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The Email Is Down!
Today it is hard to imagine daily communication with out email file:///Q:/TechSvcs/MOspace/MOspace%20content/School%20of%20Jo... The E-mail is Down! Using a 1940s Method to Analyze a 21 st Century Problem by Clyde H. Bentley Associate Professor Missouri School of Journalism University of Missouri and Brooke Fisher Master’s Student Missouri School of Journalism University of Missouri 181D Gannett Hall Columbia, MO 65211-1200 (573) 884-9699 [email protected] \ Presented to the Communications Technology and Policy Division AEJMC 2002 Annual Convention Miami Beach, Florida Aug. 7-10, 2000 1 of 19 2/19/2009 1:31 PM Today it is hard to imagine daily communication with out email file:///Q:/TechSvcs/MOspace/MOspace%20content/School%20of%20Jo... The E-mail is Down! Using a 1940s method to analyze a 21 st century problem Abstract When the electronic mail system at a university crashed, researchers turned to a methodology developed more than 50 years earlier to examine its impact. Using a modified version of Bernard Berelson “missing the newspaper” survey questionnaire, student researchers collected qualitative comments from 85 faculty and staff members. Like the original, the study found extensive anxiety over the loss of the information source, plus a high degree of habituation and dependence on the new medium. 2 of 19 2/19/2009 1:31 PM Today it is hard to imagine daily communication with out email file:///Q:/TechSvcs/MOspace/MOspace%20content/School%20of%20Jo... The E-mail is Down! Using a 1940s Method to Analyze a 21 st Century Problem It seldom puts lives at risk and almost always is accompanied by viable alternatives. -
Fifteen Pages That Shook the Field: Personal Influence, Edward Shils, and the Remembered History of Media Research
Personal Influence’s fifteen-page account of the development of mass communication research has had more influence on the field’s historical self-understand- ing than anything published before or since. According to Elihu Katz and Paul Lazarsfeld’s well-written, two- stage narrative, a loose and undisciplined body of pre- war thought had concluded naively that media are powerful—a myth punctured by the rigorous studies of Lazarsfeld and others, which showed time and again that media impact is in fact limited. This “powerful-to- limited-effects” storyline remains textbook boilerplate Fifteen Pages and literature review dogma fifty years later. This article traces the emergence of the Personal Influence synop- That Shook the sis, with special attention to (1) Lazarsfeld’s audience- dependent framing of key media research findings and (2) the surprisingly prominent role of Edward Shils in Field: Personal supplying key elements of the narrative. Influence, Keywords: Paul Lazarsfeld; Edward Shils; Elihu Katz; media research; history of social Edward Shils, science; disciplinary memory and the The bullet model or hypodermic model posits Remembered powerful, direct effects of the mass media. Survey studies of social influence conducted in History of Mass the late 1940s presented a very different model from that of a hypodermic needle in which a Communication multistep flow of media effects was evident. That is, most people receive much of their Research information and are influenced by media secondhand, through the personal influence of opinion leaders (Katz and Lazarsfeld 1955). —Joseph Straubhaar and Robert LaRose (2006, 403) By JEFFERSON POOLEY Jefferson Pooley is assistant professor of media and communication at Muhlenberg College. -
PAUL LAZARSFELD—THE FOUNDER of MODERN EMPIRICAL SOCIOLOGY: a RESEARCH BIOGRAPHY Hynek Jerábek
International Journal of Public Opinion Research Vol. No. –/ $. PAUL LAZARSFELD—THE FOUNDER OF MODERN EMPIRICAL SOCIOLOGY: A RESEARCH BIOGRAPHY Hynek Jerˇa´bek ABSTRACT Paul Lazarsfeld contributed to unemployment research, public opinion and market research, mass media and communications research, political sociology, the sociology of sociology, the history of empirical social research, and applied sociology. His methodological innovations—reason analysis, program analyzer, panel analysis, survey analysis, elaboration formula, latent structure analysis, mathematical sociology (especially the algebra of dichotomous systems), contextual analysis—are of special importance. This study responds to the critiques of Lazarsfeld’s ‘administrative research’ by Theodor W. Adorno, of ‘abstract empiricism’ by Charles W. Mills, and of the ‘Columbia Sociology Machine’ by Terry N. Clark. The paper discusses the merits of the team-oriented style of work presented in Lazarsfeld’s ‘workshop,’ his teaching by engaging in professional activities in social research and methodology, and his consecutive foundation of four research institutes, Vienna’s Wirtschaftspsychologische Forschungsstelle, the Newark Uni- versity Research Center, the Princeton Office of Radio Research, and the Bureau of Applied Social Research at Columbia University in New York. By his manyfold activities, Paul Lazarsfeld decisively promoted the institutionalization of empirical social research. All these merits make him the founder of modern empirical sociology. One hundred years have passed since the birth of the founder of modern empirical sociology, Paul Lazarsfeld. Without him, sociology today would not know terms and concepts such as panel study, opinion leader, latent structure analysis, program analyzer, elaboration formula, reason analysis, and many others. Lazarsfeld’s influence on empirical sociological research, market and public opinion research, and communication research has been much stronger than most of us realize. -
The Ethnic Factor in the Future of Inequality. INSTITUTION Center for Migration Studies, Inc
DOCUMENTRESUME ED 141 234 so 01Q 109 AUTHOR Tomasi,, Lydio F. TITLE The Ethnic Factor in the Future of Inequality. INSTITUTION Center for Migration Studies, Inc. , Staten Island, N.Y. PUB DATE 73 NOTE 39p. AVAILABLEFROM center for Migration studies, 209 ·Flagg Pl ace, Staten Island, Ne v York, New York 10 30 4 ($1.00 papertound) EDRS PRICE IIP-$0. 83 Plus Postage. BC .Not Available fromfro ■ EDRS. DESCRIPTORS cultural Background ; cultural Factors, €Cultural Pluralism; Pluralis ■ ; *Ethnic Groups; Ethnic studies; Futures (of society); Gr oup Membership ; Humaneu ■ an Dignity; Immigrants; I ■■ igrants ; • s ocial Change ; Social Developaent; Social Problems;Proble ■ s· Social Responsibility; •social Stratification; Social structure; Social Systems;sys t e ■ s ; Social Values; *Sociology; Theories ; . •United States History · ABSTRACT · The paper analyzes how the attemptatte ■ pt to assimilateassi ■ ilate ethnic groups into Americansociety has contributed to social, economic, ,cono ■ ic , and political inequality. The hy pothesis is that the official model■ odEl of classical sociology bas blinded us to a ·vast range . of social phenomenaphEno ■ ena which must■ o st be understood if we are to cope with the problems the----proble ■ s of contemporary■ porary lAmerica. ■ erica . While not often e xplicit, the American · 1 ■ er ican ideal that ethnic groofs should be incorporated into the melting ■ eltin9 pot bas created a society in which many■ any observable forms of inequality are perpetrated. This stratification analysis extends the concept of poverty beyond the narrow limitsli ■ its of incomeinco ■e to include political and personal relations. Amongl ■ ong issues addressed are _ i ■ ■ igrant immigrant,. social history, acceptance, po ver and elitist vs . -
The Journal of Microsociologies a “Confronting the State One on One” “Confronting the Cooley-Mead Address Deception Debate
2008 Photograph by Patricia G. Steinhoff September • olume 71 • Number 3 V Journal of the American Sociological Association The Journal of Microsociologies A “Confronting the State One on One” Cooley-Mead Address Deception Debate Social Psychology Quarterly September 2008 Vol. 71 No. 3 pp. 209–320 SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY QUARTERLY Periodicals postage paid (ISSN 0190–2725) at Washington, DC and 1430 K Street NW, Suite 600 additional mailing offices Washington, DC 20005 Prices subject to change. Applied Social Psychology and Managing Understanding Social Problems Buunk and Linda Steg, Abraham P. Rothengatter Talib 360 pp. 978-0-521-86979-9: Hb: $130.00: 978-0-521-69005-8 Pb: $49.00: Climate, and Culture Affluence, Evert Van de Vliert 256 pp. 978-0-521-51787-4: Hb: $85.00: Culture and Psychology Transmission Cultural and Social, Developmental, Psychological, Methodological Aspects Ute Schönpflug 520 pp. 978-0-521-88043-5: Hb: $99.00: 978-0-521-70657-5 Pb: $36.99: econd Edition! 185.00: Hb: 978-0-521-85259-3: 526 pp. 978-0-521-85259-3: Hb: 185.00: Clinical and Educational Applications Carl Haywood and H. Lidz Carol S. 420 pp. 978-0-521-84935-7: Hb: $79.00: 978-0-521-61412-2 Pb: $27.99: Dynamic Assessment in Practice Jutta Heckhausen and Heinz Heckhausen $ S Motivation and Action from Cambridge University Press University from Cambridge Kory Floyd Kory 240 pp. 978-0-521-73174-4: Pb: $24.99: Communicating Affection Behavior and Interpersonal Social Context Culture, Class, and Child Rearing in Class, Culture, Societies Diverse Jonathan Tudge 328 pp. -
