. . it seemed to me that we should have the purposeful, hard people. One of the Mr. CHANDLER. We do not know greatest responsibility in winning it, and ablest men •.I think, in defense operations how long China will stay in the war if it also ~eemed to me that if Germany in this country, said to me that the Japa nothing is done to help her. But cer and the other Axis Powers were able to nese were good fighters, good navigators, tainly the people will receive information win the war in Europe, we would be in a good flyers, and good soldiers, and had respecting that situation if nothing is tremendously dangerous situation in at good equipment, and that we faced a done, and if something is done, the ac tempting to win by ourselves. There real, purposeful enemy. The tragedy is complishment of the job will speak for fore, the attack was made largely on the that it is almost necessary to kill him, for itself. European front. he will not surrender. Mr. BONE. The only way attitudes of I assume that the premise on which Mr. President, when dealing with such mind can be developed is by giving in the Senator is now proceeding is that we people one feels tempted in contempla formation to the people. Then" a body have now gone far enough ahead in tion of the situation to go back and of public opinion is developed, and people Europe so that we can let go there, and freshen ones memory of the Saracen in are satisfied one way or the other, or dis can start against Japan. vasion of Eur:ope. Europe then was . satisfied, as the case may be. I do not Mr. CHANDLER. Yes. dealing with a people who were an ata think there is anyone who does not want Mr. BURTON. Is the Senator satisfied vistic throwback to the Dark Ages. They the war against Japan carried on ag that there is sufficient assurance that had no fear. They were people the aver gressively, but I think there is also a Germany will collapse or weaken, to age men of Europe could not understand. feeling in many quarters that if we can justify us in running the risk that Russia The Japanese is like that. He presents smash Germany with tremendous air will be able to get along if we do not start a most· bizarre and weird picture to the forces, and perhaps by a sortie on the a second front? Is the Senator satisfied world. It is staggering to contemplate south coast of Europe, and force Hitler that we can let go there now? what this thing means with 75~000,000 out of the war-if that is even remotely Mr. CHANDLER. At the outset of my or 80,000 ,000 of those people. They are possible-then both nations, Britain and remarks I said that after the campaign intrenched over there, and they have all the United States, and perhaps Russia, in Africa has ended-and it has now vir the assets of the Far East. The prob can turn their attention more completeiy tually ended-the next goals will be the lems is a desperate one, I will admit. to the Far East and knock Japan out of islands in the Mediterranean and the I am sorry I missed most of what the the war. nearby points in Italy. I gave the dis- Senator from Kentucky has said. I was Mr. CHANDLER. I have rather care -tances from points in Africa to the next called R.way from the Chamber. fully given my view of that question, so objectives, or to what probably will be Mr. CHANDLER. I wish the Senator I do not wish to go into it any further. or should be the next objectives. I said from Washington had heard the remarks Mr. MILLIKIN. Mr. President, will it was approximately 200 miles from To I made at the outset and during the the Senator yield? bruk to Crete, and only 90 miles from course of my speech, because he wourd Mr. CHANDLER. I yield. Tunis to Sicily, and only 175 miles from LXXXIX--285 4516 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE MAY 17 Tunis to Sardinia. When we reduce cide it. They may even be making the now have an air force exceeding .tn those islands, as I assume we will, by decisions now. However, I am not one every way that of the Axis Powers, and in means of attacks from airfields along of those Senators who believe that we view of the fact that a great Russian the northern coast of Africa-airfields should be interested only to the extent Army is holding the Germans at bay, the which pmbably are now being built-! of taking an active interest. Of course, Senator's point of view, as I understand do not believe the Germans or Italians I do not claim that the Senate can con it, is that he does not want either of the can stay in those islands. If the Ger duct the war; but I do claim that the two fronts to become so strong that the mans and Italians do not have any more Senate, as the representative of the other might be a danger to us. air support in those places than they had American people, has a profound interest Mr. CHANDLER. That is correct. in Tunisia, I am confident that they can in the way the war is conducted, and Mr. TYDINGS. And the Senator has not stay there. Once they lose those should make ~ts wishes known if it can drawn the comparison more or less after islands, the length of the Allied supply do so. Whether in the final analysis the the fashion in which I have briefly lines to India will be greatly reduced. statement of any one man will be found sketched it, to show that the situation Then it will be possible to use the route to be accurate, and the statement of over there is, not that victory is around by way of the Mediterranean, through another to be inaccurate, only time will · the corner or that the war is over-- the Suez Canal, and into the Indian tell. Mr. CHANDLER. No. Ocean, instead of the much longer route · Mr. 