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Trust in Joint Operations ISSUE EIGHTY-FOUR, 1 an Interview with Robert O Issue 84, 1st Quarter 2017 JOINT FORCE QUARTERLY Trust in Joint Operations ISSUE EIGHTY-FOUR, 1 ISSUE EIGHTY-FOUR, An Interview with Robert O. Work ST 2016 Essay QUARTER 2017 Competition Winners Joint Force Quarterly Founded in 1993 • Vol. 84, 1st Quarter 2017 http://ndupress.ndu.edu Gen Joseph F. Dunford, Jr., USMC, Publisher MajGen Frederick M. Padilla, USMC, President, NDU Editor in Chief Col William T. Eliason, USAF (Ret.), Ph.D. Executive Editor Jeffrey D. Smotherman, Ph.D. Production Editor John J. Church, D.M.A. Internet Publications Editor Joanna E. Seich Book Review Editor Frank G. Hoffman, Ph.D. Associate Editor Patricia Strait, Ph.D. Art Director Marco Marchegiani, U.S. Government Printing Office Advisory Committee COL Michael S. Bell, USA (Ret.), Ph.D./College of International Security Affairs; LTG Robert B. Brown, USA/U.S. Army Command and General Staff College; Brig Gen Christopher A. Coffelt, USAF/Air War College; Col Keil Gentry, USMC/Marine Corps War College; BGen Thomas A. Gorry, USMC/Dwight D. Eisenhower School for National Security and Resource Strategy; Col Steven J. Grass, USMC/Marine Corps Command and Staff College; Brig Gen Darren E. Hartford, USAF/National War College; Col Brian E. Hastings, USAF/Air Command and Staff College; RADM P. Gardner Howe III/U.S. Naval War College; LTG William C. Mayville, Jr., USA/The Joint Staff; MG William E. Rapp, USA/U.S. Army War College; LtGen Thomas D. Waldhauser, USMC/The Joint Staff; RDML Brad Williamson/Joint Forces Staff College Editorial Board Richard K. Betts/Columbia University; Stephen D. Chiabotti/ School of Advanced Air and Space Studies; Eliot A. Cohen/The Johns Hopkins University; COL Joseph J. Collins, USA (Ret.)/ National War College; Mark J. Conversino/Air War College; Thomas P. Ehrhard/Office of the Secretary of Defense; Aaron L. Friedberg/Princeton University; Bryon Greenwald/Joint Forces Staff College; Col Thomas C. Greenwood, USMC (Ret.)/Office of the Secretary of Defense; Douglas N. Hime/Naval War College; Mark H. Jacobsen/Marine Corps Command and Staff College; Col Jerome M. Lynes, USMC (Ret.)/The Joint Staff; Kathleen Mahoney-Norris/Air Command and Staff College; Thomas L. McNaugher/Georgetown University; Col Mark Pizzo, USMC (Ret.)/ National War College; James A. Schear/Office of the Secretary of Defense; LtGen Bernard E. Trainor, USMC (Ret.) Printed in St. Louis, Missouri, by Cover 2 images (top to bottom): President Barack Obama has picture taken with member of U.S. Navy on flight deck of USS Carl Vinson, docked at North Island Naval Station in San Diego, California, November 2011 (The White House/Pete Souza); Two F-22 Raptors from 3rd Wing at Joint Base Elmendorf-Richardson, Alaska, conduct approach training, March 2016 (U.S. Air Force/ Justin Connaher); New Soldiers arriving for first day of Basic Combat Training with Company F, 1st Battalion, 34th Infantry Regiment, are “welcomed” by drill sergeants from U.S. Army and U.S. Army Reserve on Fort Jackson, South Carolina, August 2016 (U.S. Army Reserve/Brian Hamilton) About the Cover In this Issue Field artillery cannoneers Lance Corporal John R. Chiri, left, and Corporal John J. Stubbs ram Dialogue 155mm high-explosive round into 2 From the Chairman breech of M777A2 lightweight howitzer at Combined Arms Training Center Camp Fuji, in Forum Shizuoka, Japan, October 2, 2013, 4 Executive Summary as part of Artillery Relocation Training Program 13-3 (U.S. Marine 6 An Interview with Corps/Henry J. Antenor) Robert O. Work 12 Trust: The Sine Qua Non of Effective Joint Operations By Stanley A. Springer, John A. Schommer, and Sean S. Jones 59 The National War College: 113 The Case for a Joint Evaluation 18 Searching for Digital Marking 70 Years of By Wilson T. VornDick Hilltops: A Doctrinal Strategic Education Approach to Identifying Key By Janet Breslin-Smith Terrain in Cyberspace Recall By Scott Douglas Applegate, 65 Meaningful Metrics for 120 Leadership and Operational Christopher L. Carpenter, Professional Military Education Art in World War II: The Case and David C. West By Joan Johnson-Freese for General Lesley J. McNair 24 Expanding Zeus’s Shield: A and Kevin P. Kelley By Christopher J. Lamb New Approach for Theater Ballistic Missile Defense in Commentary Book Reviews the Asia-Pacific Region 72 The Urgent Necessity to 127 Red Team By Kevin Ayers Reverse Service AirLand Roles Reviewed by Matthew Cancian By Price T. Bingham Essay Competitions 128 Forgotten 81 Center of Gravity Analysis Reviewed by Bryon Greenwald 32 Winners of the 2016 “Down Under”: The Australian Essay Competitions Defence Force’s New Approach 130 Regional Missile Defense By Aaron P. Jackson from a Global Perspective 34 The Viability of Moral Dissent Reviewed by William A. Taylor by the Military (or, Chapter 86 Hybrid