Index

A Abang Yusuf Puteh, 35, 85, 102, 106, Aaron Ago Dagang, 226nn6, 7 139, 155 Abang Mustapha Abdul Aziz Shamsuddin, 246 cabinet posts, 119, 147 Abdul Gapur, Datu Patinggi, 265n15 development projects, 145, 147 Abdul Kadir Hassan, Ustaz, 75, 79 PBB and, 99, 126, 134, 149n7, Abdul Kadir Merican, 265n11 160–61 Abdul Mumin, Sultan, 28 UMNO and, 160, 165 Abdul Rahman Al-Haj, Tunku WARISAN and, 158, 160 appointments in Sarawak Abang Adi, 205n21 government, 69n18, 76 Abang Ahmad Urai, 129, 135, 149n7 formation of and, 12, 33, Abang Bueng Abang Amin, 265n11 75 Abang Draup Abang Zain, Dr, 135, 1970 elections and, 111n8 240, 241, 265n13 Ningkan’s ouster and, 109n1 Abang Haji Ali, 149n7 retirement from PERKIM, 204n14 Abang Haji Narawi Haji Mohd, 122 UMNO presidential contest, Abang Haji Openg Abang Sapiee, Tun, 149n11 69n18, 76 Abdul Rahman Embong, 40, 41, 62, Abang Haji Osman Datuk Amar Haji 69n20, 161 Marzuki, 135 Abdul Rahman Hamzah, 149n7, 156 Abang Han Abang Ahmad, 75 Abdul Rahman Junaidi, Dr, 240 Abang Ikhwan Zaini, 79 Abdul Rahman Yakub Abang Johari Tun Abang Haji Openg appointment as chief minister, 7, cabinet posts, 132, 137, 145, 153, 34, 72, 78, 81, 82, 206, 270 191, 192, 205(nn18, 19) background, 78–79 in PBB leadership contest, 160–61 BN3 portrayal of, 138–39 political rise, 119, 129, 148n4 communists and, 94 as potential successor to Taib, development projects, 245 207–208, 209 electoral defeat, 116, 139 vice-presidency of PBB, 134 founding of BARJASA and PANAS, Abang Kirprawi Haji Mohd Fauzi, 75, 79, 268 Haji, 122 Malay agenda, 85–86 Abang Kuley, 205n21 opposition to, 90–91, 107 Abang Mustapha, Datu Bandar, 75, relations with central state, 83, 165 84–85, 92–93, 95, 113, 118, Abang Yusof Abang Abdul Razak, 240 167

327

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relationship with Taib, 13, 124–25, Abok, Penghulu, 81 271 Abu Samah Mohamad, 258 relationship with Tunku, 76, 80 accommodation, 18, 65, 108, 267, retirement, 100, 106, 114, 206, 220 269 Sarawak DAP and, 91 Adai, B.R., 102 as strongman-politician, 82, 96–106, 141, 270 in 2006 election, 238 Abdul Razak, Tun, 85, 92, 107, 206 cabinet posts, 137, 153, 191, , Pehin Sri 205(nn18, 19), 225n3, 246 1983 and 1987 elections, 128, 139 in continental shelf issue, 92 accommodative measures, 156–57, in PBB leadership, 132, 134, 135, 170 149n7, 160–61 accumulation of wealth, 119–20 political rise, 225n3 bomohism charge, 129–30 as potential successor to Taib, party and, 79, 80 207–209, 280 continental shelf issue, 92 in Taib’s political strategy, 168 control of Sarawak politics, 163–64, Aeria, Andrew, 10, 11, 12, 14, 120, 166–67, 171, 201–202 203n7 expansion of civil service, 196–201 Affendy Michael, 178 founding of BARJASA and, 75, 268 agricultural sector, 182, 185 Keadilan and, 163 Ahmad Lukman Aba, 240 Malay agenda, 167–68 Ahmad Som, 265n7 Ming Court Affair, 13, 56 Ahmad Zaidi Adruce, Tun, 130 path to chief ministership, 34, 113, Aisah Zainab Mahmud, 114 114 Ajibah Abol, 239 PBB and, 98, 100 Alfred Jabu, 99, 100, 125, 132, 153, personal background, 114–16 204n17, 205(nn18, 19), 208 political rise, 80, 116–19 Ali, Datu Patinggi, 27 presidency of PERKIM, 204n14 Ali Mahmud, 209 Rahman Yakub and, 108, 124–25, Ali Rustam, 281 271 Alli Kawi, 91, 106, 122 relations with central state, 35, 130, Ambrose Blikau, 135, 137, 149n7 157, 167, 202, 207, 210, 219 Ambrose Gramong, 122 repressive measures, 154–56, 170 Andrew Jipam Nayok, 264n6 retirement, 160, 207–209, 224 Angkalom Latib, Penghulu, 257 see also development politics Angkatan Belia Islam Malaysia Abdul Wahab Aziz, 139 (ABIM), 163, 204n16 Abdullah Badawi, Tun, 202, 208, 210, Angkatan Nahdatul Islam Bersatu 211, 215, 278, 280 (BINA), 86, 204n16 Abdullah Mohamed Nor, 149n7 Angkatan Perpaduan Ummah (APU), ABIM (Angkatan Belia Islam 157 Malaysia), 163, 204n16 Angkatan Zaman Mansang (AZAM), Abit Angkin, Penghulu, 257 151n13