'TYDINGS. Mr. PresidentL will Mr. TYDINGS. But that from our around the southern end of Africa. the Senator yield? standpoint, and viewing the whole pic Then it would seem to me-l do not Mr. CHANDLER. I yield. ture, at the moment the European front claim to be a military strategist or an Mr. TYDINGS. Has the Senator any is less dangerous than is the front in armchair strategist, but I can read and possible estimate of the total number of the Pacific. I can see pictures, and I understand. British soldiers-not American soldiers Mr. CHANDLER. The Senator has some of the things I read and some of and all others except Americans who now stated my position better than I have the pictures I see--it would seem to me are fully trained and equipped in the done, and I believe that what he has said that we shall have Germany ringed on British Isles? is correct. all sides with hostile forces. I happen Mr. CHANDLER. No; I have not. Mr. TYDINGS. No; I am only ask to be one of those who believe that Ger Mr. TYDINGS. I have not, either; ing the Senator these questions because, many is not now in a position-and I but I think the number is in excess of in view of what the Senator from Ohio have said so-to knock out either Russia 2,000,000. I assume it is already recog said, I do not want to leave in the or England. Th-ere was a time when she nized by everyone that the rate of pro RECORD· the inference that the Senator might have been in a position to knock duction of war planes of the British alone from Kentucky is in favor of drawing out one or the other of them, but she is greater than that of the Axis Powers. everything from the European front and did not knock out either one. If from Mr. CHANDLER. I said so earlier sending it into the fight against Japan. Dunkerque, when she had 250 divisions, today. I said they have a larger air Mr. CHANDLER. No. she had gone across the Channel at the force than Germany has. Mr. TYDtNGS. As I understand the time when England had only 1 division, Mr. TYDINGS. It is also recognized, position of the Senator from Kentucky the chances are that she would have I think, that the British have perhaps he is perfectly content to let wh1.t is at knocked out England. 50 times the available merchant marine the El:ropean front remain there-what I also believe-but not because I con that the Axis Powers have. . evel is there, either in the way of man .. sider myself to be a military strategist Mr. CHANDLER. That is correct. power or personnel or materiel-but his that we cannot win unless we carry the Mr. TYDINGS. I think it is also rec wish is that from now on, until the situa fight to the enemy. In other words, as ognized that the British have a naval tion on the European fronl appears to wars are waged today, I do not think fleet which probably is many times-let be more dangerous, more of an effort it is possible to win by staying on the us say four or five times-the size of the shall be made on the Pacific front, and defensive. - combined Axis fleets, if all categories of less on the Atlantic or European front. Mr. BURTON. Mr. President, will the vessels are considered. It is not that the Senator believes at all Senator further yield? · Mr. CHANDLER. Yes. tbat the developments on the European Mr. CHANDLER. I yield. Mr. TYDINGS. It is likewise recog front are a certainty; but I understand Mr. BURTON. I share the Senator's nized that one of the great difficulties that the Senator does believe there is enthusiasr~l for fighting Japan and for confronting Hitler at the time of Dun today on the European front a great being aggressive against Japan. kerque was the lack of water transporta wealth of manpower and of naval power Mr. CHANDLER. The Senator has tion to enable his troops to cross to which, since the fall of Dunkerque, 3 been out there and has seen some of the England. At that time it was also rather years ago, has been employed to a very things I have seen. He knows Japan's a matter of conjecture whether, if Hitler limited extent. quality as a fighter, and knows how nar did get over to Englan.d, the British Fleet Mr. CHANDLER. The Senator has rowly we escaped from having her do to might fall into Hitler's hands. That was accurately stated the feeling I have with us some of the things she did to others. the reason for lend-lease and for other respect to the general situation. We The Senator knows about those matters. things-not particularly because the in have the Ger.tnans completely sur Mr. BURTON. At the same time I vasion of Britain alone would be bad for rounded. We have superior air power, feel that it is essential that we check the the world, but because of the possible as was demonstrated in the Battle of enemy on the European front before we resultant effects on the safety ot our own Tunisia. The German air force prac go to tb,e other coast, and that we do not country. tically disappeared. leave the European front in danger. Mr. CHANDLER. Yes. Mr. TYDINGS. And in Russia. Mr. CHANDLER. I agree. Mr. TYDINGS. As I understand the Mr. CHi'.NDLER. And ·in Russia. We Mr. BURTON. Therefore, I believe Senator's position, he is not against sup have been told by high military authori that in the present critical situation, as plying airplanes and weapons to Russia ties that we have superiority in the air the Senator has described it, we must or to Britain. over every place where we are fighting. bear in mind not only our enthusiasm Mr. CHANDLER. No. On the con If that is so, and we have a ring around and desire to attack Japan, but the ques trary, I said we should do so, and should Germany, I think we can strangle Hitler. tion of what would happen if Germany continue to do so. Th3 other reason for asking that that should win in Europe. Are we ready to Mr. TYDINGS. The Senator is talk situation be "lot gone into except to the take that tremendous chance? If Ger ing primarily