Mass Communications Research and the Study of Popular Culture: an Editorial Note on a Possible Future for This Journal
University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons Departmental Papers (ASC) Annenberg School for Communication 1959 Mass Communications Research and the Study of Popular Culture: An Editorial Note on a Possible Future for This Journal Elihu Katz University of Pennsylvania, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.upenn.edu/asc_papers Part of the Critical and Cultural Studies Commons Recommended Citation Katz, E. (1959). Mass Communications Research and the Study of Popular Culture: An Editorial Note on a Possible Future for This Journal. Studies in Public Communication, 2 1-6. Retrieved from https://repository.upenn.edu/asc_papers/165 This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/asc_papers/165 For more information, please contact [email protected]. Mass Communications Research and the Study of Popular Culture: An Editorial Note on a Possible Future for This Journal Abstract In the Spring 1959 issue of the Public Opinion Quarterly, Bernard Berelson explains why he thinks that communication research may be dead. The pioneers in this field, he says, have abandoned their original interests and those who have followed neither measure up to the pioneers nor have they anything very new to contribute. In passing, he cites the demise of the Committee on Communication at the University of Chicago as symbolic of this state of affairs. In their replies, Berelson's critics say, in effect, that it is uncomfortable but challenging to have to protest their own obituary. They cite numerous areas of inquiry and a variety of studies which, for them, are indicative of a continued vitality in the field of communication research. -
Echo Chambers
AVOIDING THE ECHO CHAMBER ABOUT ECHO CHAMBERS: Why selective exposure to like-minded political news is less prevalent than you think — ANDREW GUESS BRENDAN NYHAN Department of Politics Department of Government knightfoundation.org Princeton University Dartmouth College [email protected] [email protected] BENJAMIN LYONS JASON REIFLER | Department of Politics Department of Politics @knightfdn University of Exeter University of Exeter [email protected] [email protected] CONTENTS AVOIDING THE ECHO CHAMBER ABOUT ECHO CHAMBERS CHAMBER ABOUT ECHO THE ECHO AVOIDING 4 THE ECHO CHAMBERS CRITIQUE 6 SELECTIVE EXPOSURE: A MORE COMPLEX STORY 13 THE IMPORTANCE OF SOCIAL CONTEXT 15 CONCLUSION | 17 REFERENCES Contents knightfoundation.org | @knightfdn 2 / 25 Is the expansion of media choice good for democracy? Not according to critics who decry “echo chambers,” “filter bubbles,” and “information cocoons” — the highly polarized, ideologically homogeneous forms of news and media consumption that are facilitated by technology. However, these claims overstate the prevalence and severity of these patterns, which at most AVOIDING THE ECHO CHAMBER ABOUT ECHO CHAMBERS CHAMBER ABOUT ECHO THE ECHO AVOIDING capture the experience of a minority of the public. In this review essay, we summarize the most important findings of the academic literature about where and how Americans get news and information. We focus particular attention on how much consumers engage in selective exposure to media content that is consistent with their political beliefs and the extent to which this pattern is exacerbated by technology. As we show, the data frequently contradict or at least complicate the “echo chambers” narrative, which has ironically been amplified and distorted in a kind of echo chamber effect. -
PAUL F. LAZARSFELD February 13, 1901-August 30, 1976
NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES P A U L F . L AZARSFELD 1901—1976 A Biographical Memoir by DAVID L. SILLS Any opinions expressed in this memoir are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Academy of Sciences. Biographical Memoir COPYRIGHT 1987 NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES WASHINGTON D.C. •*» f PAUL F. LAZARSFELD February 13, 1901-August 30, 1976 BY DAVID L. SILLS AUL FELIX LAZARSFELD was born and raised in Vienna. PIn 1933 he came to the United States as a Rockefeller Foundation fellow. He remained in America at the end of his fellowship, became a citizen, and for three decades was a professor of sociology at Columbia University. He died of cancer in New York City. Although he was trained in mathematics, Lazarsfeld thought of himself as a psychologist; only in midlife did he identify himself as a sociologist. His major interests were the methodology of social research and the development of in- stitutes for training and research in the social sciences. Be- cause of the originality and diversity of his ideas, his energy and personal magnetism, his unique style of collaboration with colleagues and students, and the productivity of the re- search institutes he established, his influence upon sociology and social research—both in the United States and in Eu- rope—has been profound. In the years since Lazarsfeld's death, a substantial number of appraisals of his life and work have been published.1 I shall 1 Appraisals up to 1979 are listed in David L. Sills, "Publications About Paul F. -
Content Analysis: a Method in Social Science Research. In
10 Content Analysis A method in Social Science Research 1 B Devi Prasad Content Analysis is described as the scientific study of content of communication. It is the study of the content with reference to the meanings, contexts and intentions contained in messages. The term Content Analysis is 75 years old, and Webster’s Dictionary of English language listed it since 1961. In 1952, Bernard Berelson published Content analysis in Communication Research, which heralded recognition for the technique as a versatile tool for social science and media researchers. Some scholars adopted it for historical and political research as well (Holsti, 1968). However, the method achieved greater popularity among social science scholars as well as a method of communication research (Wimmer and Dominick, 1994:163). The development of content analysis as a full-fledged scientific method took place during World War II when the U.S. government sponsored a project under the directorship of Harold Lasswell to evaluate enemy propaganda. The resources made available for research and the methodological advances made in the context of the problems studied under the project contributed significantly to the emergence of the methodology in content analysis. One of the out comes of the project, the book entitled Language of Politics published in 1940s (Lasswell et. al. 1965), still remains a classic in the field of content analysis. Later on, the method spread to other disciplines (Woodrum, 1984). 1 From: Lal Das, D.K and Bhaskaran, V (eds.). (2008) Research methods for Social Work , New Delhi:Rawat, pp. 173-193. 1 Content Analysis. A method of Social Science Research.CSS Definition and purpose of Content analysis Content denotes what is contained and content analysis is the analysis of what is contained in a message. -
No Need to Watch: How the Effects of Partisan Media Can Spread Via Interpersonal Discussions
No Need to Watch: How the Effects of Partisan Media Can Spread via Interpersonal Discussions James N. Druckman Northwestern University Matthew S. Levendusky University of Pennsylvania Audrey McLain Temple University Abstract: To what extent do partisan media sources shape public opinion? On its face, it would appear that the impact of partisan media is limited, given that it attracts a relatively small audience. We argue, however, that its influence may extend beyond its direct audience via a two-step communication flow. Specifically, those who watch and are impacted by partisan media outlets talk to and persuade others who did not watch. We present experimental results that demonstrate this process. We therefore show that previous studies may have significantly underestimated the effect of these outlets. We also illustrate that how the two-step communication flow works is contingent upon the precise composition of the discussion group (e.g., is it consistent of all fellow partisans or a mix of partisans?). We conclude by highlighting what our results imply about the study of media, preference formation, and partisan polarization. Replication Materials: The data, code, and any additional materials required to replicate all analyses in this arti- cle are available on the American Journal of Political Science Dataverse within the Harvard Dataverse Network, at: http://doi:10.7910/DVN/TJKIWN. he last quarter century has given rise to a funda- by partisan media talk to and persuade others who did mentally different media landscape. One of the not watch. The result is that the partisan media influ- T most noted changes, when it comes to politics, ences nonwatchers via a two-step communication flow concerns the expansion of partisan media. -
