DOCSLIB.ORG

The Global Diversity of Taro: Ethnobotany and Conservation

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

The Global DiversityThe of Taro Ethnobotany Global and Conservation Diversity of Taro Ethnobotany and Conservation V. Ramanatha Rao, P. J. Matthews, P. B. Eyzaguirre and D. Hunter, editors 1 The Global Diversity of Taro Ethnobotany and Conservation V. Ramanatha Rao, P. J. Matthews, P. B. Eyzaguirre and D. Hunter, editors Bioversity International is an independent international scientific organization that seeks to improve the well-being of present and future generations of people by enhancing conservation and the deployment of agricultural biodiversity on farms and in forests. It is one of 15 centres supported by the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR), an association of public and private members who support efforts to mobilize cutting-edge science to reduce hunger and poverty, improve human nutrition and health, and protect the environment. Bioversity has its headquarters in Maccarese, near Rome, Italy, with offices in more than 20 other countries worldwide. The organization operates through four programmes: Diversity for Livelihoods, Understanding and Managing Biodiversity, Global Partnerships, and Commodities for Livelihoods. The international status of Bioversity is conferred under an Establishment Agreement which, by January 2009, had been signed by the Governments of Algeria, Australia, Belgium, Benin, Bolivia, Brazil, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Chile, China, Congo, Costa Rica, Côte d’Ivoire, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Ecuador, Egypt, Ethiopia, Ghana, Greece, Guinea, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Iran, Israel, Italy, Jordan, Kenya, Malaysia, Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius, Morocco, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Peru, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Senegal, Slovakia, Sudan, Switzerland, Syria, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda and Ukraine. Financial support for Bioversity’s research is provided by more than 150 donors, including governments, private foundations and international organizations. For details of donors and research activities please see Bioversity’s Annual Reports, which are available in printed form on request from [email protected] or from Bioversity’s Web site (www.bioversityinternational.org). The geographical designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of Bioversity or the CGIAR concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Similarly, the views expressed are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of these organizations. Mention of a proprietary name does not constitute endorsement of the product and is given only for information. Citation: Ramanatha Rao V., Matthews Peter J., Eyzaguirre Pablo B., Hunter D. editors. 2010. The Global Diversity of Taro: Ethnobotany and Conservation. Bioversity International, Rome, Italy. Cover illustration: Transporting wild taro leaves used for pig fodder, northern Myanmar, October 2006 (Photo: P. J. Matthews). ISBN 978-92-9043-867-0 Bioversity International Via dei Tre Denari, 472/a 00057 Maccarese Rome, Italy © Bioversity International, 2010 Bioversity International is the operating name of the International Plant Genetic Resources Institute (IPGRI). ii This book is dedicated to the memory of Eric Quarcoo and Nurzuhairawaty, who sadly passed away in 2000 and 2004 respectively. We lament the loss of our colleagues, but are also inspired and challenged by the great contributions they made to taro research in Africa and the Pacific. iii Contents Acknowledgements v Foreword vi Contributors vii Ethnobotany and global diversity of taro 1 V. Ramanatha Rao, Danny Hunter, Pablo B. Eyzaguirre and Peter J. Matthews An introduction to the history of taro as a food 6 Peter J. Matthews Assessment of cultivar diversity and agronomic characteristics of cocoyam (Xanthosoma sagittifolium) in Ghana through ethnobotanical documentation 29 Carol Markwei, S.O. Bennett-Lartey and Eric Quarcoo Characterizing taro using isozymes and morpho-agronomic descriptors 39 V. Lebot, S. Hartati, N.T. Hue, N.V. Viet, N.H. Nghia, T. Okpul, J. Pardales, M.S. Prana, T.K. Prana, M. Thongjiem, C. M. Krieke, H. VanEck, T.C. Yap and A. Ivancic A study on isozyme variation in the Indonesian taro (Colocasia spp.) germplasm collection 56 M.S. Prana, S. Hartati and T.K. Prana Taro germplasm collection in Vietnam 60 Nguyen Thi Ngoc Hue, Nguyen Van Viet, Vu Linh Chi and M.S Prana Morphological and isoenzyme variability of taro (Colocasia esculenta L. Schott) germplasm in Cuba 69 Arlene Rodríguez Manzano, Adolfo A. Rodríguez Nodals, María I. Román Gutiérrez, Zoila Fundora Mayor and Leonor Castiñeiras Alfonso Genetic diversity assessment of taro collections in