12 Dom_Contest.indd 328 9/28/11 1:16:38 PM Index 329

Annuar Razak, Haji, 135 demands on chief minister, 83, 167, , 14, 162, 163, 168, 270 218, 222, 249, 281 in elections, 2, 3, 127, 162 Arab Sharifs, 61, 110n2 history in Sarawak, 1 Arin, Penghulu, 257 political dominance, 152, 167 Awang Alak Betatar, 25 Sarawak’s importance to, 281 Awang Asmadi Awang Ahmad, vote-buying, 14, 173 265n10 see also SBN (Sarawak Barisan Awang Hipni, 117 Nasional) , 161, 168, BARJASA (Parti Barisan Anak Jati 196, 279 Sarawak), 6, 56, 72, 75–76, 77, Aziz Hussein, 151n13, 168 115, 154, 268 , 176 Bayang, Pengarah, 99 B Benedict Bujang, 135 Baharuddin Mokhsen, 240 Ben Jomel, 265n11 Bahasa Malaysia, 68n17, 84, 167 BERJASA (Barisan Jamaah Islamiah Se Bahteri, Sultan, 25 Malaysia), 157 Baidi Saini, 261 Berma, Madeline, 185, 235 Baitul-Mal, 190 BERSATU, 128, 239, 265n12 Baitul-Mal and Wakaf Board, 191 Beting Maru battle, 28, 67n9 Bajau, 187 Bidayuh National Association, 58 Bako Bidayuhs demographics, 229, 232 development projects aimed at, 143 development politics and, 242 household income, 185, 187 employment structure, 233, 243, non-Muslim bumiputera, 20n4 264n2 parliamentary and negeri seats, 19n3 income levels, 236 PBB and, 96 pemancha, 256 in Samarahan division, 198 satisfaction with government, 252 in southwest Sarawak, 232 Balan Lejau, Penghulu, 257 term for headman, 259 Balia Munir, Haji, 132 Billy Abit Joo, 226n6 Bampfylde, C.A., 3–4, 66n3 BINA (Angkatan Nahdatul Islam Bank Utama, 225n1 Bersatu), 86, 204n16 Banyang, Pengarah, 257 Bintulu incident, 124–25 Baring-Gould, S., 3–4 Bisamah, 99 , 162 Bisaya, 259 Barisan Jamaah Islamiah Se Malaysia blogs, political, 222 (BERJASA), 157 BN, see (BN) Barisan Nasional (BN) BN Plus, 122–23, 126, 127, 128 challenges from other parties, BN3, 138–39, 158, 159 157–58, 275–82 Bolhassan Kambar, 202n3 component parties, 88–89 Bong Kee Chok, 94

12 Dom_Contest.indd 329 9/28/11 1:16:39 PM 330 Index

Borneo Post, 221 merger with PESAKA, 9, 89, 92, Borneo Research Institute (BRIMAS), 98 227n10 in Sarawak Alliance, 81, 111n9 Brereton, William, 28, 67n10 in southwest Sarawak, 237–38, 239, Bringing the State Back In, 16 256 British Military Administration and, 148n3 (BMA), 32–33 see also PBB (Parti Pesaka British North Borneo Company, 30, Bumiputera Bersatu) 31 bumiputeras, 19n4, 52–53, 68n17, 92, Brooke, Brooke, 66n7 96, 185–86, 188 Brooke, Charles, 28, 29, 31, 66n7, see also Muslim bumiputera 67(nn11, 12), 230 Buntal, 232, 236, 242, 252, 256, 259 Brooke, James, 26, 27, 28, 29, 66n4, 110n5, 231, 265n15 C Brooke, Vyner, 15, 32, 33, 68n13 Celestine Ujang, Datuk, 100, 143, Brooke rulers 146, 153, 205n19 cession of Sarawak to British, 5, Center and Periphery, 17 15, 33 central state see Malaysia Constitution under, 32 Chalecki, Laila, 115, 120, 149n5 efforts against “piracy”, 67n8 Chan, Anisa Abdullah, 115 post of Mufti, 191 Chan, George, Dr, 115, 129, 132, relations with Malays, 5, 6, 8–9, 153, 205(nn18, 19), 208, 61, 231 216–17, 227n8 reliance on community chiefs, 262, Chan Seng Kai, 176 265n15 Chan Siaw Hee, 107 Sarawak historiography and, 3–4, Chazan, Naomi, 55 66n3 Chen Yiew Zean, 265n10 Brunei, 33 Chia Chin Shin, 129 Brunei Sultanate, 22, 25, 29, 61, Chin Fah Kui, Peter, 217 66n6, 67n8, 73–74, 110n2 Chin, J., 8, 10, 12, 14, 163 Buddhism, 20n4 Chinese community Bujang, Tuanku Haji, 79 associations, 59 Bujang Amin, Tua Kampung, 257 during colonial period, 40 Bujang Jalli Man, 256 conversions to Islam, 86 Bujang Mohamed Nor, Tan Sri, 85 exclusion from bumiputera status, Bujang Sapawi, 156 19n4 Bujang Sum Drahim Haji, Penghulu, formation of Malaysia and, 34 256 during Japanese occupation, 5 Bujang Ulis, 133, 134, 149n7 Land Bill and, 117 Bukit Begunan 1996 election, 14, 178 Malay and Muslim bumiputera Bumiputera (party) attitudes to, 75, 196 decline of MNU and, 56 in Malaysian economy, 53, 185 formation, 6, 79–80, 115 in new divisions, 198, 199

12 Dom_Contest.indd 330 9/28/11 1:16:39 PM Index 331

parliamentary and negeri seats, in 1983 election crisis, 149n9 19n3, 152 in PBDS leadership crisis, 213, 214, as perceived by bumiputera, 218 215 perception of Taib, 116 timber concessions, 102 political history, 10 DAP (Democratic Action Party), 157 poverty rates, 187 see also Sarawak Democratic Action Rahman Yakub and, 90, 136 Party (DAP) in southwest Sarawak, 230–31, 232, Darul Arqam, 204n16 264n2 Datu system, 25–26, 65n2, 74, 110n2 Taib and, 227n8 Daud Abdul Rahman, 191 term for headman, 259 Dayak Co-operative Society, 58 traditional divisions, 165 Dayaks Chinese Politics in Sarawak, 10 associations, 58–59 Chong Chien Jen, 215, 276 attitude to cession, 33 , 124 BRIMAS and, 227n10 Chong Kim Mook, 237–38, 264n6 DAP and, 152 Chong Kiun Kong, 129, 132, 146, development politics and, 188–89 147, 153 fragmentation of political elites, 217 Chong Siew Siang, 111n12 during Japanese occupation, 32 Christianity, 3, 20n4 leaders’ show of unity, 98–99 Chua, Ernest, 227n9 in Ming Court Affair, 13, 136 Clement Eddy, 227n9 Muslim converts, 189 CMS Group, 115, 119–20, 149n5, PANAS and, 75 209 patron-client relations, 61, 78 Cobbold Commission, 34 PBB and, 98, 100, 123 Communal Associations of the PBDS and, 122, 139, 159, 183 Indigenous Communities of PESAKA and, 76 Sarawak, 15 relations with Brookes, 4 communists, 94 SNAP and, 76, 123 Cooke, Fadzillah Majid, 102 SUPP and, 123 Cramb, R.A., 183 weakening of influence, 9–10, 123, Crookshank, Arthur, 28 170–71, 219 Crouch, Harold, 36, 69n20, 268–69 see also Ibans Demak Jaya Industrial Park, 230, D 233–35, 243, 263 Dagok Randan, 149n7 Demak Laut, 237, 240–41, 264n5, Daniel Ngieng, 216 265n14 Daniel Tajem Democratic Action Party (DAP), 157 cabinet posts, 132, 205n17 see also Sarawak Democratic Action formation of PBDS, 122 Party (DAP) leadership of SNAP, 95, 121, 270 development politics in Ming Court Affair, 135, 136, in BN’s strategy, 140, 165 153 elections and, 142–47, 171–89

