BIOCULTURAL COMMUNITY PROTOCOL Conservation of Argali in Tajikistan

Протокол Биокультурного Сообщества | Сохранение Архара

BIOCULTURAL COMMUNITY PROTOCOL conservation of argali in Tajikistan

UNDP-GEF Project “Strengthening human resources, legal frameworks, and institutional capacities to implement the Nagoya Protocol” Conservation of argali | Biocultural Community Protocol

A herd of young argali Murgab, GBAO 1

Biocultural Community Protocol | Conservation of argali

ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS

GR GENETIC RESOURCES

CBD CONVENTION ON BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY

NP NAGOI PROTOCOL

ABS ACCESS TO BENEFIT SHARING

AGRBS ACCESS TO GENETIC RESOURCES AND BENEFIT SHARING

FAO INTERNATIONAL FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS

FAO IT FAO INTERNATIONAL TREATY

AGB AGROBIODIVERSITY

PIC PRIOR INFORMED CONSENT

MAT MUTUALLY AGREED TERMS

CITES CONVENTION ON THE INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN SPECIES OF WILD FAUNA AND FLORA IN THREAT OF EXTINCTION

MTA MATERIAL TRANSFER AGREEMENTS

IPR INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS

Conservation of argali | Biocultural Community Protocol

CONTENTS

OVERVIEW ...... 5

THIS PROTOCOL: ...... 5 OUR COMMUNITY ...... 6 BIO-CULTURAL VALUES OF THE LOCAL COMMUNITY ...... 7 PRESERVING ARKHARS, WE MAINTAIN THE BALANCE OF ECOSYSTEMS ...... 10 PRELIMINARY KNOWLEDGE OF CONSENT AND BENEFITS ...... 14 PRESERVATION AND RATIONAL USE ARE A PRIORITY OF OUR COMMUNITY ...... 17

HOW HUNTING PROTECTS THE POPULATION ...... 18 PROBLEMS OF OUR TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE AND RELATED GENETIC RESOURCES ...... 23 BIOTECHNICAL ACTIONS FOR CONSERVATION OF GENETIC RESOURCES ...... 25 OUR RIGHTS UNDER THE LAWS AND POLICIES OF THE REPUBLIC OF TAJIKISTAN ...... 28 CONVENTION ON INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN ENDANGERED SPECIES OF WILD FAUNA AND FLORA» (CITES) ...... 30 BONN CONVENTION ON THE CONSERVATION OF MIGRATORY SPECIES OF ANIMALS ...... 30 CONVENTION ON BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY ... 31 RED BOOK OF TAJIKISTAN ...... 31 RECEPTION OF TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE IN THE LEGAL FIELD ACCORDING TO NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL LEGISLATION ...... 33 CONCLUSION ...... 34 SCHEMATIC MAP OF GBAO (ARGALI HABITAT) ...... 38

Symbolic pointer Ltd. "Murghab"

Biocultural Community Protocol | Conservation of argali

Hunter talks about hunting traditions, Khorog 4

Conservation of argali | Biocultural Community Protocol

Horns of wild ungulates in the museums of a local resident, Khorog

OVERVIEW

This protocol: The Biocultural Community Protocol are generation, which is represented by various local community statements about the genetic resources communities of hunters in Tajikistan, who are they manage, about their traditional knowledge engaged in the conservation and rational use of the used to manage genetic resources, and their role in wild fauna of Tajikistan, such as the Marco Polo biodiversity conservation. The protocol is the result sheep (Arkhar) (Ovis ammon polii) Blyth), horned of a facilitated process in which communities learn goat (Markhur) (Capra falconeri), Bukhara mountain about their rights to their resources within the sheep (Urial) (Ovis vignei), Siberian ibex (Capra existing national and international legal framework sibirica), snow leopard (Uncia uncia), brown bear and reflect on the importance of traditional (Ursus arctos), wolf (Canis lupus) and other knowledge as a basis for livelihood and aspiration representatives of the wild fauna included in the for the future transfer of their knowledge. Red Book of Tajikistan and other states for the Biocultural Community Protocols are purpose of protection and conservation. described as “a tool that promotes cultural decision- This protocol sets out our role, rights and making and participatory processes within obligations in the conservation of the country's wild communities to assert the rights to their governed fauna, in particular, mountain ungulates like the lands and traditional knowledge”. Marco Polo Arkhar ram in the remote highlands of Expresses our vision of bio-cultural values the country. and knowledge of our ancestors and the current

Biocultural Community Protocol | Conservation of argali

Our community We are the Association of Hunters of skills related to local traditional knowledge of wild Tajikistan, which unites 18 hunting collectives from animals GRs and accepted a law in accordance with among representatives of public organizations, Article 8 (j) of the Convention on Biological Diversity hunting collectives, guides, representatives of that respects, preserves and maintains the tourism organizations and representatives of the knowledge and practices of our local communities, local community and stakeholder groups of the reflecting traditional lifestyles, that are relevant for Republic of Tajikistan. Our activities are mainly the conservation and sustainable use of biological focused on the mountainous areas of the Gorno- diversity. Badakhshan Autonomous Region, in particular, in Tajikistan, as a party to the Nagoya Protocol, the Eastern Pamirs, where unique representatives of in accordance with the provisions of domestic law wild fauna live, in particular argali (Marco Polo and laws, we are confident that access to traditional sheep). The main activities of the established knowledge associated with genetic resources is collectives are aimed at preserving and increasing carried out with Prior Informed Consent (PIC) or the the number of argali by carrying out targeted approval of local communities where Equal Mutually biotechnical measures, protecting its ecosystems Agreed Terms (Equal Agreement) are established. In and improving its habitat, preventing poaching and accordance with the requirement of the Protocol, the organizing regulated hunting in accordance with the requirements in accordance with the provisions of law of the Republic of Tajikistan. domestic law are met. Thanks to our knowledge, skills and Regarding the traditional knowledge experience related to the conservation of wild fauna associated with GR animals, most of this knowledge and traditional hunting, our community and the is accumulated in several communities and is association of hunters in Tajikistan have increased presented in several stories and books by local the number of argali to 28 thousand heads. writers, which describe our knowledge about Today argali is our "symbol of hunting" and traditional hunting and attitudes towards wildlife. hunting collectives engaged in the protection and Thanks to the government, a number of laws preservation of wild animals are most interested in have now been adopted to regulate the rational use its integrity and growth. of biodiversity, and most importantly, the Our traditional knowledge (TK) and conservation of unique species in their natural associated genetic resources (GRs) are an integral habitat, where local communities engaged in part of our life and we, as part of the large community traditional lifestyles and associated GRs are largely of the country, we are grateful to the Government of concentrated. the country for the recognition of our knowledge and