China using RAPD assays 92 Li Maolin, Li Rugang, Zhou Mingde, Eyzaguirre P., Ayad W.G. Ethnobotany and genetic diversity of taro in Yunnan, China – analyses of diversity using multiple techniques 98 Li Xixiang, Shen Di, Zhu Dewei, Yang Yongping, Xu Jianchu, Zhou Mingde, P. Eyzaguirre and W.G. Ayad Taro genetic diversity and its use in taro improvement 121 V. Ramanatha Rao Taro (Colocasia esculenta) and tannia (Xanthosoma sagittifolium) crops in the Republic of Cuba 137 Sergio Rodríguez Morales, Miguel Portieles Rodríguez, Luis Ruiz Martínez, Magaly García García, Maryluz Folgueras Montiel, Ramón E. Pérez Hernández and Julia Albert Llerena Techniques for the mass propagation of taro corms (Colocasia esculenta) 143 Motomu Akita and Yoshimoto Ohta Taro collecting and conservation in the Pacific Region 150 Mary Taylor, D. Hunter, V. Ramanatha Rao, G.V.H. Jackson, Param Sivan and Luigi Guarino Improving taro production in the South Pacific through breeding and selection 168 D. Singh, D. Hunter, T. Iosefa, T. Okpul, P. Fonoti and C. Delp Development of a regional core collection (Oceania) for taro, Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott, based on molecular and phenotypic characterization 185 E.S. Mace, P.N. Mathur, I.D. Godwin, D. Hunter, M.B. Taylor, D. Singh, I.H. DeLacy and G.V.H. Jackson Conclusion 202 iv The Global Diversity of Taro Ethnobotany and Conservation Acknowledgements The editors warmly acknowledge the concerted efforts of all the many people involved in writing and editing this volume. Special thanks go to the National Agriculture Research Center (NARC), the National Institute of Crop Science (NICS), the National Museum of Ethnology (MINPAKU) and the Japan International Research Centre for Agricultural Sciences (JIRCAS) for hosting the IPGRI session on taro, as part of the Twelfth Symposium of the International Society for Tropical Root Crops (ISTRC) held in Tsukuba, Japan, 10-16 September, 2000. The editors are also grateful to Linda Sears for her editing work, to Arwen Bailey and Teresa Borelli for additional edits, and to Patrizia Tazza for design and layout. v Foreword Taro, a flexible partner in evolving farming systems and food culture Taro (Colocasia esculenta) is deeply rooted in the agriculture and food culture of Japan. Its name in Japanese - satoimo - is composed of the words “sato” meaning village or home and “imo” meaning root or tuber, reflecting the central role it plays as a staple food crop in small-scale farming systems. It is also thought that the Japanese owe their predilection for slimy foods, such as glutinous or sticky rice, to the high appreciation they hold for taro. Taro was introduced to Japan around 1000 B.C., long before the advent of rice. Owing to its high and stable productivity and due to the absence of other major food crops at the time, it was quickly adopted in the Japanese agricultural production system. It was later supplanted by rice, which shares similar cultivation methods (i.e. use of wetland and terrace systems). However, it still plays a major role in small-scale farming and is used as a food security crop when rice production drops. Consequently, rice and taro have co-evolved in farming and food systems. Due to the ease with which it adapts to diverse farming systems and food cultures, taro has played a central role in the evolution of agro-ecosystems in many countries, and has helped maintain food security in continuously-evolving rice production systems. As in other crops, genetic diversity in taro has facilitated evolution of the crop. Scientific understanding of taro’s genetic diversity and management will further facilitate its use in providing global food security. We welcome this volume as an important step in this direction, particularly for the way it highlights the global benefits that taro can provide in times of change. Japan is a leader in the application of science to taro and hopes that other countries will be supported to make the most of this undervalued cornerstone of many tropical and subtropical agricultural systems. Masa Iwanaga Director General, National Institute of Crop Science, Tsukuba, Japan vi The Global Diversity of Taro Ethnobotany and Conservation Contributors Akita, Motomu, Department of Biotechnological Science, Kinki University, Uchita, Naga, Wakayama, Japan Alfonso, Leonor Castiñeiras, Fundamental Research Institute on Tropical Agricultural (INIFAT), Santiago de las Vegas, C. Habana, Cuba Ayad, W.G., Genetic Resources and Technology Group, IPGRI, Rome, Italy Bennett-Lartey, S.O., Plant Genetic Resources Centre, Bunso, Ghana Chi, Vu Linh, Vietnam Agricultural Science Institute, Thanhtri, Hanoi, Vietnam DeLacy, I.H., School of Land and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia Delp, C., Alafua
Recommended publications
  • Baggage Inspection Required for Travelers Going from Puerto Rico to the U.S