about the sending of addi extent I have indicated is that an inva many should win after we let go over tional manpower. If there are, let us sion of the continent of Europe by Amer there, we would have made the wrong say, in Great Britain over 2,000,000 Brit ican boys, British boys, or Canadian boys guess. ish soldiers who have beer( there ever would, in my opinion, resUlt in terrific Mr. CHANDLER. The reason why I since Dunkerque, but who, we assume,· losses. bring up the matter is because confer have been sufficiently armed only for the Mr. TYDINGS. I do not want to pose ences on strategy are now proceeding last 18 or 24 months, if the British have a as a military expert, because frankly I and those who have the right to decide navy five times as great as the combined know very little about the military angles as to what shall be the strategy will de- navies of the Axis Powers. if the British involved. However, let us look at the I
1943 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 4517 beaches in France, Belgium, and Holland. first, in my opinion, we should suffer ties who determine our policies must con- · First of all, I think it is reasonable to as maxirnum losses everywhere. I have rea sider the fact that the front in Europe-is sume that in the waters near the beaches son to believe that the American fighting vital, and that if we were to lose there, the Germans have planted many thou men in all services would rather make it the result would be practically fatal in sands of mines. It is fair to assume that a war of attrition. I do not think Ger the conduct of the World War. There on the beaches themselves they have many can defeat any nation now. If we fore, the Senator must premise any de planted many tens of thousands of land should let her alone, she might defeat mand to direct greater attention to the mines. There is no doubt that on the some of her enemies, but I believe that attack upon Japan upon the conclusion beaches themselves they have erected the danger of a direct threat to Great that we can hold our own without put many miles of barbed wire. There is no Britain and Russia from Germany is vir ting in any additional weight in Europe, doubt that all the way from southern tually past. I think she has lost the ini because we must not lose there, whatever France to the entr.ance to the Baltic Sea tiative. I think we can carry the fight happens. • the Germans have built concrete ma to her from now on. I think it would be Mr. CHANDLER. I understand. If I chine-gun emplacements, trench mortar best to employ tremendous iorces against did not believe that we were in a position emplacements, one-pounder emplace Japan and knock Japan out of the war. to give greater attention to Japan, I ments, and artillery emplacements. I have said that I am not certain that would not advocate it. To do so would There is light artillery, medium artillery, later we should have much assistance in be to advocate something which would and heavy artillery. defeating Japan. I would rather defeat be dangerous to the country. What we are thinking of is a situation Japan while we have allies than to have Mr. BURTON. It would be pract~cally somewhat like that in World War No. 1, to defeat her by ourselves later, perhaps fatal if things were to go wrong in Eu when both sides had stabilized their po in a situation in which we could not rope. Therefore the opinion of our mili sitions and set up aU the permanent em ·defeat her. · tary leaders on that subject is vital. We placements which human ingenuity could Mr. McFARLAND. Mr. President, will do not have that opinion before us. That conceive. The Senator knows that in the Senator yield? is precisely the thing on which they are that case, even with tanks and with poi Mr. CHANDLER. I yield. working at this time. son gas, it was very difficult to drive a Mr. McFARLAND. Is it the past ac Mr. TYDINGS. Mr. President, will the wedge in for ever a short distance and tion of the military authorities which Senator yield?. hold it. The conquest of the St. Mihiel causes the concern of the Senator, or is Mr. CHANDLER. I yield. salient, for example, was very elaborately it knowledge of proposed plans of the Mr. TYDINGS. I do not think the planned. The element of complete sur military authorities which causes con Senator from Ohio means, by the ques prise was one of the factors which per cern? tions he asks, to convey the impression mitted us to take it. The Senator knows Mr. CHANDLER. I cannot tell the that England now is in grave danger of that after Chateau Thierry the reduc Senator from Arizona what causes my a German invasion. tion of the German thrust which came concern. It would require too long. I Mr. BURTON. No; I dQ not mean down from the Vesle River required con am concerned about many things. The that. siderable time. Germany had done her Senator has not heard my speech. I do M.r. TYDINGS. There was a time utmost. not intend to deliver it again. I gave a when England was actually threatened Coming back to the beaches, I am not rather detailed explanation of my con with a serious likelihood of such an in saying that we should make an invasion cerns. vasion. or that we should not. I do not know. Mr. McFARLAND. But what causes Mr. :aURTON. What I wisli to em However, I can well recognize the hesi the Senator to be·concerned? phasize is that it would be practically tancy of Mr. Churchill, President Roose Mr. CHANDLER. I am concerned be fatal to us if anything should go wrong velt, General Marshall, and the British cause this is my country. This is the on the European front. Therefore we generals to jump into an invasion too only country I have, and I am anxious to must not let anything go wrong there, quickly, because unless