Conservation of argali | Biocultural Community Protocol

Argali in the border area

BIO-CULTURAL VALUES OF THE LOCAL COMMUNITY

Here, at an altitude of about four thousand walking, you can still feel like you're on top of the meters, it is very difficult to carry out nature world. conservation and restoration work. Representatives Most importantly, in this area there is a great of the local community and employees of one of the chance to meet the legendary and revered ram hunting collectives in Murghab, which provide Marco Polo or Argali. This huge creature, whose hunting services to foreign tourists climbing horns often reach a meter or more, was almost thousands of kilometers into the highlands in order destroyed as a result of hunting in other countries, to hunt rare artiodactyl animals for a lot of money and but here, on the Murghab plateau, it thrives in the get a trophy specimen of a ram or argali Marco Polo, wild. The chance to see such an animal in its natural are preparing for the hunting season carefully. habitat is already a sufficient reason to drive this road Murghab comes from the ancient Persian to extreme heights. word for flat land or river, and thanks to this The hunting season in Tajikistan begins in combination of pasture and water, even today we autumn and lasts until mid-winter. In the spring and can see the nomadic Kyrgyz here grazing their herds summer, hunting is prohibited, as at this time the here in the summer months. You can stop at their animals produce offspring. We as representatives of yurts, sit with them and have a cup of yak milk or the local community, together with colleagues, are share a mutton kebab. Most visitors to Murghab pass preparing for the upcoming season. “When the through it, traveling along the famous Pamir season starts, usually hunters come from the USA, Highway, the second highest international highway Europe, Russia and other countries. Among them in the world. The road rises to a breathtaking 4,655m there are even those who come for several seasons at the Ak-Baital Pass, so even if you don't like in a row to get trophies". 7

Biocultural Community Protocol | Conservation of argali

The Murghab region is administratively part of landscapes, which, in our opinion, is a visiting card the Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Region of the for numerous visits by tourists, whose number has Republic of Tajikistan, which is located at an altitude increased significantly in recent years, which of of more than 4000 m above sea level in the eastern course is a very good indicator for us locals. part of the country. The Murghab region is the largest Among the representatives of our community region in the north, it borders the Republic of there are trained people who, in addition to hunting, Kyrgyzstan, in the east with China and in the south are engaged in the development of ecological with Afghanistan. Murghab is 100% mountains, and tourism, and guides along extreme routes and the therefore has a small population. At the moment, most attractive places on the Karakul, Yashilkul and more than 16 thousand people live in the Murghab Bulunkul lakes. district, mainly ethnic Kyrgyz making up 80% and Tajiks 20%. The main activity of the local population Mixing our common values and cultures with is cattle breeding, or rather yak breeding. Any other everyday life, housekeeping and, in general, joint life type of activity is difficult to conduct in our area due activities have strengthened our values both at the to the geographic and climatic conditions. In this levels of the communities themselves and at the connection, most of young people go to work in level of national legislation. Since ancient times, our Dushanbe or other countries of the near and far peoples, Tajiks and Kyrgyz, lived together and were abroad. engaged in yak breeding. Thanks to the new Dushanbe-Khorog-Murgab According to the stories of our ancestors, we road that connects Tajikistan with China along the remember that before, as such, there was no highway # 41, the Murghab region has acquired a permanent residence. Since the men were engaged new impetus in trade and social improvement of life. in yak breeding, they were more nomadic and moved with their families from one locality to another, The climate of Murghab is very harsh, and thereby grazing their livestock before winter. With the nature is very attractive with various mountain onset of winter, they descended into the valleys,

Murgab village, GBAO 8

Conservation of argali | Biocultural Community Protocol

A herd of young argali Murgab, GBAO where they sold livestock and supported their number of argali was greatly reduced and amounted families. to just over 3,000. Thanks to the Soviet power, residential But thanks to the efforts of the Government houses, state institutions and enterprises appeared and many stakeholders, the state of the on the territory of the region, which significantly environment, biodiversity, the argali population and, changed the nomadic way of life of the local in general, wild ungulates have improved population. Before the country's independence, significantly. The local population now has more difficult times arose in the region, when the local opportunities to carry out any activity in the field of population acquired firearms and fought for survival. nature protection. Cases of poaching and illegal hunting of mountain Due to the increase in the number of argali, ungulates became more frequent, people hunted for the number of foreign hunters interested in obtaining meat, some for the skin and horns of argali. By the a trophy has also increased, which in turn affects the end of the 90s and the beginning of 2000, the well-being and livelihoods of local residents.

Biocultural Community Protocol | Conservation of argali

Wild Argali and Crossed Argali Hybrids

PRESERVING ARKHARS, WE MAINTAIN THE BALANCE OF ECOSYSTEMS

The argali or ram Marco Polo is the largest reserve, is engaged in preserving the argali representative of wild sheep living in the Eastern population in Tajikistan. Pamirs, the body length is 120-200 cm, the height Argali is most common on the border of the at the withers is 90-120 cm, the live weight of mountainous territories of Tajikistan, as well as males is about 135 kg. Both males and females Afghanistan, China and Pakistan. Basically, he have powerful spiral horns, in males they look prefers vast open spaces with a gently rugged much larger and more impressive, and can make relief, covered with steppes or meadows, gentle up 13% of the total body weight, reaching a length mountain slopes, plateaus, rugged foothill plains, of up to 190 cm.Due to its voluminous and powerful small hills. horns, argali attracts hunters from all over the world. It feeds mainly on grassy vegetation, giving preference to cereals. It less often eats leaves and Argali as a whole is protected by hunting branches of caragana, almond, pistachio, as well collectives and nature conservation organizations, as other shrubs and trees. it is listed as a vulnerable species (VU) in the international Red Data Book - that is, the number Argali live in herds of 200-300 animals and and its habitat are decreasing under the influence more, and outside the breeding season, males and of negative factors. Currently, the Association of females keep separate from each other. Sexual Hunters of Tajikistan, together with individual maturity in females occurs in the second year of hunting collectives of the organization on the life, while in males only in the fifth. The rutting territory of the Tajik National Park and the Zorkul period varies from population to population, but 10