    Baggage Inspection Required for Travelers Going from Puerto Rico to the U.S

    Baggage Inspection Required for Travelers Going From Puerto Rico to the U.S. Mainland USDA’s Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Puerto Rico to the U.S. mainland at the airport prior to (APHIS) prohibits or restricts the movement of many your departure. Please be prepared to open and close agricultural products from Puerto Rico to the U.S. your own bags. If you have any fresh fruits or vegetables, mainland. These products include pork and pork products, plants, flowers, souvenirs made from plants or wood, most fresh fruits and vegetables, and certain types of or other agricultural products with you, please tell the plants and flowers. That’s because these items could inspector. Failure to declare these items can result in harbor a dangerous stowaway—an invasive pest or delays and possible issuance of civil penalties ranging disease. Just one piece of fruit or a single plant that is from $100 to $1,000 per violation. In addition, if you wish carrying an invasive pest or disease could cause millions to ship or mail agricultural items that are allowed into the of dollars in damage, expensive eradication efforts, and U.S. mainland, they must be inspected and/or certified by lost trade revenue. APHIS before you take them to an airline cargo office, the post office, or other courier service. To prevent the spread of invasive pests and diseases, APHIS inspects all passenger bags moving from Agricultural Items From Puerto Rico Allowed into the U.S. Mainland After Inspection n Allium spp. (includes lima, string)—have n Chamomile, Anthemis n Dandelion greens onion, garlic, and geographic restrictions.
  • Taro Improvement and Development in Papua New Guinea

    Taro Improvement and Development in Papua New Guinea

    Taro Improvement and Development in Papua New Guinea - A Success Story Abner Yalu1, Davinder Singh1#, Shyam Singh Yadav1 1National Agricultural Research Institute, Lae, PNG Corresponding author email: [email protected] 2Current address: CIMMYT, Nairobi, Kenya [email protected] Asia-Pacific Association of Agricultural Research Institutions c/o FAO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific Bangkok, Thailand For copies and further information, please write to: The Executive Secretary Asia-Pacific Association of Agricultural Research Institutions (APAARI) C/o FAO Regional Office for Asia & the Pacific (FAO RAP) Maliwan Mansion, 39 Phra Atit Road Bangkok 10200, Thailand Tel : (+66 2) 697 4371 – 3 Fax : (+66 2) 697 4408 E-Mail : [email protected] Printed in August 2009 Foreword Taro (Colocasia esculenta) is a crop of prime economic importance, used as a major food in the Pacific Island Countries (PICs). In Papua New Guinea (PNG), taro is consumed by the majority of people whose livelihood is mainly dependent on subsistence agriculture. It is the second most important root staple crop after sweet potato in terms of consumption, and is ranked fourth root crop after sweet potato, yam and cassava in terms of production. PNG is currently ranked fourth highest taro producing nation in the world. This success story illustrates as to how National Agricultural Research Institute (NARI) of PNG in collaboration with national, regional and international partners implemented a south Pacific regional project on taro conservation and utilization (TaroGen), and how the threat of taro leaf blight disease was successfully addressed by properly utilizing national capacity. So far, four high yielding leaf blight resistant taro varieties have been released to the farmers, which are widely adopted now.
  • Corsa Piacenza Copy