the attack is well raise my boys. For· that reason I wish to and we must be sure not to run any risk planned, unless our forces are prepared see polictes adopted which will more of it. to the nth degree to make such an at abundantly succeed, and save the lives Mr. CHANDLER. Let me go back to tack, and unless every factor we can em of citizens of the United States. the premise on which we agreed awhile ploy is employed, the invasion may fail. Mr. McFARLAND. The Senator has ago. We agreed that as wars are con If the invasion should fail, we might pro made some statements which I have ducted today, no country can win a war long the war. So for the moment I am heard, which have caused me consider on the defensive. Does the Senator still not advocating the opening of a second able concern. One of them was that we agree to that? front unless our military experts think it are not now as well prepared as we Mr. BURTON. Yes; I agree to that. wise. should be at Pearl Harbor. · Does the The question is when to stop the of Mr. CHANDLER. I agree with the Senator have some knowledge which he . fensive. We have a pretty good offen Senator. has gained through the Military Affairs sive now under way. Mr. TYDINGS. As I understand the Committee, or from some other source, Mr. CHANDLER. If those who have Senator's argument, he is not advocating in regard to Pearl Harbor, which the rest the right to agree do agree that Ger it or opposing it. What he is saying is of us do not possess? The Senator can many has at least temporarily lost the that we cannot afford to overlook the not make such statements without caus offensive, and that at the present time Pacific, because the clouds gathering ing us to have some concern. Personally England is not in danger of an invasion there are so dark that, if we overlook I feel that discussions as to what -the from Germany, and that the Soviet them, we may have to pay a greater strategy of the War Department should Union is not in danger of being overrun price on all fronts in blood and treasure be are very unfortunate, unless there is by the German Army, then the question than we would have to pay if we should some real reason for them. is, Where should we turn our attention? give more attention to the Pacific from Mr. CHANDLER. I do not feel that Mr. BURTON. It is at that point that now on. way. I make these statements on my I think it is vital for our military com Mr. CHANDLER. I have said so in own responsibility, and because of my manders to determine whether we should the course of my speech. I repeat, the own concern. The Senator can discuss stop our offensive at this time, because Senator has stated it better than I could. the question or not, a:s he chooses. I am when Germany had the offensive at the I do not know, but I have an idea that, not urging the Senator to be concerned. time she was attacking England, if she if we were to talk to any soldier who Mr. BURTON. Mr. President, will the had continued she would have won the went with the Canadians on the Dieppe Senator yield? war. We must be careful not to stop too raid, and learn what actually happened Mr. CHANDLER. I yield. soon. there, we should find that the defense in Mr. BURTON. It was my purpose in Mr. CHANDLER. The Senator is cor- depth. is tremendous. An invasion of interrupting the Senator a little while rect. . the channel coast would be almost mass ago to bring out the point that I was Mr. TYDINGS. Mr. President, will the murder. Any force which undertakes it sure the Senator would want to take into Senator yield? will suffer. If we were to fight Germany consideration, the fact that the authori- Mr. CHANDLER. I yield. 4518 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE MAY 17 Mr. TYDINGS. T'.nere are only two Mr. CHANDLER. The Senator and I men, that is a consideration which sholtld points which I wish to reaccentuate. The know the Army and Navy of the United be taken under advisement. first is that there are-as I recall with States will in the future carry out the Mr. CHANDLER. Mr. President, I out knowing the facts-:.in excess of 2,000,- policies adopted at this conference and read Mark Sullivan's article in the Post 000 fully trained, fully equipped, ready not raise a voice in opposition to them. this morning, and I am not willing that for-combat soldiers in the British Isles, Mr. CLARK of Missouri. Mr. Presi any columnist, or any Senator, for that plus an air force whose superiority over dent, will the Senator yield? matter, should tell me when I can speak that of the Axis nations is overwhelming, Mr. CHANDLER. I yield. on a question which i.· important to the plus a navy which is four or five times as Mr. CLARK of Missouri. The Senator people of my country. I know this con great as .the Axis navies, to say the least, from Maryland and the Senator from ference is going on, and I know someone plus the fact that the whole psychology Kentucky have both put their fingers on will make a decision. I do not ~now and strategy of the war has gone from the particular problem which seems to who will have the strongest influence in one of defeat on our side to defeat on the me to be well worthy of consideration. the making of the decision. other side. The Russians are fighting We hear mu ch about military decisions I do not know whether Mr. Churchill and dying by the hundreds of thousands, being made by military men. A short will make it or whether Mr. Roosevelt and, indeed, by the millions. It seems while ago the Senator from Illinois put will make it. Perhaps both will make it. to me tl!at to supply an invasion army of into the RECORD an article by Mark Sul One may be as strong in his influence 2,000,000 men will be a rather big job. livan. Everybody who has any