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Trematoda: Lepocreadiidae) THE LIFE-CYCLE AND MORPHOLOGY OF TETRACERASTA BLEPTA, GEN. NOV., SP. NOV. AND STEGODEXAMENE CALLISTA, SP. NOV. (TREMATODA: LEPOCREADIIDAE) FROM THE LONG-FINNED EEL, ANGUILLA REINHARDTII STEINDACHNER BY REGINALD ALAN WATSON BSc.(HONS.), MSc. (MANITOBA) PARASITOLOGY DEPARTMENT University of Queensland, ST. LUCIA, Queensland, Australia, 4067. A THESI S SUBMITTED FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY WITHIN THE UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND JULY, 1982 DECLARATION This thesis has been prepared in accordance with the rules set out in the Combined Higher Degree Handbook 1982, for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the University of Queensland. The work presented is this thesis is entirely my own except where otherwise acknowledged and no part of it has been submitted for any other degree at this or any other university R. A. Watson July 1982 ABSTRACT Two new lepocreadiid digeneans, Tetracerasta blepta, gen. nov., sp. nov. and Stegodexamene callista, sp. nov. are described from the intestines of the long-finned freshwater eel, Anguilla reinhardtii, from the Brisbane River, Queensland, and the Australian bass, Macquaria novemaculeata, from the Richmond River, New South Wales, Australia. Their life-cycles have been elucidated and completed in the laboratory. All developmental stages are described and illustrated. Eggs from adults of these lepocreadiid species were obtained from eels. These hatched and miracidia from them injected a precocious sporocyst into uninfected laboratory-reared prosobranch gastropods, Posticobia brazieri. Following two generations of rediae in the digestive gland of the snail, large ophthalmotrichocercous cercariae were produced. The cercariae of..!.:._ blepta penetrated uninfected tadpoles of Litoria lesueuri and the gudgeons, Hypseleotris compressus and ~ galii. Encystment occurred in the muscle and viscera. The cercariae of S. callista lured fish to eat them or were inhaled. They penetrated the throat of uninfected, pond-reared rainbowfish, Nematocentris fluviatilis and uninfected perchlet, Ambassis sp. Encystment occurred in the pharyngeal muscle or liver. Adults developed in uninfected eels, Anguilla austral is and A. reinhardtii, completing the life-cycles. The life-cycles and morphology of these species are compared to those of Stegodexamene anguillae Macfarlane, 1951 and other lepocreadiids. i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and foremost I would like to thank Dr. J. C. Pearson for his never failing interest, his freely-given time and his valuable advice supported by years of careful observations. I wish to thank T. Cribb, R. Hutchings, J. Field, I. Johnston, J. Waikagul, Dr. D. Blair and particularly Dr. J. Beumer and the Victorian State Fisheries for their provision of fish, specimens and field assistance. I am very grateful for the help and support of J. Alder. The author acknowledges the advice and assistance of Dr. C. Dobson, Dr. R. Lester and of the Queensland State Fisheries. I would like to thank D. Scott for her technical advice and help. I am indebted to R. Manzanell for his assistance with translations and with the identification of nematodes. I am grateful to Dr. S. Edmonds for his identifications of acanthocephalans. I acknowledge J. Hardy and the staff of the Electron Microscope Centre for their assistance. The author most gratefully acknowledges the logistic support of the Department of Parasitol ogy; the Universi ty of Queensland, its services and particularly the provision of a University of Queensland Postgraduate Research Scholarship which helped sustain the author. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT . i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ii LIST OF FIGURES. viii LIST OF TABLES . v LIST OF APPENDICES. xi I INTRODUCTION. II MATERIALS AND METHODS. 3 III LIFE-CYCLE A. Tetracerasta blepta (a) First Intermediate Host . 5 (b) Second Intermediate Host. 6 (c) Definitive Host. 6 iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Continued III LIFE-CYCLE B. Stegodexamene callista (a) First Intermediate Host • 9 (b) Second Intermediate Host. 9 (c) Definitive Host. 9 C. Comparison 10 IV MIRACIDIUM A. Tetracerasta blepta (a) Development . 15 (b) Hatching of the Egg 15 (c) Description . 20 (d) Swimming and Penetration of the First Intermediate Host 24 B. Stegodexamene callista (a) Development . 27 (b) Hatching of the Egg 27 (c) Description 27 (d) Swimming and Penetration of the First Intermediate Host 27 C. Comparison 28 V SPOROCYST A. Tetracerasta blepta (a) Development 30 (b) Descri pti on . 30 iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Continued V SPOROCYST B. Stegodexamene callista (a) Development • 34 (b) Description 34 C. Comparison 35 VI REDIA A. Tetracerasta blepta (a) Development . 36 (b) Description . 39 B. Stegodexamene callista (a) Development . 