Xerox University Microfilms 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, Michigan 48108 74-3108
INFORMATION TO USERS This material was produced from a microfilm copy of the original document. While the most advanced technological means to photograph and reproduce this document have been used, the quality is heavily dependent upon the quality of the original submitted. The following explanation of techniques is provided to help you understand markings or patterns which may appear on this reproduction. 1. The sign or "target" for pages apparently lacking from the document photographed is "Missing Page{s)". If it was possible to obtain the missing page(s) or section, they are spliced into the film along with adjacent pages. This may have necessitated cutting thru an image and duplicating adjacent pages to insure you complete continuity. 2. When an image on the film is obliterated with a large round black mark, it is an indication that the photographer suspected that the copy may have moved during exposure and thus cause a blurred image. You will find a good image of the page in the adjacent frame. 3. When a map, drawing or chart, etc., was part of the material being photographed the photographer followed a definite method in "sectioning" the material. It is customary to begin photoing at the upper left hand corner of a large sheet and to continue photoing from left to right in equal sections with a small overlap. If necessary, sectioning is continued again — beginning below the first row and continuing on until complete. 4. The majority of users indicate that the textual content is of greatest value, however, a somewhat higher quality reproduction could be made from "photographs" if essential to the understanding of the dissertation. -
EU 049 804 INSTITUTION PUB DATE AVAILABLE FRCM Eres PRICE DESCRIPTORS IDENTIFIERS ABSTRACT DOCUMENT RESUME LI 002 786 Penland, P
DOCUMENT RESUME EU 049 804 LI 002 786 AUTHOR Penland, Patrick E. TITLE -Communication fcr Librarians. INSTITUTION Pittsburgh Univ., Pa. Graduate School of Library and _Information Sciences. PUB DATE 71 NOTE 189p. AVAILABLE FRCM Bookstore, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa. 15213 ($2.50) ErEs PRICE EDRS Price MF-$0.65 HC-$6.L.3 DESCRIPTORS *Communication (Thought Transfer), Communication Problems, Communication Skills, Content Analysis, Cybernetics, *Information Dissemination, *Information Science, *Information Theory, *Information Utilization, Librarians, Library Education, Library Science IDENTIFIERS *Epistemology ABSTRACT This preliminary work in human communication for librarians is designed to help the library profession address itself to significant communication problems. As they relate to the library and information sciences, the three major areas of communication science covered are: (1) History and theory of communication and culture, organization and function of communication institutions, and communication structures in biological and social organization; (2) Transfer of meaning, design and processing of messages in different media, analysis cf message content and systems; and (3) Individual behavior, social interaction and experience, attitude formation and change, public opinion and collective behavior, and the consequence of exposure to various messages. A listing of 253 references is included.(See also LI 002 783 to LI 002 7835.)(Author/MF) "PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE THIS COPY- RIGHTED MATERIAL HAS BEEN GRANTED BY &thii_ le%Pei/AWL_ TO ERIC AND ORGANIZATIONS OPERATING UNDER AGREEMENTS WITH THE U.S. OFFICE OF EDUCATION. FURTHER REPRODUCTION OUTSIDE THE ERIC SYSTEM REWIRES PER- MISSION OF THE COPYRIGHT OWNER?' 1.: COMMUNICATION FOR LIBRARIANS 1.: Patrick R. Penland Graduate School of Library and Information Science is U.S.