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Experiences in the Development of Small-Scale Water Resources in Rural Areas

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Experiences in the Development of Small-Scale Water Resources in Rural Areas 210 95EX Experiences in the Development of Small-scale Water Resources in Rural Areas Proceedings of the International Symposium on Development of Small-scale Water Resources in Rural Areas 21-25: May 1990 Bangkok and Khon Kaen Thailand EDITORS: Giinter Tharun Mendeluz Bautista Edwin Calilung Ma. Doreen B. Canillas Experiences in the Development of Small-scale Water Resources in Rural Areas Proceedings of the International Symposium on Development of Small-scale Water Resources in Rural Areas 21-25 May 1990 Bangkok and Khon Kaen Thailand EDITORS: Giinter Tharun Mendeluz Bautista Edwin Calilung Ma. Doreen B. Canillas Carl Duisberg Gesellschaft South East Asia Program Office Bangkok, Thailand 7)0 EXPERIENCES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF SMALL-SCALE WATER RESOURCES IN RURAL AREAS Copyright © 1995 by the Carl Duisberg Gesellschaft - South East Asia Program Office, Asian Institute of Technology, Bangkok, Thailand. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. ISBN 974-8256-37-5 CONTENTS Foreword vii Acknowledgements viii Part 1 Introduction and Keynote Speeches Introduction 3 Water Resources Development and Management in Asia and 5 the Pacific: A Brief Overview C. Ertuna Community Participation in Small-scale Water Resource Development: 11 The Experience of the Population and Community Development Association M. Viravaidya Part 2 Management Approaches and Strategies Appropriate Small Weir Project Implementation in Northeast Thailand: 19 The Khon Kaen University - New Zealand Approach B. Worboys, P. Wirojanagud, K, Uttrahong, and K, Smith An Integrated Approach to Problem Solving for Village Water Supplies: 29 Thai-Australian Project G.R. Anderson Evolution of Institutions and Efficiency in the Management of 37 Common Pool Flux Water Resources S. Mahendrarajah Multi-disciplinary Engineering: the Community Organization Method 49 L.J. Abrams Small Water Resources Development in Southern Africa: 57 Effective Planning, Delivery, and Management through an Integrated Rural Development Approach J. M. Erskine Community Participation in Water and Sanitation Programs: 67 South African Experiences over the Decade S. B. Mogane Towards Sustainability: The Application of a "Resources Coverage" 75 Approach to Community Water Supply and Sanitation in Southern Africa F, Kwaule and M. Seager in Planning and Development of Small-scale Water Resources 87 J. H. Krishna Part 3 Technologies, Tools, and Training Developments in Rainwater Catchment Systems: Technology and 95 Implementation Strategies in the 1980s and Lessons for the 1990s J. E. Gould Tools for Small Water Resources Implementation and Management in 107 Rural Thailand P. Wirojanagud, V. Vanvarothorn, and P. Chindaprasirt Natural Coagulants for Small Scale Water Treatment: 115 Potential Applications G.K. Folkard, J. P. Sutherland, and W. D. Grant An Integrated Summary of Evaluation Studies on Several Community 125 Potable Water Supply Projects in the Philippines C. M. Gendrano and M. M. Perez Evaluation of Small-scale Drinking Water Supply System in 137 Rural Areas of China BoL. The Thai-German Self-help Training Project on Small-scale 145 Water Resources Development P. Chindaprasirt Project Casework Training Approach for Self-help Training Program 153 for Small Water Resources Development G. Tharun Training on Low-cost Water Supply and Sanitation: 173 An Indonesian Experience J. S. Slamet Part 4 Case Studies Mueda Plateau Water Supply: A Complex Rural Case 181 J. M. Salomao Impact of State Intervention: A Case Study of Two Anicut (weir) Systems 187 in Sri Lanka, State-sponsored vs. Farmer-managed R. S. Ariyabandu IV Small-scale Irrigation Command Area Development in Bangladesh: 195 Problems and Prospects M. K Hoque, M. Idris, M. A. Samad, and S. Islam Provision of Potable Water to Smaller Communities in the Gezira 209 Irrigated Area - Sudan A. A. El Gaddal Part 5 Abstracts of Selected Poster Presentations Fanner Participation in Small-scale Irrigation Projects in 219 Northeast Thailand S. Patamatamkul Development of Small-scale Hydraulic Works for Irrigation in 220 the Rural Areas of Vietnam Nguyen D. Approach to the Development of Small-scale Water Resources in 221 the Rural Areas of China XuJ. Pumping in Small Water Supplies with Renewable Energy Power 222 Sources with Focus on Hydro-power Drive for Pumping V. Schnitzer Rainfall Intensity Analysis as a Tool for Water Resource Planning 223 J. Morin Artificial Recharge of Groundwater for Small-scale Water 224 Development in Rural Areas: A Case Study A. Kowsar A Method for Rainwater Collection, Storage, and