12 Dom_Contest.indd 331 9/28/11 1:16:40 PM 332 Index

Islamization policies and, 192–95 1996, 14, 159–60, 169, 178, in Rahman’s attack on Taib, 130 203n9, 238, 240 in southwest Sarawak, 242–51 1999, 162, 168, 169, 177, Taib and, 140–41, 150n13, 271–72 203(nn6, 8), 208, 215, 249 Dewaniaga Sarawak, 226n5 2001, 165, 166, 169, 238, 239–40, Dixon, G., 183 249 Dominic Andrew Daguk, 134 2004, 168, 169, 194, 211, 215, Donald Lawan, 178 278, 281 Douglas Sulang Candal, 135, 149n7 2006, 70n21, 209, 216, 217, 238, Douglas Unggah, 279 239, 243–44, 276 Dowding, Keith, 200 2008, 275–82 Dunstan Endawie, 95, 107, 121, 270 politics of development and, 171–75 E English language, 69n17, 84 East India Company, 66n4 Entulu, 226n6 Economic Planning Unit (EPU), environmental issues, 46, 221 150n13 Ersat, Pengiran, 29 Eden Abdullah, 239, 265n12 Evans, Peter, 16 Edmund Langgu, 121, 122 education, 3, 6, 69n17, 74, 84, 167, F 194 Fadillah Yusuf, 279 Edward Jeli, 121, 129, 132, 135, 136, Fajar Sarawak, 74 150n12, 202n3 Farquhar, Captain, 28 Edwin Tangkun, Datuk, 121, 122, Fatwa Council, 191 149n9 Fauzi Ramli, Penghulu, 256 Effendi Norwawi, 151n13, 160, 161, Federation of , 59 168, 207, 208, 225(nn1, 2), Firth, Raymond, 233 279 Formation and Marginalization of a elections Borderland Malay Community, 8 1963, 76, 116 Fox, Charles, 28 1970, 1, 81, 89, 90, 111n8, Fredahanon alias Faridah Hanon 237–38, 239, 256 Mahmud, 114 1974, 1, 84, 88–90, 239 1978, 90, 91, 107 G 1979, 89, 127, 239 Gabriel Adit, 216, 226n7 1982, 121–22, 134, 168, 169 Gagasan Rakyat, 157–58 1983, 126–29, 173 Gau Jau, Penghulu, 257 1986, 133–34, 169, 173 Geman Itam, 202n3, 226n5 1987 see 1987 elections Gerakan (Parti Gerakan Malaysia), 88 1990, 157–58, 169 Gerusin Lembat, 85 1991, 159, 169, 177, 203n13, 238, , 137 272 Government and Society in Malaysia, 1995, 169, 249 268–69

12 Dom_Contest.indd 332 9/28/11 1:16:40 PM Index 333

Gramong Juna, 122, 129, 132, 135, political history, 9 202n3 poverty rates, 187 Guyang, Penghulu, 257 relations with Brookes, 4, 31–32 in southwest Sarawak, 232 H state economic policies and, 185 Hafsah Harun, 119, 132, 135, 154, term for headman, 259 204n17, 239, 265n12 traditional divisions, 165 Hamdan bin Sirat, 85 see also Dayaks Hamidah binti Yakub, Hajjah, 114 Ibrahim Mahmud, 114 Hammergren, L.A., 72 Idris Bohari, 240 Hanifa Hajar Taib, 115, 149n5 Ikhwan Zaini, 148n3 Harakah Islamiah (HIKMAH), 86 Indian community, 5, 19n4, 40, 53 Harrisson, T., 231, 264n2 Indian Progressive Front (IPF), 214 Hashim, Pengiran Raja Muda, 26, Indonesia, 230 66n3 Institut Kefahaman Islam Malaysia Hashim, Sultan of Brunei, 30 (IKIM), 204n15 Hassan Mawi, 265n7 Internal Security Act (ISA), 35, 48, headmen institution, 201, 254–62, 94, 156, 270 263 International Institute of Islamic HIKMAH (Harakah Islamiah), 86 Thought and Civilization History of Sarawak, 3 (ISTAC), 204n15 Hollis Tini, 132, 135 International Islamic University of Husaini Hamdan, 240, 249 Malaysia (IIUM), 204n15 Husaini Jol, 156 Ishikawa, N., 8–9, 236 , Tun, 90, 107, 149n11, Islam 206, 207 in constitutional definition of Hussin Mutalib, 189 “Malay”, 85 in national identity, 48 I PBB and, 176 Iban Politics and Economic during Rahman Yakub’s tenure, 86, Development, 9–10 87, 191 Ibans in Sarawak, 20n4, 68n17 associations, 58–59 during Taib’s tenure, 168, 189–96 chief ministers, 7 as unifying factor, 189, 194–96, conversions to Islam, 86 251–54, 263 development projects targeted at, Islamic Affairs and Malay Cultural 143 Board, 191 during Japanese occupation, 5 Islamic Council, 191 in new divisions, 198, 199 Ismail Ali, 250 non-Muslim bumiputera classification, 20n4 J parliamentary and negeri seats, 19n3 Jacob, Gertrude, 3 PBB and, 96 Jacob Dungau Sagan, 226n5