Conservation of argali | Biocultural Community Protocol generally lasts from October to November. Argali mechanisms for mutually beneficial agreed terms are characterized by a combination of polygyny (APU) and prior notification of the parties in with polyandry, that is, several males and several accordance with the principles of the Nagoya females can simultaneously participate in one Protocol, which are respected by all parties. As a mating group. At the beginning of the mating result, “40% of the funds that come from hunting season, males compete for the right to possess the are used to protect and increase the population of female, colliding with each other's horns. argali. Pregnancy lasts 150–160 days, after which 1–2 Currently, legal hunting is regulated by the lambs are born. Before lambing, which occurs in Government of the country. Hunting for trophy early spring, the female separates from the herd, animals is carried out on a paid basis. The license finds a secluded place and spends the first few fee for hunting is charged in accordance with the days with the lambs. The female care for the procedure established by the Government in offspring lasts about 4 months, after which the accordance with Article 17 of the Law "On hunting lambs become completely independent. Males do and hunting management", the amount of the not participate in raising offspring. license is distributed as follows: Many people wonder how rational it is for the - 40 percent goes to a special account of the state to grant permission to hunt wild animals that self-government bodies of settlements and villages are included in the Red Book. Having invested a from the area where the animal was taken. This is lot of funds and efforts, the Government and many done with the aim of financing measures for socio- interested parties managed to break this economic development, solving environmental stereotype of uncontrolled shooting of wild problems, restoring livestock and sustainable animals, in particular, argali. At the moment, trophy development of hunting collectives in the field; hunting is carried out strictly within the framework of the developed rules and laws that regulate the - 20 percent is transferred to a special fund issue of hunting. The government has developed for specially protected natural areas, if the hunting

Poaching Results, Argali Horns

Biocultural Community Protocol | Conservation of argali

Milking the yak for making traditional milk porridge (shirbiring) was carried out inside or near specially protected Thanks to our knowledge and skills, we areas; were able to rationally and effectively use the - 40 percent is transferred to a special available biological resources for our needs in our account of the authorized state body for the life. performance of work related to the protection, Our community, which has a century of monitoring and restoration of populations of game history, throughout its existence has contributed to animals (control and protection, monitoring of the conservation of the unique genetic resources game animals, the creation of inter-farm hunting of wild animals, associated traditional ecological grounds, the formation of a stable material and knowledge. Thanks to our traditional knowledge technical base) and other costs associated with and common efforts, the population of Argali is this activity. increasing from year to year, which in turn Hunters who come to hunt are interested in contributes to the development of ecological getting a large trophy, and according to the tourism and trophy hunting, which was on the license, they can only shoot at old males over verge of extinction. As our life experience and seven years old, therefore, hunting collectives try practice show, the established hunting collectives to protect their territory and protect animals until carry out a large amount of work to preserve and they reach a certain age. increase the number of livestock, they also take measures to restore high-mountain pastures, to If the ecosystems of argali and other water them and, in general, to improve pasture ungulates were to be protected only during the lands. hunting season, and the rest of the time these territories were left to their own devices, we would In addition to argali in the territory of not have received the result that we have now. Murghab, the local population breeds yaks or is engaged in yak breeding, which is also one of the 12

Conservation of argali | Biocultural Community Protocol main sources of income for local residents. Local At the same time, we, as representatives of residents have herds of yaks, in which there are the local community and members of the from 15 to 25 heads, they are fattening yaks mainly Association of Hunters of Tajikistan, suppress for meat. Yak meat is in great demand and is a cases of illegal hunting or poaching, which hunt delicacy, as it does not contain much fat and lard. wild animals without a license. There were cases According to local residents, it is very beneficial for when poachers were caught and fined large sums health. for illegal hunting of Argalis. Argali are the main food for another Today, the Murghab region is a natural endangered animal - the snow leopard, which also reserve and a natural habitat for wild ungulates, lives in the Eastern Pamirs. The number of snow thanks to which large populations of Argali and leopards in Tajikistan in recent years has other wild animals are preserved here today, the increased significantly and is about 500 heads, number of which has increased significantly. while in the other 12 countries of its habitat, the Our community continues to develop its total number fluctuates around 6 thousand heads. traditional knowledge by transferring skills and Of course, it is impossible not to say to other knowledge to the younger generation associated representatives of the wild fauna of Murghab, who with genetic resources. We always strive to also live with us in the neighborhood and are also support our diversity through practical activities so full-fledged inhabitants of mountain ecosystems. that the younger generation always participates in Snow leopards, wolves, foxes, as well as it, despite the fact that the younger generation is birds of prey that compete with humans for food, reluctant to accept all this, since it is practice that live on the territory of the Murghab region. Today helps today to restore those lost resources that wolves are one of the main concerns and threats helped us survive and we are not in right to forget for both local residents and wild animals. it.

Biocultural Community Protocol | Conservation of argali

Activists and representatives of the local community of Murghab

PRELIMINARY KNOWLEDGE OF CONSENT AND BENEFITS

Our genetic resources and associated managed, in cooperation with many stakeholders, traditional knowledge are the common heritage of to create hunting collectives that are engaged in our community and an integral part of our lives. the conservation of mountain ungulates like Argali. Collectives for the conservation and rational use of Our ancestors have always maintained and mountain ungulates have done a lot of work and to preserved their knowledge of traditional hunting this day follow the set goals and objectives. and associated genetic resources of wild animals, which are an integral part of the livelihoods of the Thanks to the established hunting local population, which were also the only source collectives, many men and women have received of income and helped to survive in difficult times. both permanent and temporary jobs and, The preservation of traditional knowledge accordingly, benefit from the trophy hunting has been and remains an important factor in our conducted. For example, the women in our future well-being and sustainable development of community collect argali wool and spin wool, which the cultural vitality of mountain populations. For is used to knit wool carpets and other products. many of us, traditional knowledge is an The manufactured woolen products are in demand inseparable way of life, from cultural values. This among both local residents and foreign tourists means that it is vitally important to preserve not just who visit Murghab. knowledge, but the natural habitats of both the The trophy hunting process goes through population and the habitats of wild animals. coordination and obtaining approval from representatives of the local community, hunting The local population from ancient times is industry, scientific bodies and representatives of engaged in nomadic cattle breeding, thereby the Committee for Environmental Protection and, preserving and rationally using high-mountain of course, representatives of CITES. A working pasture lands. Thanks to the great experience and skills accumulated over the years, we have group is created and trophy animals are identified 14

Conservation of argali | Biocultural Community Protocol in certain herds inhabiting the Expert meeting with guides and foreign hunters, territory of the hunting farm. The Murghab main factor in identifying a trophy animal is its age and state of health. Further, after identifying and identifying a trophy animal, representatives of the scientific body issue a conclusion on the seizure, after which the Committee for Environmental Protection issues a hunting license. The license is posted on a dedicated website and offered to 20,000 to hunt it. But at the same time, it is also foreign hunters. After reviewing and receiving the main source of income for the local population. approval, foreign hunters pay for the license and determine the period when they can come to hunt. We believe that by educating our younger The hunting farm, in cooperation with all relevant generation of Tajikistan and raising the interest of authorities, prepares all the necessary documents the local population, we will achieve attention to for the convenience of a foreign hunter, his arrival, the negative consequences of hunting the Marco accommodation and of course the hunt itself. The Polo sheep and awareness of the importance of hunter, during 10 days of his visit, hunts and takes efforts to conserve this species. We want to limit his trophy, mainly the horns of the Argali. trophy hunting (which threatens the survival of the critically endangered snow leopard as well as the The argali ram Marco Polo is one of the most Marco Polo ram), and in this regard, we have important symbols of trophy hunting in Tajikistan, pledged to spend a portion of our profits on which is distinguished by its large spiral horns. promoting the conservation of Tajikistan's wildlife. Unfortunately, the beautiful horns have made the ram a valuable trophy for hunters who pay up to $ By participating in meetings and meetings, we always try to solve problems Collection of activists and representatives of the local community Murghab concerning our resources, and share our experiences and knowledge with other communities to conserve, maintain, enhance and sustainably use genetic resources and related knowledge. It is very important for us to share this knowledge in our localities, to better understand and conserve TK and associated genetic resources. 15