    Corsa Piacenza Copy

    SURVIVAL GUIDE Here is a little survival guide for the ABBOTS WAY… During the race you will follow the indications on the path marked with red and white strips, reflective for the night, CAI signals and arrows dedicated on the roads. You need this document to understand the race, this is just a small list of tips and some indications of responses to the path according to altitude problems, refreshment points and service points with relative milages. GENERAL ADVICE A) CONCENTRATION The races in ultra-distances, beyond the 40-50 km, when this is NOT asphalt with regular refreshment and very easy escape routes, require special attention in order to avoid unpleasant inconveniences that could lead to retire. Pay attention to yourself and to who runs with you: we must be careful to ourselves, to the positive and negative feelings coming, take the necessary precautions in time while keep focused on the fatigue factor, and on the water/food factor, which should be pursued as a continuous primary targets, and on, until the arrival. The person who is with you in the race could also have problems, don’t let him/her alone. Let us help each other in pure spirit trail and report promptly to the rescue if we notice something wrong. B) FOOD AND CLOTHING At the refreshment points don’t eat too much, don’t drink too much water and no salts. It’s better if you eat and drink(small sips) more often, maybe at the beginning of the descent so that makes you breathe. Keep separate salts from the water so that they do not mix substances that may be nauseating and undrinkable.
  • Maafala Fact Sheet

    Maafala Fact Sheet

    MA‘AFALA This popular breadfruit variety originated in Samoa and Tonga and has been grown in Hawai‘i for decades. Ma‘afala is a fast-growing tree that tends to be shorter, with a more compact shape than most breadfruit varieties. Trees can begin bearing fruit in 2-1/2 to 3 years. 16-month-old tree 36-month-old tree Season in Hawai‘i 100 Ma‘afala ‘Ulu 0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Average seasonality profile of Ma‘afala compared to the Hawaiian ‘Ulu. BREADFRUIT INSTITUTE - NATIONAL TROPICAL BOTANICAL GARDEN 3530 Papalina Road, Kalaheo, Kauai, Hawaii 96741 Phone: 808.332.7324 ext 221 Fax: 808.332.9765 www.ntbg.org/breadfruit MA‘AFALA Weight 1.4 - 2.3 lbs (634-1053 g) 1.7 lbs (783g) average Shape & Size Oval; 5-6“ long x 4-5“ wide Edible Portion 83% Protein Ma’afala ‘Ulu Taro White Rice Potato g/100 g 0 1 2 3 4 5 Fiber Ma’afala ‘Ulu Taro White Rice Potato g/100 g 0 2 4 6 8 10 Potassium Ma’afala ‘Ulu Taro White Rice Potato mg/100 g Ma‘afala produces 150-200, or more, 0 250 500 750 1000 1250 delicious, nutritious fruits per year. The fruit has a creamy to pale yellow flesh and is Calcium usually seedless. The flesh has a soft, tender Ma’afala texture when cooked. ‘Ulu Breadfruit is a starchy energy-rich Taro White Rice carbohydrate food and is also gluten free. Potato mg/100 g Ma‘afala is higher in protein (3.3%) than 0 20 40 60 80 100 most breadfruit varieties, and flour made from the dried fruit contains 7.6% protein.
  • Bruxner Park Flora Reserve Working Plan

    Bruxner Park Flora Reserve Working Plan

    Bruxner Park Flora Reserve Working Plan Working Plan for Bruxner Park Flora Reserve No 3 Upper North East Forest Agreement Region North East Region Contents Page 1. DETAILS OF THE RESERVE 2 1.1 Introduction 2 1.2 Location 2 1.3 Key Attributes of the Reserve 2 1.4 General Description 2 1.5 History 6 1.6 Current Usage 8 2. SYSTEM OF MANAGEMENT 9 2.1 Objectives of Management 9 2.2 Management Strategies 9 2.3 Management Responsibility 11 2.4 Monitoring, Reporting and Review 11 3. LIST OF APPENDICES 11 Appendix 1 Map 1 Locality Appendix 1 Map 2 Cadastral Boundaries, Forest Types and Streams Appendix 1 Map 3 Vegetation Growth Stages Appendix 1 Map 4 Existing Occupation Permits and Recreation Facilities Appendix 2 Flora Species known to occur in the Reserve Appendix 3 Fauna records within the Reserve Y:\Tourism and Partnerships\Recreation Areas\Orara East SF\Bruxner Flora Reserve\FlRWP_Bruxner.docx 1 Bruxner Park Flora Reserve Working Plan 1. Details of the Reserve 1.1 Introduction This plan has been prepared as a supplementary plan under the Nature Conservation Strategy of the Upper North East Ecologically Sustainable Forest Management (ESFM) Plan. It is prepared in accordance with the terms of section 25A (5) of the Forestry Act 1916 with the objective to provide for the future management of that part of Orara East State Forest No 536 set aside as Bruxner Park Flora Reserve No 3. The plan was approved by the Minister for Forests on 16.5.2011 and will be reviewed in 2021.
  • Taro: Postharvest Quality-Maintenance Guidelines