12 Dom_Contest.indd 333 9/28/11 1:16:40 PM 334 Index

JAIS (Jabatan Agama Islam Sarawak), Kadri Tan Sri Mohamad, 156 191, 192, 243, 253 Kanowit tribe, 28 JAKIM (Jabatan Kemajuan Islam Kayveas, M., 281 Malaysia), 243–44 Keadilan (Parti Keadilan Rakyat) , Dr, 205n19, in elections, 165, 238, 240, 241, 213–14, 215, 217–18, 249, 265n10, 272, 276 227(nn7, 9) ethnic voting patterns and, 277 James Jimbun, 135 formation, 162 Jamil Abdullah, 102 inability to break PBB’s dominance, Jamilah Hamidah Taib, 115, 149n5 164, 166, 196, 253–54 Janggu Bayang, 135, 149n7 MNU and, 56–58 Japan Times, 226n4 Sarawak members, 163 Japanese Occupation, 32–33, 68n15, voter anger and, 250 114 , 275 Jatti Mereiks, 20n4, 58, 96, 189, 254 Kedayans, 20n4, 58, 96, 189, 254 Jawah Gerang, 226(nn6, 7) , 275 Jawan, J., 8, 9–10, 12, 13, 186 KEMAS kindergartens, 243 Jawan Empaling, 107 Ken Sanji, 32 Jaya, Haji A.S., 132 Kenneth Kanyan, 134, 149n7 Jehim Milos, 265n7 Keppel, Henry (Captain), 27 Jimmy Donald, 226n6 Kessler, C., 62 Jinggot Atan, Penghulu, 257 ketua kaum, 259, 261 Jinggut, Pengarah, 99 Khadijah Tun Abdul Rahman, 102 Johnson, Stuart, 66n7 Khaider Haji Ahmad Zaidel, 135, 139 Sultans, 25 Kuching, 230, 243 Jonathan Narwin, 121 Kuleh, Penghulu, 257 Jonathan Saban, 264n6 Kumpulan Maju, 136–38, 139, 140, Joseph Balan Seling, Datuk, 122, 150n12, 157 205n17 Joseph Salang, Dr, 226(nn6, 7) L Joseph Samuel, 121 Lana, Datu Bandar, 27 JPUNS (Jawantankuasa Penaja land titles, 177, 240 UMNO Negeri Sarawak), 210 Larry Dominic Linang, 238 Jublie Jelani, Haji, Ketua Kaum, 259, , 216 261 Lee, Alan, 28, 67n9 Judson Sakai Tagal, Dr, 176, 213, Leigh, M., 6–7, 12, 13, 136 226n5 , Dr, 133, 134, Jugah, Temenggung, 69n18, 76, 81, 149n7 98, 99, 100 , 95, 121, 122, 135, Jugah Bareng, Temenggung, 257 149n6, 213–14, 270 Junaidi Putih, 265n13 Leonard Linggi Jugah, Datuk, 89, 100, 135 K Lim Hong Hai, 12 Kadazans, 187 Loh, Francis, 162

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Loh Kok Wah, 41 Malays lotteries ban, 192 associations, 56 attitude to cession, 33, 56 M belief in semangat, 73, 110n3 , Tun Dr coastal, 228–66 blogging, 222 in concept of Malaysia, 68n16 call for 1999 election, 162 constitutional definition, 85 chairmanship of PERKIM, 204n14 development politics and, 41, 188 Islamization policies, 189, 204n15 headman institution, 201, 259 relationship with Taib, 118, 126, Japanese occupation and, 5, 32 171, 207 in new divisions, 198, 199 retirement, 202, 207 occupations, 231–36, 264n2 Sarawak UMNO issue, 126, 158 parliamentary and negeri seats, 19n3 SNAP contest against BN and, 127 patron-client relations, 61 stance towards Sarawak politics, 12, Peninsular, 162 129 perceived marginalization, 163, 165 support for BN Plus, 123 political parties and, 75, 96, 100, SUPP plot against Rahman and, 163 107 poverty rates, 187 UMNO leadership contest, 136, Rahman Yakub and, 90, 91 148, 149n11 relations with Brookes, 4, 8–9, 61, Mahkota, Pengiran, 26, 66, 74 231 Mahli Sadam, Penghulu, 256 relations with Melanaus, 14, 210, Mahmud Abu Bekir Taib, 115, 149n5 254 Mahmud bin Haji Abang Yahya, 114 in southwest Sarawak, 229–30, 232 Majapahit Empire, 23 state economic policies and, 53, 185 Majlis Amanah Rakyat (MARA), 50 support for BN, 14, 177 Majlis Islam, 86–88 Taib and, 166 Majlis Islam (Incorporation) traditional divisions, 164–65 Ordinance 1954, 190–91 see also Malay aristocrats; Muslim Malay aristocrats bumiputera during colonial rule, 4–5 Malaysia decline in power, 74, 268 bumiputera classification, 19n4 patron-client relations, 61 Confrontation period, 230 in pre-colonial society, 40, 110n2 Constitution, 47–48, 69n17, 71 vs. Muslim bumiputera intelligentsia, crime, 48 5–6, 75–76, 268 economy, 38–40, 43–46, 49–54 Malay language, 68n17, 84, 167 employment rates, 45 Malay-Muslim Political Participation in formation, 6, 22, 33–34, 68n16 Sarawak and , 1841–1851, Internet usage, 222 4 middle class, 62–64, 69n20 Malay National Union (MNU), 15, natural resource extraction, 42–46 56–58, 154, 196 “new politics”, 161–63, 203n6, Malay Politics in Sarawak, 5–6 275–82