sense as the other. One may be the stronger It is pretty hard for us to supply a small agrees with the article. and have his way. But I have a right force which runs only into the hundreds Mr. CHANDLER. The Senator is to put my oar in. I want to assert my of thousands. It seems to me that if the correct. views with regard to the situation in invasion can be made and i:S to be made, Mr. CLARK of Missouri. Military de the interest of the people of the United while the Germans are reeling, the forces cisions are being made and should be States only, and not beca11se I am a mili which are idle in the British Isles, to the made by military men, and no civilian tary strategist or claim to be. So long number of two or two and a half million should feel competent to set up his judg as I am a Senator I am not one of those men, who are ready for it, should be ment against the best military judgment, · who will permit anyone to accuse me of utilized. I do not like the idea of having with all due respect to some of the col trying to run ,the war by politics or by that great force mark time until we can umnists and radio commentators who at armchair strategy because I happen to send over two or two and a half million tempt to do that very thing. assert what seems to me to be of prime men to make the invasion, while we fight The thing which would concern me as and vital interest to the people of the in the Pacific at the same time. being a matter of very great strategy, United States. Perhaps I should not have said that. and which should concern everyone else I repeat, I have reason to believe that Perhaps what is now being done is the in the United States, is the question to there are thousands upon thousands of wise thing to do. If General Marshall what extent the best military and naval soldiers and sailor boys as well as ma and Admiral King believe it is wise to do brains of the Allied forces are free to rines, and their officers, who would what is now being done, I will retract act and free to make decisions. Take rather follow the course I have sug what I have said. I am for them. They the case of Mr. Churchill, for example. gested. In the long run, Senators are are skilled. But inasmuch as we are de I have great respect and admiration for not going to have to die; those who make bating the subject, I am curious to know Mr. Churchill. I think he is one of the the decisions will not have to die. Those what, in their inner hearts and minds greatest orators who has lived, certainly in the armed services-will have to die, if General Marshall and Admiral King in my time. He has been in the United anyone dies, in the fighting, and they really think about it as trained and States a great deal lately, and I am glad should have a chance, and strategy skilled military men, who have- the re always to have him here. Mr. Churchill should be adopted which would give sponsibility of winning the war, not only is one of the greatest English orators in them a chance. I do not assert that any in the Atlantic, but in the Pacific as well. the English-speaking world. Perhaps citizen of the United States is more or The second point which I should like time will prove that he is one of the less anxious to win the war than I am, to accentuate is somewhat kindred to greatest statesmen who has ever lived. or more or less anxious to do it with the the first. How much are political con That is something which only time can fewest number of ·losses, or in the best siderations-! do not mean election con settle. He is certainly one of the most way, but I repeat that I am just as siderations when I use the word "politi attractive, intriguing, and colorful writ anxious as any of them, and just as cal"-how much, let me say, are political ers we have all been privileged to read much concerned. If in some way we considerations in the international field during our lifetime. But Mr. Churchill can strengthen the arm of one who is influencing the better judgment of the making arrangements for our side so experienced and seasoned Army- and has been notably and tragically unfor tunate, both in the last war and in the that he may prevail in the interest of Navy men who have the real fighting to present war, on occasions when he has the American people, and if I may have a do, the responsibility to bear, and, as the made military and naval decisions. We -small part in that success, I shall be very Senator from Kentucky has said, the all remember that Mr. Churchill was re- , glad; and a small part is all that_ it will possibility of dying in order to-prove the sponsible for the ghastly fiasco at Gallip be, if any at all. But I will not let any substance, merit, and soundness of their oli. We all remember when he went to body divert me from the purpose I have, views? That is what I should like to which is a good purpose. I think it is know. Belgium and almost opened up the chan nel ports by his faulty strategic deci right. If I did not think so I would not Mr. CHANDLER. I will say to the do it. · sions as a civilian member of the Br~tish Senator from Maryland that if I had not Cabinet. Without any reflection on Mr. Mr. SHIPSTEAD. Mr. President- believed I was speaking in their interest Mr. CHANDLER. I yield to the Sen I should not have said a word. When I Churchill's statesmanship, his patriot ism, or his great ability as an orator, ator from Minnesota. do think I am speaking in their interest Mr. SHIPSTEAD. I simply wanted to I intend to speak. it rather gives me pause when I stop to think that in a matter of such terrific say, in connection with the statement of Mr. TYDINGS. Will the Senator fur the Senator from Missouri, that, in ther yield? importance to the whole world as that enumerating the military