Utilization for 225 Small-holder Hydroculture Systems W. Hogland, It Berndtsson, and M. Larson Rainwater Cistern Systems Training Initiatives in Nepal: 226 A Study of Three Cases S. P. Upadhyay and R. L. Chitrakar Farmer Participation in the Operation and Maintenance of Government 227 Assisted Small-scale Irrigation Projects: A Comprehensive Approach V. A. Gillespie Some Aspects of Community Participation in Rural Development in 228 Sri Lanka: Implications for Small-scale Water Resource Development A. Wanasinghe Women, Water Supplies, and Sanitation: A Case Study of Domestic 229 Shallow Well Water Supplies in Thailand K. Khatikarn Factors Determining the Development of Shallow Dug Well as Safe 230 Drinking Water among Women in Five Villages of Viengpapao District, Chiangmai Province, Northern Thailand P. Agamanon, S. Panvisavas, K. Khatikarn, P. Oon-ob and U. Gerdpial U.S. Peace Corps (Thailand) Water Resources Development 231 U.S. Peace Corps (Thailand) Strategies for Operation and Maintenance of Rural Water Supply 232 Systems in Zaire K Ntambwe, F. Baer, D. Sambe, K. Nsenga, and I. Y'Olunki Appropriate Well Drilling System for Northeast Thailand 233 V. Sriboonlue, C. Buaphan, and P. Wirojanagud The Khon Kaen University - New Zealand Type 2 Weir: A Weir 234 Design for Everywhere K. Smith, K. Uttrahong, S. Tongsuk Part 6 Symposium Recommendations VI Foreword The International Symposium on the Development of Small-scale Water Resources in Rural Areas was a major undertaking jointly implemented by the Carl Duisberg Gesellschaft - South East Asia Program Office (CDG-SEAPO), the Thai Ministy of Interior's Department of Local Administra- tion (DOLA), and the Faculty of Engineering of the Khon Kaen University (KKU). It convened representatives of national and international bodies, non-governmental organizations, donor agen- cies, academic institutions, and other professionals worldwide who are actively involved in small- scale water resources development. The Symposium effectively served as a forum for presentation and discussion of relevant examples of innovative small-scale water resources development projects/ programs, analysis of universal problems and bottlenecks as well as practical solutions to these, definition of possible paradigms of development which can guide future project planning, imple- mentation and management, and, most of all, fostering the exchange of information and experi- ences among participants. This publication documents the papers and posters presented during the Symposium as well as the overall Symposium recommendations. More importantly, this document extends one major Sym- posium objective of promoting exchange of information and experiences, by making available to other concerned people and organizations the relevant papers and results generated in this confer- ence. Gunter Tharun vn Acknowledgements The editors wish to thank all the authors of papers and posters that make this publication a rich source of information and insights, many of them offering truly innovative solutions to very challenging problems. Indeed they were instrumental to the shaping of the Symposium discussions and recommendations. The efforts of the Symposium co-implementing agencies, namely Khon Kaen University and the Department of Local Administration of Thailand, as well as the three Symposium Committees, namely the Advisory, Organizing and Technical Committees, are deeply acknowledged. They were the prime-movers behind the Symposium and it is to their credit as well that the material of this publication has been produced. Likewise, the editors are very grateful to Ms. Sangsuree Suree for her valuable editorial and compilation assistance. The editors are indebted to the German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Develop- ment (BMZ) for sponsoring the Symposium and the publication of the proceedings. Special thanks are due to the German Embassy in Bangkok, especially to H.E. Mr. Bernd Oldenkott, former German Ambassador to Thailand, for the enduring support and cooperation that they provided to CDG-SEAPO not only for this Symposium, but also for the umbrella project, the Thai- German Self-help Training Project on Small Water Resources Development in Rural Areas in Northeastern Thailand. vni Introduction and Keynote Speeches Introduction Symposium Background Water supply is at the core of developmental activities as it encompasses public health, nutrition, basic hygiene, and agricultural production. The scarcity of this resource is most acutely felt in rural agricultural areas in developing countries which are not reached by irrigation networks and drinking water utilities. In such areas, the development of small-scale water resources becomes a critical element for the subsistence and sustenance of economic productivity. In
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