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post of Mufti, 192 Melanaus, 185, 187, 199, 201, 232, poverty rates, 186–87 254, 259 race riots of 1969, 36, 37, 48, 80, see also Muslim Melanaus 206 Merpati, Datu, 205n21 racial politics, 7, 41, 278, 280 Mersal, Datu Temenggong, 27 Sarawak economy and, 11–12 Mersat, N.I., 10, 11, 12, 13, 14 strength of regime, 36–54, 108, MIC (Malaysian Indian Congress), 88 267–69 Michael Ben, 128, 132, 135, 202n3 Malaysia, New States in a New Nation, Migdal, Joel S., 15, 16, 17, 55, 8 62–65 Malaysiakini, 210, 221, 275 Mikai Mandau, 202n3 Malaysian Chinese Association Milne, R.S., 6, 8, 116 (MCA), 88 Minaret, 204n14 Malaysian Environmental Non- Ming Court Affair, 12, 13, 56, Governmental Organizations 135–37, 156, 225n3 (MENGOS), 227n10 mining sector, 43–44, 180–82 Malaysian Indian Congress (MIC), 88 Minor Rural Projects (MRPs) Fund, Malaysian International Shipping 105, 173–75 Corporation (MISC), 50 Mistui O.S.K. Kinkai, 226n4 Malaysianization, 84 MNU (Malay National Union), 15, Malaysian Shipyard and Engineering 56–58, 154, 196 Berhad (MSE), 50 Modernization in East Malaysia, 7 Malaysian Today, 221 modernization theory, 6, 7–8, 17, 18 Malaysia Plans Mohamad Ali Mahmud, 114 First (1966–70), 43, 183 Mohamad Arip Mahmud, 114 Second (1971–75), 50, 51 Mohamad Bakri bin Jol, 158 Third (1976–80), 93, 183 Mohamad Hasbie Sulaiman, 15 Eighth (2001–05), 51–52, 186 Mohamad Pani, 259 Manau, Penghulu, 256 Mohamad Tufail Mahmud, 114 MAS (Malaysian Airline System), 50 Mohamed Hilary Tawan, 149n7 Masa Jepun, 5 Mohamed Tawan Abdullah, 202n3 Masam, Penghulu, 257 Mohammed Diah bin Haji Nordin, 85 Mason, R., 12, 13, 186 Mohammed Salleh Askor, 85 Mat Jai, 259 Mohammed Tawan Abdullah, 139 Matu Puso, Penghulu, 257 Mohd Adib Adam, 131 Matusin, Pengiran, 29 Mohd Amin bin Haji Satem, 85 Mayo, Sir Herbert, 115 Mohd Fauzi Bolhassan, 239 MCA (Malaysian Chinese Mohd Ghazali Kipli, 139 Association), 88 Mohd Hanis bin Mahlie, 85 Megat Ayub, 156 Mohd Kamal Hussain, 102 Melaka, 19n4 Mohd Shamsudin Mokhtar, 238, Melanau-Malay Schism Erupts Again, 264n6 The, 14 money politics, 8, 11, 14

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Money Politics and Dayak Nationalism, intelligentsia, 5, 219 13 Sarawak UMNO proposal and, 220 Mong Dagang, 178, 203(nn9, 10) schism with Malays, 14, 165 Morrison, Alastair, 183 waning of Dayak influence and, Mosque Board, 191 9–10 Muara Tebas see also Muslim bumiputera archaeological excavations, 229 Mustapha, Tun, 86 employment structure, 233, 235, Mutang Tagal, 135, 149n7 242–43 income levels, 236 N pemancha, 256 Nagata, J., 204n16 population by ethnicity, 230, 232 nakhodas, 61, 67n8, 231 satisfaction with government, 252 Nanyozai Freight Agreement (NFA), Muhammad Shah, Sultan, 25 226n5 Murray, Sean, 115 National Cultural Policy, 48–49 Murut, 187 National Operations Council, 206 Musa Giri, 135 National Vision Policy (NVP), 186–87 , Tun, 126, 133 Nawi Jamain, Haji, Penghulu, 256 Muslim bumiputera NEGARA, 56, 106, 159, 162 BARJASA and, 75–76, 272 Negarakertagama, 23 central state policies and, 7 Nelson Balan Rining, 176 educational advancement, 74 Nelson Kundai Ngareng, 99 intelligentsia, 5–6, 75–76, 80, 82, neo-modernization theory, 6 108, 268 New Development Policy (NDP), Islam as unifying factor, 189, 52–54, 185, 186, 187 194–96, 251–54, 263 New Economic Policy (NEP), 41, in Ming Court Affair, 13 52–54, 185, 187 parliamentary and negeri seats, 19 Ngang Bundan, Pengarah, 257 PBB and, 92, 98, 162, 166, 169, NGOs (non-governmental 180 organizations), 55–59 political influence, 10, 82 Nidzam Sulaiman, 10, 12 public sector employment, 200 1987 elections in Sarawak, 20n4 community chiefs and, 155, 261–62 schism, 6, 75–76, 90–91, 116 cost per constituency, 177 studies of, 4–6 PBDS in, 203n13, 272 support for BN, 1, 113, 175, 241 politics of development and, support for PANAS, 272 137–41, 143–47, 171 traditional divisions, 164–65 studies of, 13 Muslim Melanaus non-Muslim bumiputera, 20n4, 196, associations, 58 197, 272 Chief Ministers, 11, 34, 72 Noor Tahir Haji, 132, 135, 138, 148, classification as bumiputera, 20n4, 204n17, 238, 265n9 85, 96 Norah Tun Abdul Rahman, 277