adventures of Mr. CHANDLER. I yield. which the Senator from Kentucky has Mr. Churchill, he failed to mention the Mr. TYDINGS. I think the Senator been discussing here today, these deci expendition to Russia during the last was well within his rights in making his sions might not be made actually bi the war after Russia had been our ally. statement, but a situation might evolve responsible military or naval·chiefs who, History has recorded that Churchill, I do not say it exists-in which the high as the Senator from Kentucky has said, more than anyone else, was responsible Army and Navy men might be opposed would loyally carry QUt any decision, but for the expedition not only to Archangel to this policy, but b~ing under the Com the decisions may be made by superiors but to Vladivostock, and was joined by mander in Chief, even though being op of the military and naval experts. It other former allies of Russia. Japan, posed, they would do the best they could seems to me that when we are talking France, and the United States joined to carry out the political policies of the about leaving military decisions to mili Britain in that expedition at that time. country. tary men and naval decisions to naval We were told it was a question of saving 1943 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 4519 the Russian people; afterward it was been representing the people of the he should bear in mind, and so should stated that it was in an effort to make United States bravely and well. every otper Senator, that of all the lead• the Kerensky government guarantee the Mr. CHANDLER. I do not disagree ers in the world today he is the unly one loans which had been made by certain with the Senator on that, and I have not . who is chosen by the people whom he lending institutions in various countries. said anything that would indicate any represents. I a::.-1 exceedingly proud of The expedition was not successful, but lack of appreciation for the magnificent the last statement the Senator from our boys died in the snows of Archangel job the RussiaP Army has done in de Kentucky made-that he wants to and of Vladivostok. fense of the country of Russia. If we got strengthen the hands of that great lead Mr. CHANDLER. I have the greatest the benefit 'lf it, as I think we did, I er, who, in my opinion, is greater than respect. for Mr. Churchill. He is a Brit have not the slightest disposition to take all the others put together. isher; he is not an American. I think he a single bit of credit away not only from Mr. CHANDLER. I want him represents vigorously, as he understands Joe Stalin, but from all the Russian strengthened so that he can ::how it. them, the best interests of the British armies for the fight which they have Woodrow Wilson was the greatest leader Government. I recall that he wrote a made. I hope they will continue it. But in the world at that time, and very few number of books-While England they have not fought Japan as yet. If people disagreed "Jntil, as the boy used Slept, and others-in which he under they will fight Japan for us, then I shall to say in Kentucky, the butcher cut him took to warn his people of the impending be glad to advocate that we do something down. · danger. They did not pay very much at in the direction of Germany. At the mo Mr. LUCAS. He was not upheld in the tention to him. It was an ironic inci ment, if they will fight Japan or if they Senate. dent that when it came to their darkest will give us bases in their territory so Mr. CHANDLER. No; he lost his in hour they called him to take them out of that we can bomb Japan, I will be much fluence before he got back here, and their trouble, and he has done a magnifi more enthusiastic about it. every student of history knows it. I have cent job. Mr. MURDOCK. Mr. President, will said befort., and I repeat, the Senator I do not think Mr. Churchill repre the Senator yield to me? from Utah, 'who loves the President, has sents the people of the United States on Mr. CHANDLER. I yield. not supported him any more wholeheart any council; I think he represents Eng Mr. MURDOCK. In the discussions I edly than I have in his plans and pro land, and the British Empire, and I do have heard riuring the course of the Sen gram, not only as he sought to prepare not blame· him for that. I do not think ator's speech this afternoon, I have heard them before we .. got into the war, but Joe Stalin represents the people of the the Generalissimo referred to as being a vigorously to prosecute it since we have United States on any council, and I do great leader and a great representative been in it. not think he will represent them if he of the Chinese people. Now, the question which arises is, Are becomes a member of any council. He Mr.-CHANDLER. Yes; I think he is. we going to permit the President of the will represent Rus_sia, and do a good job Mr. MURDOCK. I have heard the United States now to have happen to of it. He is a realist; he really knows Senator say time and time again, and I him what happened to Woodrow Wilson how to add! I like to deal with people have heard other Senators mention the at Versailles 25 years ago, when sud who know how to add, and I like people fact, that Churchill is over here repre denly the whole world dropped out from to deal with me who know how to add, senting Great Britain and the British under him? I have not only read the because such people know what the fig Empire and the people of the British histor~ · of It, but I have been told by ures tell them and get the right answer. Empire. I have heard the fact referred men who were there that he got along Mr. LUCAS. Mr. President, will the (~ that Stalin is representing the Russian fine up to a certain point, and then sud Senator yield