41 (b) Description . 43 C. Comparison 44 VII CERCARIA A. Tetracerasta blepta (a) Development . 46 (b) Description . 49 (c) Behaviour and Swimming 50 (d) Penetration of the Second Intermediate Host 52 B. Stegodexamene callista (a) Development 55 (b) Description . 55 (c) Behaviour and Swimming 59 (d) Penetration of the Second Intermediate Host 60 v TABLE OF CONTENTS Continued VII CERCARIA C. Comparison 62 VIII METACERCARIA A. Tetracerasta blepta (a) Development . 64 (b) Description 66 (c) Oral Sucker Lobes • 69 (d) Disposition in the Second Intermediate Host 71 B. Stegodexamene callista (a) Development . 72 (b) Description . 72 (c) Disposition in the Second Intermediate Host 75 C. Comparison 76 IX ADULT A. Tetracerasta blepta (a) Development . 77 (b) Description . 77 (c) Remarks 83 (d) Generic Diagnosis . 84 (e) Specific Diagnosis. 84 ( f) Differential Diagnosis 84 (g) Disposition in the Gut of the Eel. 86 vi TABLE OF CONTENTS Continued IX ADULT B. Stegodexamene callista . (a) Develoµnent . 87 (b) Description . 87 (c) Remarks 93 (d) Specific Diagnosis. 94 ( e) Differential Diagnosis 94 ( f) Disposition in the Gut of the Eel. 95 X EVOLUTIONARY RELATIONSHIPS • 98 XI CONCLUSIONS • 99 APPENDICES 101 XII REFERENCES 106 KEY TO LE TTER I NG 11 3 vii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1 A-F Development and Hatching of the Egg of Tetracerasta blepta 16 2 A-B The Vitelline Remnants of Tetracerasta blepta. 17 3 Epidermal Plates of the Miracidium of Tetracerasta blepta. 21 4 Miracidium of Tetracerasta blepta head-on • 21 5 Miracidium of Stegodexamene callista head-on . 21 6 Miracidium of Tetracerasta blepta Showing Internal Features . 22 7 A-F Penetration by the Sporocyst of Tetracerasta blepta. 22 8 Swimming Miracidium of Tetracerasta blepta 25 9 A-C Penetration by the Miracidium of Tetracerasta blepta 25 10 Sporocyst of Tetracerasta blepta 2 Weeks after Penetration 32 11 Sporocyst of Stegodexamene callista 2 Weeks after Penetration 32 12 Sporocyst of Tetracerasta blepta 2 Weeks after Penetration 33 13 Redia of Stegodexamene callista 33 14 A-B Development of the Redia of Tetracerasta blepta . 37 15 Redia of Tetracerasta blepta Showing Internal Features. 37 16 Redia of Stegodexamene callista at 4 Weeks. 42 17 Redia of Stegodexamene callista Showing Internal Features. 42 18 Developing Cercaria of Tetracerasta blepta. 47 19 Cercaria of Tetracerasta blepta 47 20 Body of the Cercaria of Tetracerasta blepta 47 21 Developing Cercaria of Tetracerasta blepta. 48 22 Live Cercaria of Tetracerasta blepta. 48 23 Anterior End of the Cercaria of Tetracerasta blepta. 48 24 Tail Setae of the Cercaria of Tetracerasta blepta 48 25 Swimming Cercaria of Tetracerasta blepta 51 26 A-D Penetration by Cercaria of Tetracerasta blepta 51 27 Developing Cercaria of Stegodexamene callista. 56 28 Body of the Cercaria of Stegodexamene callista 56 29 Live Cercaria of Stegodexamene callista. 57 30 Body of the Cercaria of Stegodexamene callista 57 31 Tail of the Cercaria of Stegodexamene callista 57 32 Ta il Setae of the Ce rcaria of Stegodexamene callista 57 33 Ve ntral Sucker of t he Cercaria of Stegodexamene calli sta 57 34 Body Spines on the Cercaria of Stegodexamene callista . 57 viii LIST OF FIGURES Continued Figure 35 Cercaria of Stegodexamene callista 58 36 Swimming Cercaria of Stegodexamene callista 58 37 Metacercaria of Tetracerasta blepta • 67 38 Oral Sucker Lobes of Tetracerasta blepta 67 39 Cyst of Tetracerasta blepta. 67 40 Metacercaria of Tetracerasta blepta . 68 41 Ventral Sucker of the Metacercaria of Tetracerasta blepta. 68 42 Oral Sucker Lobes of Metacercaria of Tetracerasta blepta 68 43 Oral Sucker Lobes Partially Protracted 68 44 Oral Sucker Lobes Protracted 68 45 Pores of Ampullae on the Oral Lobes of Tetracerasta blepta 68 46 Crystals in Caeca and Excretory Bladder in the Metacercaria of Tetracerasta blepta 68 47 Metacercaria of Stegodexamene callista . 74 48 Cyst of Stegodexamene callista. 74 49 Development of the Adult of Tetracerasta blepta • 79 50 Adult of Tetracerasta blepta 80 51 Terminal Male Genitalia of Tetracerasta blepta 80 52 Female Reproductive System of Tetracerasta blepta 80 53 Adult of Tetracerasta blepta 81 54 Anterior End of Tetracerasta blepta 81 55 Protracted Oral Lobes of Tetracerasta blepta 81 56 Ventral Sucker of Tetracerasta blepta 81 57 Terminal Male Genitalia of Tetracerasta blepta 81 58 A-D Development of the Adult of Stegodexamene callista 89 59 Adult of Stegodexamene callista 90 60 Terminal Male Genitalia of Stegodexamene callista 90 61 Female Reproductive System of Stegodexamene callista 90 62 Adult of Stegodexamene callista 91 63 Oral Sucker of Stegodexamene callista 91 64 Anterior Surface Scales of Stegodexamene callista 91 65 Ventral Sucker and Genital Opening of Stegodexamene callista. 91 66 Midbody Spines of the Adult of Stegodexamene callista 91 67 Midbody Spines of the Adult of Tetracerasta blepta . 91 ix ------LIST OF
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