Biocultural Community Protocol | Conservation of argali

We can say that traditional knowledge associated In the event of situations requiring a decision with the life of our community is the way in which and permission from the administration related to the local community shows its culture and our genetic resources, in particular by Argali, we traditions to the world community. For awareness hold extraordinary meetings and consult to make and awareness of the community, we hold the right decision on the situation. meetings with the participation of representatives We are representatives of hunting of all stakeholders from the community and inform collectives and the local community of Murghab them about the current situation, planned and have a special affection for our lands, and we implemented activities at the community level and, consider these lands as something fundamental in general, about the state of our genetic for our existence and economic activity. For us, resources. Sometimes, to solve the difficulties and these places are sacred, since the land, problems that have arisen, we invite mountains, rivers, plants, animals and traditional representatives from the administration of our knowledge are an integral part of our cultural jamoat and the region, also, if necessary, heritage. scientists and specialists of a particular field.

Mountain landscape Murghab region 16

Conservation of argali | Biocultural Community Protocol

Hunting on argali in Murghab district

PRESERVATION AND RATIONAL USE ARE A PRIORITY OF OUR COMMUNITY

The Association of Hunters of Tajikistan has By cooperating with local authorities, we united all the holders of traditional knowledge, who make our significant contribution to the are the keepers of biodiversity not only in the development of mountain regions, for this we Pamirs, but throughout Tajikistan. Over the course constantly conduct awareness-raising events, of a long time and great efforts, we, as an meetings with all stakeholders, study current "Association", were able to restore and increase problems and find ways to solve them, expand the the number of not only Argali, but also other wild scope of activities and attract more and more ungulates that were on the verge of extinction, and stakeholders and parties both from the local thanks to this, today the local population living in population and foreigners. mountain regions and engaged in the preservation We carry out agrotechnical measures to of wild fauna and flora can use biodiversity restore existing and create new pastures in remote services in a sustainable and sustainable manner. mountain areas. In cooperation with national and Today we are contributing to the restoration international organizations, we are implementing and sustainable development of biodiversity in our initiatives to introduce energy-efficient region and the country as a whole. technologies in mountainous regions to reduce the pressure on ecosystems. 17

Biocultural Community Protocol | Conservation of argali

We always strive to maintain the ecological in particular argali. Earlier, when the local balance of our region, and so far this has become population cut down the teresken, argali could a tradition for us. For several years, our migrate to neighboring countries (China, association, in cooperation with local authorities, Afghanistan) due to lack of food. Given this the population and other stakeholders, has been problem, the authorities and all interested parties striving to preserve the number of wild ungulates, took measures to provide the local population with in particular, argali, which are an integral part of heating resources, in particular, coal. both biodiversity and the life of the population. The argali themselves are the main food for another endangered animal species - the snow How hunting protects the population leopard, which also lives in the Eastern Pamirs and Every year, the Association, in cooperation other high-mountainous areas of Tajikistan. with the Committee for Environmental Protection, It is possible to increase the population of buys tons of coal at a low price and sells it at a very argali, but this can entail additional pressure on low (symbolic cost of 50 diram) to the local pastures and lead to the spread of various population so that people do not use teresken as diseases and epidemics among wild animals. firewood, which is the main food of wild ungulates,

A herd of young argali

Conservation of argali | Biocultural Community Protocol

Alikhon Latifi - Chairman of the Association of Hunters of Tajikistan

Hunting for argali Marco Polo was banned in Tajikistan in 2009 at the initiative of the country's president due to the fact that, as a result of legal and illegal shooting, the number of these animals has decreased to critical levels. After that, there were repeated reports of the detention of poachers and their convictions to prison terms of up to 5 years. After that, the question arose of creating hunting collectives and issuing licenses for trophy hunting. Then we thought about creating the Association of Hunters of Tajikistan, which will involve hunting collectives created in mountainous regions to restore and preserve wild species of animals, in particular ungulates. Initially, it seemed to everyone that this was impossible and there were difficulties in legal issues, management and, in general, explaining to the local population about the benefits that will be in the future. There were meetings, conversations with the local population, it was difficult to explain that it was necessary to create hunting collectives that would defend the interests of both hunters and ordinary people living in mountainous regions. The population had many questions, often we were faced with the fact that it was difficult and impossible to explain, since we ourselves did not know what awaited us and whether it would be possible to realize all ideas and achieve our goals. Before the regulation of hunting issues, the population saw their benefits only through illegal hunting or poaching, where they killed animals in order to sell their horns, and left only meat and argali skin for themselves. But now the situation has changed dramatically, we can say those poachers who used to hunt illegally now, work in hunting collectives and benefit much more than before. We can say with confidence that this is our success created by hunting collectives and an association that is directly involved in all organizational issues, regulation and other issues in the conservation of wild ungulates has achieved great success, which we share with our neighboring countries.

Hunters are interested in getting a large trophy, and according to the license, they can only shoot at old males over seven years old, therefore, hunting farms try to protect their territory and protect animals until they grow to this age.

Alikhon Latifi

Biocultural Community Protocol | Conservation of argali

USSR, they also ceased to function, if they did work, there was no money. Post civil war, confusion… But thanks to the current government, we can say we have overcome the crisis situation. Yes, now, too, it is not so easy to feed a family in a mountainous area where all the products are imported and the price is tenfold higher. From the ancient times we were engaged in cattle breeding, we still have our own livestock, Odylbek Mirzaev, local resident of mainly yaks and sheep. Cattle breeding, which is Murghab also very hard work, given the altitude where we live and graze our livestock, we have a much better life. Well, what can I say, there really were difficult Thanks to cattle breeding, we can afford to times and it was very difficult, people did not have educate our children in good schools and universities work, everyone tried to feed their families in any way in the city of Khorog or Dushanbe. The local possible. And hunting was the only way to get at population began to cooperate more with local least some funds so that you could buy essential hunting collectives, which support us, both with food, products. and firewood and coal, which are distributed free of In Murghab, there is little work as such, there charge or at a very reduced price. are mining enterprises, but after the collapse of the This is the benefit of the local population from hunting, which we see and receive!