long enough to enable me people and the great Russian Empire. I denly he learned that Clemenceau and · to read the article by Mark Sullivan '1ave not heard mentioned up to this time Lloyd George and Orlando had made to which the Senator from Missouri re the name of the great leader who is rep- divers arrangements and treaties which ferred? It will take about 5 minutes. . resenting the United States and the he had known nothing about, and then Mr. HATCH. Mr. President, before people of the United States. all he could do was to go home because the Senator does that-- Mr. CHANDLER. Wait a moment. the others had the whole thing arranged. Mr. CHANDLER. I wish the Senator The Senator did not hear my speech. It was a pitiful thing. Woodrow Wilson from illinois would do that in his own Mr. MURDOCK. Let me say-- was a great man; he had great ideals, time. I do not want it in my speech. Mr. CHANDLER. Wait a moment; I which I hope some day may be realized, I read it, and if I had wanted it in my do not want any more along that line; and they ought to be realized for the speech I would have brought it here this that is as far as I want the Senator to go. good of everybody in the world; but he morning. I knew before he got up what he was was repudiated by these other men. Mr. LUCAS. I thought the Senator going to say. He did not listen to my When he went there he was, I think, the said in his talk to the Senator from Mis speech. If he had done so, he would greatest leader man had at that time; souri that he would place it in the know that I started out by saying that I there was not any leader greater than RECORD. wanted to strengthen the hands of the Woodrow Wilson at the hour when he Mr. CHANDLER. I thought the Sena President of the United States. I do not left there. tor had placed it in the RECORD. yield to any other Member of the Sen Mr. MURDOCK. Mr. President, will Mr. LUCAS. I wanted to read it, and ate, either on the Democratic side or the the Senator yield to me again? I shall do so later. Republican side, in loyal support to him Mr. CHANDLER. Not at the moment. Mr. CHANDLER. Let the Senator in his effort to prepare this country be When Woodrow Wilson left there he read it in his own time. I do not want fore we got into the war and to fight it was broken in spirit, broken in health, it in my speech. I would have put it after we got ·into the war. I claim now and when he came back here he carried in my speech if I had so desired. that he is doing a good job, and I want hiS fight to the American people and . Mr. LUCAS. It contains a philosophy his hands strengthened. The Senator lost it. to which I subscribe. did not hear that part of my speech. If · Mr. TYDINGS .. Mr. President, will Mr. HATCH. Mr. President, I am not he had been here, he would have heard the Senator yield? · familiar with the article the Senator has it, for it is in my speech. Mr. CHANDLER. I yield. · mentioned, but I want to ask the Sena Mr. MURDOCK. Will the Senator Mr. TYDINGS, The Senator might tor a question. He is speaking about the yield for an observation? point out that within a few days after representation of this country by Great Mr. CHANDLER. I yield. the armistice was signed, and even be Britain and by Russia, and he said Joe Mr. MURDOCK. I am very sorry I fore Wilson went abroad, the Democratic Stalin did not speak for the United have not heard every word the Senato1· Party ·lost the House of Representatives. States? said. Mr. CHANDLER. Oh. yes; I have re Mr. CHANDLER. I do not think so. Mr. CHANDLER. So am I. ferred to that before now. I think, per Mr. HATCH. I want to say to the Mr. MURDOCK. I apologize to him haps, it was occasioned by failure to Senator that the Russian armies which that on two occasions I had to leave the consult a sufficient number of infiuential have been fighting German armies and Chamber briefly. I wish to say now that Members of the Senate of the United have hurled them back in d,efeat have when he speaks of our own great leader States. I hope that mistake will not be 4520 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE MAY 17 repeated, and I hope those who in their eration of House bill 2409, making ap or should not be done in the Pacific at blind loyalty follow the leader without propriations for the legislative branch this particular time. reason or question will not fix it so that and for the judiciary for the fiscal year I doubt that I would have taken the the rest of us may also become yes· men, ending June 30, 1944. and for other pur fioor had not the distinguished Senator because it is necessary to be realistic, it poses. from Missouri [Mr. CLARK] referred to is necessary to be determined, and we Mr. McNARY. Mr. President, I have an article I placed in the REcoRD this have got to try to figure out a thing not no present desire to oppose the motion, morning, written by the famous writer, as we wish it, but as it is, in order to help but I suggest the absence of a quorum. Mark Sullivan, and entitled "Military this President of ours to keep his in The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Decisions." Early this morning I picked fiuence right down to the last line and clerk will call the roll. up the Post and found this column by right down to the last signature, and it The legislative clerk called the roll, Mark Sullivan, which so impressed me is my judgment-! do not claim it to be and the following Senators answered to that I had it placed in the Appendix of accurate, but it is mine, and I have a their r..ames: the RECORD. I think it is the only article right to have it, and no one can keep me Aiken George O'Mahoney written by Mr. Sullivan which I have from having it-it is my best judgment Austin · Gerry Overton ever placed