    Taro: Postharvest Quality-Maintenance Guidelines

    Vegetable and Root Crops January 2015 VC-5 Taro: Postharvest Quality-Maintenance Guidelines Robert E. Paull1 and Ching Cheng Chen2 1Department of Tropical Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Hawai‘i at Mänoa 2Department of Horticulture, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan aro is one of the oldest food crops, widely dis- tributed throughout tropical Africa, Asia, and the Pacific.T It is the fifth most important root crop grown in the world. There is also substantial production in Egypt and the Caribbean (O’Hare and Asokan 1986). The root, also called a corm or tuber, as well as the petioles and leaves are consumed. All parts of the plant must be cooked prior to eating because of the acridity associ- ated with a compound on the calcium oxalate crystals (raphides) that it contains (Paull et al. 1999). The corm is high in starch and low in protein and fat. The plant is also known as kalo, tannier, malanga, dasheen, ed- doe, and cocoyam. There are numerous varieties (up to 600), in which corm flesh color varies from white to yellow, orange, and red, to purple. In Hawai‘i, the most From Lebot (2009); used with the permission of the common variety sold to consumers is the Chinese type author. ‘Bun-Long’ or ‘Bin Liang’, which has white flesh with obvious purple fibers and lower acridity than other varieties. For poi, ‘Lehua Maoli’, with its purplish flesh smaller taro type possesses some degree of dormancy, and dark purple fibers, is common. while there is no dormancy in the larger taro corms.
  • Diasporus Anthrax Istributio D (Lynch, 2001): New Records and Geographic Distribution Felipe Duarte-Cubides* and Nayibe Cala-Rosas Raphic G Eo G N O

    Diasporus Anthrax Istributio D (Lynch, 2001): New Records and Geographic Distribution Felipe Duarte-Cubides* and Nayibe Cala-Rosas Raphic G Eo G N O

    Check List 8(2): 300-301, 2012 © 2012 Check List and Authors Chec List ISSN 1809-127X (available at www.checklist.org.br) Journal of species lists and distribution N Amphibia, Anura, Eleutherodactylidae, Diasporus anthrax ISTRIBUTIO D (Lynch, 2001): New records and geographic distribution Felipe Duarte-Cubides* and Nayibe Cala-Rosas RAPHIC G EO G N O 1 Universidad de Antioquia, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Instituto de Biología, Grupo Herpetológico de Antioquia, Calle 67 # 53-108, OTES * Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected] N Bloque 7-121, A.A. 1226. Medellín, Colombia. Abstract: Diasporus anthrax D. anthrax During fieldwork in the Departamentos of Antioquia and Santander we found several specimens of . The new records extend northward its known geographic distribution. We report, for the first time, the presence of on the Cordillera Oriental and discuss some taxonomic implications of these new findings. Diasporus anthrax Lynch, 2001, is a small frog endemic to Colombia (Figure 1), inhabiting the tropical It is located in the Departamento humid forests of the northern Cordillera Central, at the Las Brisas, municipio de Maceo (06°32’49” N, 74°38’37” Magdalena´s river valley from 280 and 1200 m elevation W, 499 m elevation). (Lynch 2001; Savage 2002; Acosta-Galvis et al. 2006). It is de Antioquia at ca 52.1 km from the type locality. The characterized by the presence of an oval palmar tubercle specimen was collected after a drizzle on a tree branch and and reddish coloration on the thighs and over the back of fromis deposited the Natual at the Reserve Museo Refugio de Herpetología Natural Rio Universidad Claro located de the humerus (Lynch 2001).
  • Geom. MARCO CANEPARI