Threat COG Analysis: 6 of the U.S. Truth and Taking a Fresh Look at ISIL Reconciliation Commission: By Michael D. Reilly Joint Doctrine Conclusions Regarding 131 Mentoring: Civilian the Second Internment 93 Toward a Future National Contributions to the Joint Force of American Citizens) Strategy: A Review Essay By Kevin D. Scott By Lee M. Turcotte By Joseph J. Collins 134 Joint Concept for Access 43 Civil Order and Governance and Maneuver in the Global as Military Responsibilities Features Commons: A New Joint By David A. Mueller 99 Breaking Through with Your Operational Concept Breakthrough: How Science- By Michael E. Hutchens, William 51 The Palestinian Authority Based Communication Can D. Dries, Jason C. Perdew, Vincent Security Force: Future Prospects Accelerate Innovation and D. Bryant, and Kerry E. Moores By Jeffrey Dean McCoy Technological Advantage By Dave Nystrom and Joseph 140 Joint Doctrine Update Wojtecki, Jr., with Mat Winter JPME Today 54 The National War College: 107 The Imperative for a Health Celebrating 70 Years of Systems Approach to Global Developing Strategic Health Engagement Practitioners By Tracey Koehlmoos, Linda Kimsey, By Darren Hartford and David Bishai, and David Lane David A. Tretler M1A1 Abrams main battle tanks, AAVP7 RAM/RS amphibious assault vehicles, and M88A1 Hercules from 26th Marine Expeditionary Unit train during exercise in 5th Fleet area of responsibility, April 23, 2013 (U.S. Marine Corps/Edward Guevara) The Pace of Change he ability of the Joint Force to to veterans of World War II and, to be I was reminded of this several years anticipate, recognize, and adapt honest, so would the tactics. Despite in- ago when I visited a Marine lieutenant T to change—and to innovate cremental improvements in weapons and in Afghanistan. It took nearly an hour within a rapidly changing environ- the dawn of the nuclear age, a lieutenant by helicopter to travel from the battalion ment—is absolutely critical to mission from World War II or Korea would have headquarters to his outpost in Golestan, success. been comfortable with the exercises I in Farah Province. This platoon com- As I reflect back on four decades of participated in during the 1970s. My mander and his 60 Marines were 40 miles service in uniform, it is clear that the infantry company still attacked two-up from the adjacent platoons on their left pace of change has accelerated signifi- and one-back on a 300-meter frontage and right. His Marines were wearing cantly. Few things illustrate this more and defended across 1,500 meters. If state-of-the-art protective equipment than when I compare my experiences as things were not going as planned, I could and driving vehicles unrecognizable to a lieutenant to those of today’s young quickly find my subordinate leaders, look Marines or Soldiers discharged just 5 officers. As a lieutenant, I used the same them in the eye, and make the necessary years earlier. They were supported by the cold weather gear my dad had in Korea corrections. High Mobility Artillery Rocket System, 27 years earlier. The radios I used as This is not the case on today’s bat- which provided precision fires at a range a platoon commander were the same tlefield. In fact, there are very few things of 60 kilometers. The standard for me as uncovered PRC-25s from Vietnam. The that have not changed dramatically in the a lieutenant was a 105-millimeter cannon jeeps we drove would have been familiar Joint Force since I was a lieutenant. at a range of 11 kilometers. Moreover, 2 Dialogue / From the Chairman JFQ 84, 1st Quarter 2017 the platoon at Golestan received and Korea requires the Joint Force to be ca- 21st century has changed, and if we fail to transmitted voice, data, and imagery via pable of nearly instant integration across keep pace with the speed of war, we will a satellite in real time. Compared to my regions, domains, and functions. lose the ability to compete. experience as a regimental commander This means more than just fielding The Joint Force is full of the most in Iraq just 5 years earlier, this was hard cutting-edge technologies that ensure talented men and women in the world, to believe. When we crossed the line of a competitive advantage across all do- and it is our responsibility as leaders to departure in 2003, there were only four mains—something we must continue to unleash their initiative to adapt and inno- systems in an entire Marine division that do. Keeping pace with the speed of war vate to meet tomorrow’s challenges. We provided that capability. means changing the way we approach will get no credit tomorrow for what we Similar examples can be found across challenges, build strategy, make decisions, did yesterday. JFQ the Joint Force. New technologies are and develop leaders. fielded faster than ever before. Leaders As we approach challenges, we can no GENERAL JOSEPH F.
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