in the RECORD. that if we fight Germany and whip her Bailey G1Hette Radcliffe I wish to read what Mr. Sullivan had first, he will not have any infiuence over Ball Green Reed Bankhead Gufi'ey Revercomb to say, and discuss it as I proceed be there, and I do not know of any reason Barbour Gurney Reynolds cause it is diametrically opposed to the why he should have. Bilbo Hatch Robertson theory and the philosophy of the Sen If Russia takes what she wants-and Bone Hawkes Russell Brewster Hayden Shipstead ator from Kentucky with respect to what we will not be able to keep her from it, Bridges Hill Smith should be done in connection with mili and no one else will-and if England Brooks Holman Stewart tary decisions. takes what she wants, and they divide up Buck Johnson, Colo. Taft . Burton La Follette Thomas, Okla. It does not make much difference what Europe between them, what will happen? Bush:field Langer Thomas, Utah we may think about a given situation in Suppose Russia wants Estonia, and Butler Lodge Tobey respect to the conduct of the war, be Lithuania, and Latvia, and Finland, and Capper Lucas Tunnell Caraway McCarran Tydings cause in the final analysis we in the Poland, what are we to do about it? We Chandler McClellan Vandenberg United States Senate and the people as cannot do anything. ·We may protest, Chavez McFarland Van Nuys Wagner a whole must place our trust and confi but they will not pay any attention to it. Clarlt, Idaho McNary dence in someone. As I have frequently They wj.ll divide Europe up, unless a spirit Clark, Mo. Maloney Wallgren Connally May bank Walsh said in the past, this country has spent of philanthropy moves them, and they Danaher Mead Wheeler literally billions of dollars in training become imbued with a desire to give Davis Millikin Wherry things away. They have not given away Downey Moore White men at Annapolis and West Point and Eastland Murdock Wiley throughout this land to defend our secu anything yet; we are the ones who have Ellender Nye Willis rity and our institutions and our rights given away. I have no objection to that Ferguson O'Daniel Wilson in a great crisis like that through which so long as we are fighting a war with Mr. HILL. I announce that the Sen we are passing at the present time, and, them which threatens us. But matters ator from Florlda [Mr. ANDREWS], the it' we cannot trust those men on whom have shifted. Our danger is in the Senator from Kentucky [Mr. BARKLEY], we have spent these billions of dollars of Pacific, our danger is in the east, and I the Senator from Tennessee £Mr. Mc the taxpayers' money, then it is just want to fight a Pacific war vigorously KELLAR], and the Senator from Virginia and actively, and if we do not fight it too oad for us all. In the humble opin [Mr. GLAss] are absent from the Senate ion of the Senator from Illinois, we must vigorously and actively, we will by our because of illness. failure create such a situation that we sink or swim with the military, air, a!ld The Senator from Montana [Mr. naval leaders of this country. will never win, but will always be in ~ar with Japan, because they are growing MURRAY] is absent on official business I am a member of the Committee on stronger every day and every hour. for the Special Committee to Study and Naval Affairs, and I believe that commit Survey Problems on Small Business tee has about as much to do with the Mr F-fesident, I do not say to some Enterprises. one else, "You do it." I say, "Come on; Pacific and the problems in that vast let us do the job together." That, in my The Senator from Missouri [Mr. TRu expanse as any other committee of the opinion, w-ill strengthen the hand of the MAN] is out of the city conducting hear Senate. President of the U11ited States. It will ings on behalf of the Special Committee Time and time again the best in make him more effective in his dealing to Investigate the National Defense Pro formed men in the United States Navy with these two strong men, Churchill gram. have come before our committee in ex and Stalin, and we will be more apt not The Senator from Nevada [Mr. SCRUG ecutive session with respect to the very to lose. We always win the wars, but HAM] is a member of the committee at problem which has been discussed here we lose the peace. This time we will tending the funeral of the late Repre this afternoon. Certainly no one can not only win the war, but we will -win the sentative ENGLEBRIGHT of California, and gainsay that the war up to this point has peace, and have something to say about is, therefore, necessarn~ · absent. been going quite well for the United it. The Senator from Virginia [Mr. BYRD], States Army, Navy, and Air Corps. When Mr. President, I have detained the the Senator from Florida [Mr. PEPPER], we think how unprepared we were when Senate longer than I had intended. I and the Senator from West Virginia the Japs struck us in the back at Pearl appreciate the interruptions of Senators [Mr. KILGORE] are detained on impor Harbor in December 1941 and how dis who have agreed with me, as well as the tant public business. united we were in this country, and hon comments of those who have disagreed. Mr. McNARY. The Senator from estly so, with respect to the great prob I did not expect that all my colleagues California [Mr. JoHNSON] is absent on lems which exist here on the home front, would share my views. I have stated as account of illness. The Senator from we must conclude-and I think history positively as lies iT' my power the views Idaho £Mr. THoMAS] is absent because of will show in the final analysis-:-that one I have with respect to the present situa the death of his wife. of the greatest miracles of all times has tion. They may not be important to The PRESIDING OFFICER