    Geom. MARCO CANEPARI

    Fornovo di Taro (PR) Via Nazionale 58 tel/fax 0525 2257 cell. 339 2177533 p. elet. m.canepari@¸studioarchgeo.it Geom. MARCO CANEPARI Esperienze professionali Progettazione e Direzione dei Lavori ° Progettazione di recupero di edifici privati e locali pubblici, nei Comuni di Parma, Fornovo di Taro, Terenzo, Berceto, Valmozzola, Corniglio. ° Progettazione di due edificii abitativi per complessivi 18 unità bitative in Berceto. Committente impresa “F.C.F.” Parma. ° Progettazione di un edificio polifunzioneale al servizio della Casa di riposo Rossi Sidoli, in Compiano. Committente “Casa di Riposo Rossi Sidoli” Compiano; ° Progettazione della sistemazione dell’area cortilizia delle Scuole Elementari del Comune di Fornovo di Taro. Committente Comune di Fornovo di Taro” ° Progettazione per il rifacimento della rete di fognatura della Questura di Reggio Emilia. ° Progettazione per l’ampliamento cimitero in Loc. Cassio di Terenzo. Committente “Comune di Terenzo”. ° Direzione lavori per la realizzazione di opere di drenaggio nel campo sportivo in Fornovo. Committente Comune di Fornovo di Taro. ° Progettazione per la sistemazione del “Ponte romano sul Baganza”, Committente “Comune di Berceto” ° Progettazione per l’ampliamento del Cimitero di Berceto, Committente “Comune di Berceto”. ° Realizzazione nuova sala civica nel Comune di Soligano (PR). Committente Comune di Solignano. • Espropri di terreno per causa di pubblica utilità, pratiche svolte su incarico TAV e relative alle province di Novara e Vercelli e Reggio Emilia Rilevamenti Rilievi celerimetrici per aggiornamento della mappa catastale, frazionamenti e tipi mappali, redazione di piani quotati, tracciamento strade e denunce al catasto fabbricati per edifici civili artigianali e industriali. ° Verifica della restituzione aerofotogrammetrica della mappa del Comune di Desenzano del Garda (BS).
  • A Review of Alocasia (Araceae: Colocasieae) for Thailand Including a Novel Species and New Species Records from South-West Thailand

    A Review of Alocasia (Araceae: Colocasieae) for Thailand Including a Novel Species and New Species Records from South-West Thailand

    THAI FOR. BULL. (BOT.) 36: 1–17. 2008. A review of Alocasia (Araceae: Colocasieae) for Thailand including a novel species and new species records from South-West Thailand PETER C. BOYCE* ABSTRACT. A review of Alocasia in Thailand is presented. One new species (A. hypoleuca) and three new records (A. acuminata, A. hypnosa & A. perakensis) are reported. A key to Alocasia in Thailand is presented and the new species is illustrated. INTRODUCTION Alocasia is a genus of in excess of 100 species of herbaceous, laticiferous, diminutive to gigantic, usually robust herbs. The genus has recently been revised for New Guinea (Hay, 1990), Australasia (Hay & Wise, 1991), West Malesia and Sulawesi (Hay, 1998), the Philippines (Hay, 1999) while post main-treatment novelties have been described for New Guinea (Hay, 1994) Borneo (Hay, Boyce & Wong, 1997; Hay, 2000; Boyce, 2007) & Sulawesi (Yuzammi & Hay, 1998). Currently the genus is least well understood in the trans-Himalaya (NE India to SW China) including the northern parts of Burma, Thailand, Lao PDR and Vietnam with only the flora of Bhutan (Noltie, 1994) partly covering this range. In the absence of extensive fieldwork the account presented here for Thailand can at best be regarded as provisional. STRUCTURE & TERMINOLOGY Alocasia plants are often complex in vegetative and floral structure and some notes on their morphology (based here substantially on Hay, 1998) are useful to aid identification. The stem of Alocasia, typically of most Araceae, is a physiognomically unbranched sympodium. The number of foliage leaves per module is variable between and within species and individuals, but during flowering episodes in some species it may be reduced to one.
  • 3Rd Quarter 2020