National Welcome Center Murghab

Conservation of argali | Biocultural Community Protocol

Wool is pre-processed, sorted, cleaned of impurities and whipped with a pair of strong rods (saboo). The cleaned wool is pulled into bundles (eyelet), from which yarn is made. Spinning with a hand spindle (iyik). We learned all this from our parents, in particular, mothers and grandmothers, who spun threads and sewed clothes, blankets and carpets. An important point in the process of weaving, Janatay Muratova and Oygul Baigenova, especially patterned weaving, is the winding of the local residents of Murghab warp, when, in fact, the loom is created. Previously, we used the looms on which our mothers and About 8 thousand women live in Murghab, the grandmothers weaved among the mountain peoples, main employment of local women, in addition to as everywhere there are customs to pass from domestic work, is weaving and sewing at home. We generation to generation valuable things that are have small sewing companies that also do sewing, somehow needed in every home. but mostly local women sew at home. Now it has become much easier, as modern The wool of the argali, and indeed of mountain weaving looms have appeared, installed in animals in general, is rough compared to animals comfortable workshops. We also train young girls in living in the valleys and in order to make something sewing skills and transfer our knowledge. out of it, it takes a lot of time and effort, this is hard work.

National sewing of woolen carpets, residents of Murghab at the festival

Biocultural Community Protocol | Conservation of argali

Over the years, we have collaborated with We also take part in exhibitions and festivals local artists to design and come up with several of folk crafts where we present our products and options for traditional clothing and wool souvenirs for culture as an integral part of our heritage. sale to tourists.

Traditional knitting of wool socks (Jurab)

Children in traditional dresses at the folk craft festival, Murghab

Conservation of argali | Biocultural Community Protocol

Meeting of the local jamoat Murghab

PROBLEMS OF OUR TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE AND RELATED GENETIC RESOURCES

The unsatisfactory situation related to the abandoned remote pastures, there has been conservation of argali is, in particular, illegal competition between livestock and argali and the hunting, competition with livestock, displacement situation has become more critical. and transmission of diseases, loss of habitats and During a period of lack of electricity and their degradation caused by overgrazing, heating resources, the local population began to collection of fuel wood (teresken) and mining uproot the shrub Ceratoides papposa (teresken) activities. In our community, threats are primarily for fuel, which of course causes a shortage of food related to mortality and loss of animals, and the for wild animals, in particular Argali. second category of threats is loss of habitat, fragmentation and degradation. In our opinion, the main difficulties are mainly related to the lack of awareness of the local In our country, after the declaration of population about the value and significance of our independence of the state, the number of livestock genetic resources. We often hold meetings and sharply decreased, and grazing on summer conversations among the local population to help pastures partially ceased, which led to an them in solving socio-economic, household and improvement in the condition of high-mountain economic issues, so that the population feels the pastures and habitat for argali. support from the hunting collectives that operate in But over the past few years, the livestock their territories. population has recovered and even increased And we think we managed to find ways to several times. Since about 2005, in the temporarily solve, although not all issues, but the main ones 23

Biocultural Community Protocol | Conservation of argali that are related to the provision of fuel Festival of Folk Crafts, Khorog resources for heating and cooking and the provision of essential products. Most of the benefits are not in monetary form, except for the salaries of people who work in hunting collectives or provide any services. Today, the local population has no problems with the use of the biodiversity resources of our valley, despite the fact that most of the argali habitat is under the state administration of specially protected areas.

Our problem is different - it is the traditions, culture and knowledge related to the preservation of our traditional knowledge and GR. associated genetic resources. With the We performed at festivals with small development of technology, the Internet and even theatrical performances on traditional hunting for with the advent of mobile phones, young people animals, the lifestyle of a hunter and the mountain cease to perceive the knowledge and experience population in general. We shared our experience that the older generation has. In mountainous in cooking, traditional medicine and the treatment regions, young people often try to leave school of various diseases. Our events were attended by after leaving school for big cities, for study and guests from different countries, who also took part further residence. We understand that there is a in impromptu hunting, cooking and generally got loss of our knowledge, the transfer of this acquainted with the traditional way of life. knowledge from the older to the younger generation is interrupted. Young people do not feel Thanks to such events, we can convey both the need for them, do not see the need for them to our government and to the international and do not show interest in them, despite the fact community the significance and value of our that they participate in many processes. knowledge, culture, traditions of hunting and reverence for wild animals as equal inhabitants of We, at the invitation of various governmental mountain regions that have their place in modern and non-governmental organizations and society. departments, participate in various regional and republican events and exhibitions, presenting our

Conservation of argali | Biocultural Community Protocol

Selection of local breeds for crossing

BIOTECHNICAL ACTIONS FOR CONSERVATION OF GENETIC RESOURCES

In recent years, the valuable economic and is the task of the rational use of the gene pool, as biological features of the argali have been well as the search and creation of new sources of increasingly used to improve the sheep breeds livestock products (Bagirov V.A. et al. 2009). raised by the implementation of distant One of the ways of rational livestock hybridization. The hybrid offspring obtained in this management is the involvement of wild fauna way is in great demand among the population and resources in agricultural production, including the farmers, bringing them income in double the use of interspecific hybridization. Remote amount. A number of private collectives are hybridization is used to create new breeding forms involved in these activities. of farm animals, characterized by pronounced Progress in animal husbandry is possible if heterosis, combining the valuable properties of the the population has genetic diversity, the existence original species and for the reconstruction and of outstanding genotypes and animals adapted to restoration of endangered species. Hybridization is specific conditions. However, its effectiveness is an effective method that allows you to enrich the determined not only by these factors, but also by gene pool of domestic animals by introducing into the demand for products, which cannot always be it valuable genetic inclinations inherent in wild satisfied on the basis of the available genetic animals. material. In this regard, in animal husbandry, there

Biocultural Community Protocol | Conservation of argali

the breeding farm "Ehsonboy-1", Herd of hybrid sheep, Varzob region located in the Rudaki region. The farm is located in the central part of the Rudaki district at a distance of 20 km south of the city of Dushanbe and 40 km from the sheep breeding farm "Dilshod-B". The technology of sheep breeding in both communities is based mainly on year-round grazing. On winter pastures, the livestock is fed with hay harvested from natural grasses and alfalfa, as well as with concentrate. In recent years, the Dilshod and Ehsanboy sheep- breeding collectives have practiced The farm "Dilshod-B" specialized in the partial semi-bed keeping of queens, stall fattening breeding of fat-tailed sheep breeds, in particular, of young stock for meat and culled animals of the Gissar sheep, is located in the local community different sex and age. of Varzob region. The community is located in the The location of the local community of both central part of the Varzob region, 25 km north of communities, its relief and nature of land use are the city of Dushanbe. The total land area is 3806 conducive to the development of sheep breeding, hectares, including 3,694 hectares for pasture. as well as other branches of animal husbandry and The main fodder base for keeping and breeding animal species. animals of the present sheep-breeding community is mainly piedmont and mountain pasture Representatives of both collectives vegetation and produced fodder on arable - “Dilshod-B”, which employs 26 people and moisture-provided dry lands. “Ehsonboy-1” 15 people, will be directly involved in the protocol of the biocultural community. The The second farm interested in receiving main activity of which is grazing and carrying out benefits from breeding a hybrid livestock of sheep,