12 Dom_Contest.indd 337 9/28/11 1:16:42 PM 338 Index

Norita Azmi, 240 Parti Keadilan Rakyat see Keadilan Norlia Tun Abdul Rahman, 102 Parti Negara Rakyat Sarawak (PNRS, North Borneo, 33 or NEGARA), 56, 106, 159, 162 NYK-Hinode, 226n5 Parti Negara Sarawak (PANAS), 6, 75, 76, 77, 117, 154 O Parti Persatuan Rakyat Malaysia “Old Sarawak,” 23–26, 73–74, 110n2, Sarawak see PERMAS 228 Parti Pesaka Anak Sarawak see Omar Ali Saifuddin, Sultan, 25, 26, PESAKA 66n6 Parti Pesaka Bumiputera Bersatu see Ongkili, J.P., 6, 7–8 PBB Onn Mahmud, 114 Parti Rakyat Brunei (PRB), 12 Ooi Keat Gin, 5 Parti Rakyat Malaysia (PRM), 157 Operation API, 156 (PRS), 214, 215, Orang Ulu, 19n3, 58, 96, 143, 176, 216, 217, 223, 227n7, 276 259 Parti Umat Sarawak (UMAT), 106 Organization of the Islamic Parti Warisan Pribumi Sarawak Conference (OIC), 204n14 (WARISAN), 158, 160 Oyong Lawai Jau, Temenggung, 99 Party Hopping Bill, 156 PAS (Parti Islam Se Malaysia) P in APU, 157 PAJAR (Parti Anak Jati Sarawak), in BN, 88 90–91, 106, 122, 128, 149n4, in elections, 162, 165, 276 162, 166, 183 failure to break PBB’s dominance, Pakatan dalam Politik Sarawak, 12 164 PANAS (Parti Negara Sarawak), 6, 75, formation and principles, 163, 166, 76, 77, 117, 154 253 Pantai Damai, 237, 239–40, 241, 263, in Sarawak religious context, 196 264n5, 265n14 Pasir Pandak, 232, 236, 242, 252, 256 PARAKU (Pasokan Rakyat Pasokan Rakyat Kalimantan Utara Kalimantan Utara), 94 (PARAKU), 94 Parti Anak Jati Sarawak (PAJAR), Patau Rubis, Dr, 137, 153 90–91, 106, 122, 128, 149n4, Pateh Merbai, 25 162, 166, 183 Patrick Uren, 122, 149n9 Parti Bansa Dayak Sarawak see PBDS patron-client relationships, 59–62, 73, Parti Bansa Dayak Sarawak and the 101–106 Sarawak State Elections of 1987 PBB (Parti Pesaka Bumiputera and 1991, 13 Bersatu) Parti Barisan Anak Jati Sarawak 1998 leadership crisis, 160–61 (BARJASA), 6, 56, 72, 75–76, attempt to topple Taib, 13 77, 115, 154, 268 in BN3, 158 Parti Gerakan Malaysia (Gerakan), 88 cabinet posts, 197, 198 Parti Islam Se Malaysia see PAS Dayak support, 95, 123

12 Dom_Contest.indd 338 9/28/11 1:16:43 PM Index 339

decline of MNU and, 56 penghulu, 255–56, 257, 258, 261 Deputy Chief Minister post, 153 pengiran, 26, 61, 110n2 formation, 89 People’s Progressive Party (PPP), 88, Keadilan and, 163, 254 281 Muslim bumiputera support, 180, perabangan, 110n2 196 , 275 Muslim Melanau support, 164 perentah, 196–201 1970s elections, 91 Perjuangan Anti-Cession Sarawak, 15 1980s elections, 138, 139 PERKIM (Pertubuhan Kebajikan 1990s elections, 162 Islam Malaysia), 86, 204n14 2000s elections, 166, 169, 215, PERMAS (Parti Persatuan Rakyat 216, 276 Malaysia Sarawak) proposed Sarawak UMNO and, community chiefs and, 261–62 165, 220, 273 in elections, 138, 139, 157, 158, proxy war between Rahman and 159, 238, 265n9 Taib, 125–35 inability to break BN dominance, Rahman and, 95, 96–101, 107, 271 196 in Sarawak Alliance, 88 Keadilan and, 163 in southwest Sarawak, 239, 277–78 MNU and, 154 Taib and, 170 political stance, 166 version of Islam espoused, 253 Rahman Yakub and, 137, 155 PBDS (Parti Bansa Dayak Sarawak) PERNAS (Perbadanan Nasional in BN Plus, 123, 126–27, 183, Berhad), 50 202n4 Pertubuhan Kebajikan Islam Malaysia cabinet post, 197–98 (PERKIM), 86, 204n14 Dayak community and, 122, 139, Perubahan Politik Masyarakat Dayak, 159, 183, 203n13 13 in elections, 133, 137–38, 162, PESAKA (Parti Pesaka Anak Sarawak) 165, 203n13, 272 merger with Bumiputera, 9, 89, 92 formation, 13, 122 Rahman Yakub and, 101 Iban support, 164 representation in government, 77 institutional weakness, 223 in Sarawak Alliance, 76–78, 81, leadership crisis, 213, 226n7 111n9 in Ming Court Affair, 136 in Sarawak Native Alliance, 117 post-1987 fortunes, 157, 159 in southwest Sarawak, 237–38, 256 in Rahman-Taib feud, 130 support from non-Muslim third Deputy Chief Minister post, bumiputera, 272 153 Tawi Sli and, 71, 76 vs. SNAP, 127, 128 see also PBB (Parti Pesaka pemancha, 255–56, 257, 258 Bumiputera Bersatu) , 275 Peter Ato, 227n9 Penans, 221 Peter Minos, 149n9 Pengabang Impak, Penghulu, 257 Peter Nansien, 226n5