    3Rd Quarter 2020

    List of Section 13F Securities Third Quarter FY 2020 Copyright (c) 2020 American Bankers Association. CUSIP Numbers and descriptions are used with permission by Standard & Poors CUSIP Service Bureau, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. No redistribution without permission from Standard & Poors CUSIP Service Bureau. Standard & Poors CUSIP Service Bureau does not guarantee the accuracy or completeness of the CUSIP Numbers and standard descriptions included herein and neither the American Bankers Association nor Standard & Poor's CUSIP Service Bureau shall be responsible for any errors, omissions or damages arising out of the use of such information. U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission OFFICIAL LIST OF SECTION 13(f) SECURITIES USER INFORMATION SHEET General This list of “Section 13(f) securities” as defined by Rule 13f-1(c) [17 CFR 240.13f-1(c)] is made available to the public pursuant to Section13 (f) (3) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 [15 USC 78m(f) (3)]. It is made available for use in the preparation of reports filed with the Securities and Exhange Commission pursuant to Rule 13f-1 [17 CFR 240.13f-1] under Section 13(f) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. An updated list is published on a quarterly basis. This list is current as of September 15, 2020, and may be relied on by institutional investment managers filing Form 13F reports for the calendar quarter ending September 30, 2020. Institutional investment managers should report holdings--number of shares and fair market value--as of the last day of the calendar quarter as required by [ Section 13(f)(1) and Rule 13f-1] thereunder.
  • Eating Puerto Rico: a History of Food, Culture, and Identity

    Eating Puerto Rico: a History of Food, Culture, and Identity

    Diálogo Volume 18 Number 1 Article 23 2015 Eating Puerto Rico: A History of Food, Culture, and Identity Rafael Chabrán Whittier College Follow this and additional works at: https://via.library.depaul.edu/dialogo Part of the Latin American Languages and Societies Commons Recommended Citation Chabrán, Rafael (2015) "Eating Puerto Rico: A History of Food, Culture, and Identity," Diálogo: Vol. 18 : No. 1 , Article 23. Available at: https://via.library.depaul.edu/dialogo/vol18/iss1/23 This Book Review is brought to you for free and open access by the Center for Latino Research at Via Sapientiae. It has been accepted for inclusion in Diálogo by an authorized editor of Via Sapientiae. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Eating Puerto Rico: A History of Food, Culture, and Identity By Cruz Miguel Ortíz Cuadra. Tr. Russ Davidson. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2013. 408 pp. isbn 978-1469608822 he original edition, Puerto Rico en su olla, ¿somos on the Caribbean, especially in terms of the definition of Taún lo que comimos?, published by Cruz Miguel “cuisine.” From Montanari (2003), he takes the notion that Ortíz Cuadra in 2006, publisher Doce Calles, in Aranjuez, food (and cuisine) is an extraordinary vehicle for self-rep- Madrid, was a rich tour de force by a food historian and resentation, community, and identity.5 To this recipe, he Professor of Humanities in the Department of Human- adds Fischler (1995) and Mintz’s definitions of cuisine ities at the University of Puerto Rico, Humacao. He is as: the familiarity with specific foodstuffs, techniques for an authority on the history of food, food habits and diet cooking as the culinary rules of a given community, and of Puerto Rico.1 Now an excellent English translation is the application of those rules in cooking.6 available, from the UNC series “Latin America in Transla- Ortíz Cuadra also concentrates on other central tion.” The book includes a Foreword by Ángel G.
  • Genetic Diversity and Population Structure of Eddoe Taro in China Using Genome-Wide SNP Markers

    Genetic Diversity and Population Structure of Eddoe Taro in China Using Genome-Wide SNP Markers

    Genetic diversity and population structure of eddoe taro in China using genome-wide SNP markers Zhixin Wang*, Yalin Sun*, Xinfang Huang, Feng Li, Yuping Liu, Honglian Zhu, Zhengwei Liu and Weidong Ke Wuhan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China * These authors contributed equally to this work. ABSTRACT Taro (Colocasia esculenta) is an important root and tuber crop cultivated worldwide. There are two main types of taro that vary in morphology of corm and cormel, `dasheen' and `eddoe'. The eddoe type (Colocasia esculenta var. antiquorium) is predominantly distributed throughout China. Characterizing the genetic diversity present in the germplasm bank of taro is fundamental to better manage, conserve and utilize the genetic resources of this species. In this study, the genetic diversity of 234 taro accessions from 16 provinces of China was assessed using 132,869 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers identified by specific length amplified fragment-sequencing (SLAF-seq). Population structure and principal component analysis permitted the accessions to be categorized into eight groups. The genetic diversity and population differentiation of the eight groups were evaluated using the characterized SNPs. Analysis of molecular variance showed that the variation among eight inferred groups was higher than that within groups, while a relatively small variance was found among the two morphological types and 16 collection regions. Further, a core germplasm set comprising 41 taro acces- sions that maintained the genetic diversity