Herd of hybrid sheep, Rudaki region

Conservation of argali | Biocultural Community Protocol

Weighing a hybrid ram, Varzob district The conservation and rational use of argali and their hybrid offspring is a very important environmental issue. Interested parties in carrying out these works are: • Government of the Republic of Tajikistan and local authorities; • State Committee for Nature Protection under the Government of the Republic of Tajikistan; • Society of Hunters of Tajikistan; • Research institutions NAS RT, TAAS; • Local communities - Sheep farmers. zooveterinary activities. The population of two jamoats of Varzob region and Rudaki region will be • Business communities indirectly involved in the implementation of the protocol of the biocultural community.

Demonstration of a hybrid ram, Varzob district

Biocultural Community Protocol | Conservation of argali

Local women, keepers of the hearth, Khorog GBAO

OUR RIGHTS UNDER THE LAWS AND POLICIES OF THE REPUBLIC OF TAJIKISTAN

In the Convention on Biological Diversity for agroecosystems and 3.8 million hectares on natural Sustainable Development, which Tajikistan ratified in pastures. Agriculture and all its forms like 1997, it is noted that the purpose of this Convention horticulture, animal husbandry, beekeeping, etc. are is the conservation of biological diversity, the the main economic activities of the population and sustainable use of its components and the sharing economy of Tajikistan. The agricultural sector on an equitable and fair basis of benefits from the accounts for about 70% of all labor resources in the use of genetic resources and associated traditional country. knowledge. In connection with the intensive development Modern threats of the global ecological crisis of agriculture and the development of new lands, the in the 21st century dictate the need to form a strategy activities of the population, in particular, for optimal relationships between man and nature. In mountainous ones, have reached the most unique, connection with other difficulties, environmental remote, sometimes inaccessible high-mountain problems, reduction of biodiversity, climate change ecosystems. Dozens of plant and animal species are are of particular importance. At all natural levels, endangered. In our country, a decrease in ecological there is an intensive involvement of natural capacity is directly related to the threat of loss of ecosystems in the economic circulation and the biodiversity and a rapid rate of population growth disappearance of wild species of living organisms. and, accordingly, an increase in demand for Tajikistan is a mountainous and, predominantly, biodiversity products. agricultural country, where about 460 thousand The government of the country at all levels hectares of their land falls on the share of makes great efforts to preserve biodiversity in natural 28

Conservation of argali | Biocultural Community Protocol habitats both in specially protected natural areas and on Biological Diversity in 1997, the Convention on creating artificial ecosystems (like parks, reserves, the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild etc.). Thanks to the efforts of all interested parties, Animals, the Convention on International Trade in the Law of the Republic of Tajikistan "On Nature Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora, and Protection" dated December 27, 1993 No. 905 was other regulatory legal documents in the field of adopted, aimed at the rational use and reproduction wildlife conservation. The role and significance of the of its resources, the improvement of the Conventions to determine the main tasks of the environment, ensuring the priority of the republic's conservation and sustainable use of components of environmental interests, taking into account the biological diversity, the exchange of biotechnology scientifically based combination of the development and other important issues. Control the migration of of economic and other activities with respect for wild animals in cross-border areas, and of course, nature, its wealth and guaranteed protection of the control the international trade in endangered wildlife. human right to a healthy and favorable environment It is obvious that the implementation of the for life. concept of sustainable development can be carried The Government of Tajikistan adheres to the out only on the basis of an ecosystem approach to course of sustainable and dynamic economic the use of natural resources, primarily on the basis development, introducing and using integrated of biodiversity conservation. By ratifying the approaches in the development of key sectors, conventions, the country assumes obligations for the including social and environmental development. conservation of all biodiversity by developing The country is an active participant in various national strategies, action plans, programs for the international and regional initiatives in the field of conservation and sustainable use of biological environmental protection and biodiversity diversity, adapting existing and existing strategies, conservation related to TK, adopting and signing plans, programs that reflect, in particular, national international agreements, fulfilling obligations and and international requirements. reflecting the state's priority goals in the field of In accordance with the above, the country has environmental protection in national strategic adopted a number of laws, programs and an action documents. plan for the conservation and sustainable use of An important stage in the conservation of biological diversity, in particular regarding wild biological diversity was the ratification of several animals. international documents such as the UN Convention

Biocultural Community Protocol | Conservation of argali

List of adopted laws of the Republic of Tajikistan related to biodiversity № The laws Purpose and principles of the law Year of adoption Rational use and reproduction of its resources, improvement of 1993 the natural environment, ensuring the priority of the republic's ecological interests, taking into account the scientifically grounded combination of the development of economic and other activities with respect for nature, for its wealth and guaranteed protection of the human right to a healthy and About nature 1. favorable environment for life, which is a national task and the conservation cause of the whole people. this law, together with organized, legal, economic and educational measures, is intended to contribute to the formation and strengthening of environmental law and order, the protection of the natural environment in the interests of present and future generations and ensuring environmental safety in the territory of the Republic of Tajikistan. Regulating public relations in the field of protection, restoration 2008 and reasonable use of the animal world, establishes the legal, 2. About the animal world economic and social foundations of the industry and is aimed at (1997) the protection and restoration of the resources of the animal world. This law defines the legal basis for state policy in the field of 2011 environmental protection and is aimed at ensuring sustainable socio-economic development, guaranteeing human rights to a On environmental healthy and favorable environment, strengthening the rule of 3. protection law, preventing the negative impact of economic and other activities on the environment, organizing the rational use of natural resources and environmental safety. Nature protection in the Republic of Tajikistan is carried out 2011 through the application of legislative, organizational, economic, technological and special measures, including territorial forms of nature protection, implemented through a system of specially Specially protected protected natural areas. The increasing anthropogenic impact 4. natural areas on the biosphere predetermines the need to increase the diversity and area of these territories and increase their efficiency. The functioning of specially protected natural areas has priority over the economic and socio-economic interests of society. This Law establishes the legal and organizational framework for 2007 environmental impact assessment, its relationship with the state 5. Environmental impact environmental expertise, as well as the procedure for accounting assessment and classification of objects of environmental impact assessment. International trade in wild animals and plants does not threaten Convention on 1975 their survival; the agreement introduces various degrees of International Trade in protection for over 33,000 species of animals and plants Tajikistan joined 6. Endangered Species of 2015 Wild Fauna and Flora» (CITES) The Parties recognize the importance of the conservation of 1983 migratory species and the agreement of range states on Bonn Convention on measures taken for this purpose, where possible and 7. the Conservation of appropriate, with particular attention to migratory species whose Migratory Species of conservation status is unfavorable, and also taking, individually Animals or in cooperation, appropriate measures necessary to preserve such species and their habitats.