12 Dom_Contest.indd 339 9/28/11 1:16:43 PM 340 Index

Peter Nyarok, 226n5 Ranum Mina, 265n10 Peter Tinggom, 212, 226n5 Rashidi Junai, 256 petroleum and gas reserves, 43–44, 92, Ratnam, K.J., 6, 8, 116 167, 169–70, 182 Razaleigh Hamzah, Tengku, 92, 107, Petroleum Development Act, 93, 148, 149n11, 157 169–70 Razali Sebli, Haji, Penghulu, 256 PETRONAS (Petroliam Nasional Reece, B., 5 Berhad), 12, 43, 93, 94 reformasi movement, 41, 162, 168, 222 Philippines, 60 Regent Star, 226n4 Pilihanraya Kecil Kawasan N22 Bukit Regional Islamic Organizations of Begunan, 14 South East Asia and Pacific PKR see Keadilan (Parti Keadilan (RISEAP), 204n14 Rakyat) religion, 3, 20n4 Poh, Penghulu, 257 Rising Moon, The, 6–7 Politics, Business, the State and Rising Sun over Borneo, 5 Development in Sarawak, 11 Robert Jacob Ridu, 129, 132, 135, Politics and Business in Sarawak, 11 149n7 Politics in Sarawak 1970–1976, 9 Roff, M., 6, 8 Politics of Belonging, The, 8 Rohani Karim, 249, 279 Politics of Development and the 1996 Ross-Larson, B., 6, 8 Sarawak State Elections, 14 Roziah alias Raziah Mahmud, 114 Politics of Federalism, The, 8 Rueschemeyer, Dietrich, 16 Power and Prowess, 4 Rufus Nanang, 149n9 PPP (Parti Progressif Penduduk), 88, 281 S PRB (Parti Rakyat Brunei), 12 Saadi Olia, 128, 132–33 Presses Act, 48 Sabah, 35, 86, 137, 182, 186, Pringle, R., 4 204n14, 281 PRM (Parti Rakyat Malaysia), 157 Sabah and Sarawak in the Malaysian PRS (Parti Rakyat Sarawak), 214, 215, Economy, 11 216, 217, 223, 227n7, 276 Sabihah Osman, 4 Pulau Salak, 232, 233, 236, 242, Safri Awang Zaidell, 85, 154 247–51, 252, 256 Saidan Sahini, 241 Saili Osman, Penghulu, 256 R SAKTO Corporation, 120 Rabiah Yassin, 102 Salahuddin, Tun, 108 Radin Tungang, Tuai Rumah, 178 Salleh Jafaruddin, 99, 101, 126, Rahun Dabak, Pengarah, 257 130–31, 132–33, 133–34 Rajahs and Rebels, 4 Samarahan Divisions Chinese Rakawi Prapanca, 23 Association, 59 Rakawi Yusuf, 74 Samarahan Teachers’ Training College, Ramlee, P., 116 198 Ramsay Noel Jitam, 137, 153, 238, Sambas, Sultan of, 66n3 265(nn7, 9) Sam-sams, 19n4

12 Dom_Contest.indd 340 9/28/11 1:16:44 PM Index 341

Sanib Said, 5–6, 65n1, 79–80 Sarawak Development Institute (SDI), Santubong, 229, 232, 236, 242, 249, 151n13 252, 256, 265n14 Sarawak Elections of 1987, The, 13 SAPP (Sabah Progressive Party), 281 Sarawak Islamic Council, 75 Saravanamuttu, Johan, 62, 69n20, 162 Sarawak Keadilan, 163 Sarawak Sarawak Museum, 229 administration, 25–26, 31–33, Sarawak National Party see SNAP 67n11, 95–96, 196–201, 255 Sarawak Native Alliance, 117 central cabinet, 280 Sarawak People’s Party (SAPO), 91, 106 civil service, 196–201, 223, 254–62 Sarawak Printing Press, 74 Constitution, 32, 197 Sarawak Progressive Democratic Party employment patterns, 184 (SPDP), 212, 215, 216, 226n7, GDP, 180, 235 276, 277 mean household income, 185–86, Sarawak Tribune, 102 235 Sarawak Turf Club, 192 middle class, 220–21 Sarawak UMNO, 79, 126, 158, poverty rates, 187, 235, 264n2 165–66, 210–11, 220, 273 territorial boundaries, 23, 24, Sarawak United People’s Party see SUPP 26–33 SBN (Sarawak Barisan Nasional) weakening of, 273–74 development projects, 105, 140–41, Sarawak Alliance 142, 143–47, 175, 188 BARJASA and, 116 fragmentation, 211–19 central state and, 84 in Ming Court Affair, 135 1970 election, 80–81, 82, 111n9 1970s elections, 89, 91 Ningkan’s ouster and, 109n1 1980s elections, 133, 168, 169, PESAKA and, 76–78, 96 170, 202 SNAP and, 72, 76–78 1990s elections, 162, 169, 170 in southwest Sarawak, 237 2001, 2004 and 2008 elections, transformation into BN, 88–89 168, 169, 170, 211, 276 Sarawak Barisan Nasional see SBN PBB in, 96–101 Sarawak Chinese Association (SCA), PBDS and, 159, 202n4 76, 77, 81, 88, 89, 111n9, 117, plan to topple Rahman, 107 272 political dominance during 1990s, Sarawak Dayak Association (SDA), 58 159–60 Sarawak Dayak National Union, 58 PRS and, 214 Sarawak Democratic Action Party SNAP and, 90, 121–22, 123 (DAP) in southwest Sarawak, 239, 277 Chinese support for, 271, 272 SPDP and, 212 in elections, 121–22, 133, 152, Taib and, 170 165, 216, 265n10, 276–77 in uncle-nephew crisis, 126–27 formation, 91, 107, 111n12, 136 see also Barisan Nasional (BN) Keadilan and, 163 SCA (Sarawak Chinese Association), resilience, 162 76, 77, 81, 88, 89, 111n9, 117, SUPP and, 95, 271 272

12 Dom_Contest.indd 341 9/28/11 1:16:44 PM 342 Index

Scott, James, 60 Sim Kheng Hung, Tan Sri Datuk SDA (Sarawak Dayak Association), 58 Amar, 132, 145, 146, 153, Searle, P., 8, 9 204n17 Sebi Masran, Haji, Penghulu, 256 Sim Kwang Yang, 176 SEDC (State Economic Development Simon Dembab Maja, 81, 99, 149n7 Corporation), 50, 151n13, Singapore, 33–34, 66n5, 71 225n1, 242 Skocpol, Theda, 16 SeDidik Kindergartens, 243 SNAP (Sarawak National Party) Sedition Act, 48 alliance with SUPP, 72, 81 See Hua Daily News, 221 in BN3, 158 Sejingkat cabinet posts, 197, 198 demographics, 230, 232 disagreement over logo, 149n8 development politics and, 242–43, formation of PBB and, 98 250 institutional weakness, 223 employment structure, 233–35, leadership crises, 120–24, 149n6, 243, 264n3 150n12, 212, 218 income levels, 236 in Ming Court Affair, 135 old name for Demak Laut, 237 in negeri decision-making process, pemancha, 256 117 satisfaction with government, 252 1970s elections, 89, 96, 127 Sekolah Datuk Abdul Rahman, 84 1980s elections, 128, 133, 138, , 275 139 Semangat 46, 157 1990s elections, 162 Semariang, 265n14 2001 and 2008 elections, 165, 276 Sematan, 243 non-Muslim bumiputera support Sempadi, 232, 236, 242, 250, 252, for, 9, 164, 272 256 Rahman Yakub and, 90, 94–95, Senawi Sulaiman, 156 101, 107, 270 Shahnaz Abdul Majid, 115 representation in government, 77 Shamsudin Mokhtar, 265n7 in Sarawak Alliance, 76 Shamsul Amri Baharuddin, 161 in southwest Sarawak, 237–38 shariah laws, 190 Sng Chee Beng, 227n9 Sharifah Mordiah Tuanku Fauzi, 135, Sng Chee Hua, 217–18 153, 239, 240, 249 Sng, Larry, 218, 227(nn7, 9) Shell Oil Company, 114 Sobey Daud, 238 Shils, Edward, 17 social forces Sibat Semada, Pengarah, 257 defined, 17–18, 54–55 Laut, 232, 236, 250, 252, 256, middle class, 62–64, 220–21 261 in Sarawak, 14–15, 54–64, 219–20, Sidi Munan, 214, 217 268, 273 Silsilah Raja-Raja Brunei, 23 strongmen, 17–18, 72–73, 108 Sim Kheng Hui, Tan Sri Datuk Amar, vs. civil society, 55 144, 146 Song Swee Guan, 144