Conservation of argali | Biocultural Community Protocol

Conservation of biological diversity, sustainable use of its 1997 components and fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from the use of genetic resources, including through the 8. Convention on provision of necessary access to genetic resources and through Biological Diversity appropriate transfer of appropriate technologies, taking into account all rights to such resources and technologies, as well as through proper funding. An official state document that contains an annotated list of the Новое издание rarest and endangered species of fauna and flora within the 2015 territory of Tajikistan, as well as generalized information on the distribution, current state of these species, the reasons for the decline in numbers, and measures for their conservation and 9. Red Book of Tajikistan reproduction. The Red Book of the Republic of Tajikistan is a state document and is recommended to employees of environmental protection bodies, specially protected natural areas, forestry, botany and zoology, teachers and students of universities, as well as the general public and nature lovers.

The Republic of Tajikistan is a party to other preservation and maintenance of the knowledge, global conventions related to biodiversity of innovations and practices of indigenous and local international importance, such as the Ramsar communities, reflecting traditional ways of life, Convention on Wetlands, the Framework which are important for the conservation and Convention on Climate Change, the Convention on sustainable use of biological diversity, and to Desertification, the Aarhus Convention on Access to promote them. wider application, with the approval Information, Public Participation in Decision Making and participation of the holders of such knowledge, and Access to justice in environmental matters "and and encourage equitable sharing of benefits. other international treaty agreements. In this regard, an important step is the The ratification and adoption of Conventions ratification by Tajikistan of additional protocols to and other treaties has served as a basis for the Convention on Biological Diversity - the collaboration with global financial institutions, in Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety (2004) and the particular the Global Environment Facility (GEF), Nagoya Protocol on Access and Benefit-sharing which contributes to the implementation of more (2013). effective and targeted initiatives for the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity. Recognition of the need to preserve biological diversity, in accordance with the requirements of the Convention on Biodiversity, obliges our country to develop fundamental, mutually acceptable documents, as well as take a number of particularly important decisions to ensure the rational use and equitable distribution of benefits from the use of biological diversity. According to Article 8 (j) of the Convention, Tajikistan, in accordance with its national legislation, undertakes to ensure respect,

Biocultural Community Protocol | Conservation of argali

The adoption by the government of the of the Republic of Tajikistan confirmed the well- country of a number of political, legislative and established and productive partnership of the economic initiatives to improve the environment at Government of the Republic of Tajikistan with the the national and international levels, contributes to Global Environment Facility (GEF), the United the formation of favorable conditions for the Nations Development Program (UNDP), the United development of the relevant National strategic Nations Environment Program (UNEP), the World documents. Some of these documents include: bank (WB) and other international partners. . National Strategy and Action Plan for the The National Strategy and Action Plan for the Conservation and Sustainable Use of Conservation and Sustainable Use of Biodiversity is Biodiversity (2003) (2016); the main document that reflects the conservation of . National Action Plan for Environmental biodiversity components of global, regional, national Protection of the Republic of Tajikistan; and local significance. National communications on . Sixth national communication of the Republic conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity of Tajikistan on biodiversity (2018); have been developed. The national strategy and . National Action Plan for Climate Change action plan includes an assessment of the current Mitigation; state of biological diversity, trends of change, the . Three national communications on climate main strategic directions for the development of change; biological diversity, activities for the implementation . State Ecological Program of the Republic of of the Action Plan, as well as the identification of Tajikistan for 2009-2019. economic and political mechanisms for the The release of the updated National Strategy conservation and sustainable use of biological and Action Plan for the Conservation of Biodiversity diversity.

Conservation of argali | Biocultural Community Protocol

Interview with a local community representative, Khorog GBAO

RECEPTION OF TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE IN THE LEGAL FIELD ACCORDING TO NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL LEGISLATION

We are the local population of the with the use of genetic resources, which will reflect mountainous regions of Tajikistan, which are important knowledge, traditions and culture, skills engaged in animal husbandry and, in particular, in and customs for the careful use of genetic resources. matters of hunting collectives, are interested in We also propose to create a committee from preserving our traditional knowledge and among all stakeholders to regulate issues of consolidating it in the legal field of the Republic of biodiversity, its conservation, restoration and Tajikistan in accordance with the adopted sustainable use in accordance with accepted international legal acts and norms. national and international norms and rules. Increase Under the Convention on Biological Diversity, activities to raise awareness and education of the ensuring the conservation and maintenance of local population, and actively participate in the knowledge and practices that reflect our traditional adoption of appropriate measures and decisions lifestyles that are relevant to the conservation and related to the use of genetic resources and traditional sustainable use of biological diversity (Article 8j) and knowledge. the Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic In connection with the announcement of 2019- Resources and Associated Traditional Knowledge, 2021, a period of tourism development and the pre- informed consent or approval with the development of traditional folk crafts, it would be participation of local communities to establish good if the mass media - television, radio and print - mutually agreed terms. reflected our national traditional knowledge, culture, We ask the relevant organizations to and identity as the basis of our life, which will also strengthen the focus and promote the creation of a help us document and preserve all our wealth. state register of traditional knowledge associated

Biocultural Community Protocol | Conservation of argali

Local guides and hunters travel by yak, Murghab

CONCLUSION

It is known that animal genetic which is annually allocated by the Government resources are the main source of food of the Republic of Tajikistan. production for the needs of the population. In From the point of view of science, there Tajikistan, many species of mammals live, is a high probability that in the near future, including wild ungulates, which include the some specific gene capabilities that local unique alpine animal Argali, which, according animal breeds have, may become relevant in to the latest data, number over 28 thousand solving problems in connection with changes in individuals. You can also name several rare and the animal habitat and for breeding. It should endangered species of animals, for example, be noted that Argali is shot in the autumn and horned goat, steppe ram, Bukhara red deer, early winter period and only adult males with argali, as well as some local sheep breeds. The a horn radius of 1.5 m. From the point of view rational and purposeful use of the genetic of science, these adult males are the main rams resources of the country and mainly the Marco for the reproduction of herds. Therefore, it is Polo ram (Argali) can be made use of in necessary to revise the strategy and quota economic growth and compliance with access to the shooting of those individuals are production conditions with environmental not of particular value in their selection. It requirements, and mainly sustainable should be especially emphasized that during conservation and their rational use without shelling, it is imperative to remove sperm from harming nature. Adhering to the allocated the testes to create a genbank of semen of quotas for selling argali for trophy hunting, Argali rams for their further use in breeding and breed formation in sheep breeding.

Conservation of argali | Biocultural Community Protocol

Conservation of the genetic resources improved significantly. The local population of domestic animals and their wild relatives is now has more opportunities to carry out any also needed as a reminder of the past to future activity in the field of nature protection. generations in order to shed light on their Thanks to the increase in the number of future. All of this is equally related to the argali, the number of foreign hunters preservation and use of the capabilities of the interested in obtaining a trophy has also wild relative of modern sheep breeds - the increased, which in turn affects the welfare Pamir argali. and livelihoods of local residents. This protocol sets out our activities, Today the Murghab region is a natural role, rights and obligations in the preservation reserve and a natural habitat for wild of the country's wild fauna, in particular, ungulates, thanks to which large populations mountain ungulates, like the Marco-Polo Argali of Argali and other wild animals are preserved ram in the remote high-mountainous here, the number of which has increased territories of the Pamirs of our country. significantly. Recalling traditional knowledge related Our community continues to develop to animal GR, most of this knowledge has been its traditional knowledge by transferring skills accumulated in several communities and is and knowledge to the younger generation presented in several stories, folk sayings, associated with genetic resources. We always legends, tales, horror stories described in strive to support our diversity through books by local and foreign writers, as well as practical activities so that the younger scientific publications that describe our generation always participates in it, despite knowledge of traditional hunting and respect the fact that the younger generation is for wildlife. reluctant to accept all this, since it is practice Through the efforts of the government that helps today to restore those lost resources with the support of the local community of the that helped us survive and we are not in right country, a number of laws have now been to forget it. adopted that regulate the rational use of For awareness and awareness of the biodiversity, and most importantly, the community, we hold meetings with the conservation of unique species in their natural participation of representatives of all habitat, where local communities engaged in stakeholders from the community and inform traditional lifestyles and associated GRs are them about the current situation, planned and largely concentrated. implemented activities at the community level Cases of poaching and illegal hunting of and, in general, about the state of our genetic mountain ungulates became more frequent, resources. Sometimes, to solve the difficulties people hunted for meat, some for the skin and and problems that have arisen, we invite horns of argali. By the end of the 90s and the representatives from the administration of our beginning of 2000, the number of argali was jamoat and the region, also, if necessary, greatly reduced and amounted to just over scientists and specialists of a particular field. 3000 heads. In the event of situations requiring a Thanks to stakeholders, the state of the decision and permission from the environment, biodiversity, the argali administration related to our genetic population and wild ungulates in general have resources, in particular by Argali, we hold 35

Biocultural Community Protocol | Conservation of argali extraordinary meetings and consult to make organizational issues, regulation and other the right decision on the situation. issues in the conservation of wild ungulates has We are representatives of hunting achieved great success, which we share with collectives and the local community of our neighboring countries. Murghab have a special affection for our lands, Through public events, we can convey and we consider these lands as something to both our government and the international fundamental for our existence and economic community the importance and value of our activity. For us, these places are sacred, traditional ancient and modern knowledge, because the land, mountains, rivers, plants, culture, hunting traditions and the worship of animals and traditional knowledge are an wild animals as equal inhabitants of integral part of our cultural heritage. mountainous regions that have their place in We always strive to maintain the modern society. ecological balance of our region, and so far this It is obvious that the implementation of has become a tradition for us. For several the concept of sustainable development can years, our association, in cooperation with be carried out only on the basis of an local authorities, the population and other ecosystem approach to the use of natural stakeholders, has been striving to preserve the resources, primarily on the basis of biodiversity number of wild ungulates, in particular, argali, conservation. By ratifying the conventions, the which are an integral part of both biodiversity country assumes obligations for the and livelihoods of the population. conservation of all biodiversity by developing The argali themselves are the main national strategies, action plans, programs for food for another endangered animal species - the conservation and sustainable use of the snow leopard, which also lives in the biological diversity, adapting existing and Eastern Pamirs and other high-mountainous existing strategies, plans, programs that areas of Tajikistan. reflect, in particular, national and international It is possible to increase the population requirements. of argali, but this may entail additional In accordance with the above, the pressure on pastures and lead to the spread of country has adopted a number of laws, various diseases and epidemics among wild programs and an action plan for the animals. conservation and sustainable use of biological Thanks to the efforts of the community diversity, in particular regarding wild animals. with the support of local government The national strategy and action plan structures in the implementation of the law of includes an assessment of the current state of the Republic of Tajikistan "on the protection of biological diversity, trends of change, the main wild fauna", now the situation has changed strategic directions for the development of dramatically, we can say those poachers who biological diversity, activities for the used to hunt illegally now work in hunting implementation of the Action Plan, as well as collectives and benefit much more than the identification of economic and political before. mechanisms for the conservation and We can say with confidence that this is sustainable use of biological diversity. our success, created by hunting collectives and Thus, taking into account all aspects of an association that is directly involved in all this issue, the community proposes, along with

Conservation of argali | Biocultural Community Protocol the existing non-governmental environmental appropriate measures and decisions related to authorities, it is advisable to create a special the use of genetic resources and traditional committee for the protection of Argali, from knowledge. among all stakeholders to regulate the issues In connection with the announcement of conservation, reproduction, restoration and of 2019-2021, a period of tourism sustainable use, including as genetic resources development and the development of for use. germplasm as a wild relative of traditional folk crafts, it would be good if our modern sheep in breeding in accordance with national traditional knowledge, culture, and accepted national and international norms and identity as a basis were reflected on a regular rules. basis in the media - television, radio and Increase activities to raise awareness periodicals. our livelihoods, which will also and education of the local population, and help us document and preserve all of our actively participate in the adoption of wealth.

Pamir Highway, GBAO Tajikistan

Biocultural Community Protocol | Conservation of argali

Schematic map of GBAO (argali habitat)

Conservation of argali | Biocultural Community Protocol

Border zone of Tajikistan and China

We express our gratitude to the project staff, experts on the development of the Biocultural Community Protocol, representatives of the local community of the Murgab district of GBAO and the districts of Rudaki and Varzob RRS, for their assistance in organizing and conducting meetings and interviews.

Rakhimov Sh.T., Irgashev T.A., Latifi Alikhon Dr. Ilse Köhler-Rollefson Davlatov Kh. Head of the Association of international consultant on National experts and Hunters of Tajikistan BCP development consultants for the development Bobokalonov Ibrokhim Irgashev Sukhrob of the Biocultural Community head of the farm "Dilshod" Technical project coordinator Protocol

Photos were taken during interviews and meetings in Murghab, Alichur, Varzob, Ramit and other districts of Tajikistan.

Also used photographs of the Association of Hunters of Tajikistan

Photo archive of the National Biodiversity and Biosafety Center.

39 Biocultural Community Protocol | Conservation of argali