12 Dom_Contest.indd 342 9/28/11 1:16:45 PM Index 343

Soon Choon Teck, Dr, 217 challenges to, 219–24 Soon, Polycarp, 102 Malay, 4, 61 Soon, Thomas, 102 modus operandi, 102, 166, 242 Sora Rusah, 202n3 as social force, 17–18, 72–73, 108, South Australia Islamic Association, 220 203n14 Suaidi, Tua Kampung, 256 Sparrow, Jack, 203n10 Suhaili Mumin, 240 SPDP (Sarawak Progressive Sulaiman Aban, 265n10 Democratic Party), 212, 215, Sulaiman Abdul Rahman Taib, 115, 216, 226n7, 276, 277 149n5, 209, 210, 277, 278 Stanley Ajang Batok, 216, 226n7 Sulaiman Daud, Datuk Dr state, the background, 148n3 definitions, 16 central state’s preference for, 118 measures of strength, 37, 42, 49 development projects, 147, 245, 246 social control, 21n6, 47 in PBB leadership contest, 126, social forces and, 18, 20n5, 42, 54, 134, 149n7, 160 64, 267, 269 Sulaiman Palestin, 149n11 State Development Office, 150n13 SUPP (Sarawak United People’s Party) State Economic Development alliance with SNAP, 72 Corporation (SEDC), 50, in BN3, 158 151n13, 225n1, 242 BN Plus and, 123–24, 238, 276 “state-in-society” theory, 10, 15, cabinet posts, 197, 198 16–19, 20n5, 54, 64 in elections, 70n21, 81, 133, 159, State Planning Unit (SPU), 150n13 162, 165, 215, 216 State Reform Party (STAR), 162, 165 ethnic base, 163, 164, 272 Steele, Henry, 28 finance portfolio, 227n8 Stephen Kalong Ningkan history, 10 appointment as Chief Minister, institutional resilience, 223 69n18, 124 leadership crisis, 216–17, 218 central state’s role in ouster, 8, 71, Malay attitude to, 75 109n1, 141 in Ming Court Affair, 135 criticism of language policy, 84 Rahman Yakub and, 90, 94–95, in Dayak unity meeting, 99 107, 111n10, 238, 270–71 failure to dominate cabinet, 76, 78, representation in government, 77 110n7 in Sarawak Alliance, 88–89 Land Bill issue, 117 in southwest Sarawak, 237–38, 256, stance of regionalism, 7, 34, 83, 265(nn9–11) 269 Taib and, 170 Taib and, 268 Suud bin Udin, Tua Kampung, 237, Stephen Wan Ulok, 134, 149n7 256 St. John, Spenser, 3, 66n3 Suut Haji Tahir, 79 strongmen syariah courts, 86–87 accommodation of, 18, 223 Syed Ahmad Alwee Alsree, 115, 149n5

12 Dom_Contest.indd 343 9/28/11 1:16:45 PM 344 Index

Syed Kechik, 8 U Syed Rosley Syed Abu Bakar, 35 Ujok Andeng, Penghulu, 257 Sylvester Entri, 226n5 UMAT (Parti Umat Sarawak), 106 Umpau Empam, Penghulu, 257 T United Malays National Organization Taha Ariffin, 154 (UMNO) Tajang Laing, 101 in alliance with MCA and MIC, Tan Chee Beng, 15 88 Tanah Hitam, 232, 236, 243, 252, contest for presidency, 136, 148, 256 149n11 Tanjung Datu, 229, 237–38, 239, development of NEP, 185 241, 263, 264n5, 265n8 influence on Rahman, 97 Tawi Sli newspaper, 210 failure to dominate politics, 76–78, PBB and, 98 80, 110n7, 269 political dominance, 48, 280 as non-Muslim bumiputera leader, proposal for Sarawak party, 79, 126, 71, 82 158, 165–66, 210–11, 220, as penghulu, 256, 257 273 removal of Ningkan and, 110n7 United Sarawak Natives Association Taib and, 80, 117 (USNA), 133 tenure as chief minister, 34, 110n7 Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, 198 Telaga Air, 230, 232, 236, 252, 256 Universiti Pertanian Malaysia, 131 Telok Melano Universiti Teknologi Mara, 198 community chiefs, 256, 259 Urban Development Authority demographics, 230, 232 (UDA), 50 employment structure, 233, 236, Usop Wahab, 128 243 Usup, Pengiran, 66n3 infrastructure deprivation, 229, 250 Utusan Malaysia, 210, 222 satisfaction with government, 252 Utusan Sarawak, 221 Teluk Serabang, 230, 232, 233, 236, 243, 250, 252, 256 W temenggong, 255, 258 Wahab Dollah, 128, 139 Teng, David, 153 Walker, J.H., 4 Teo Chung Chai, 265n10 Wan Abdul Wahab Wan Senusi, 128, Thomas Kana, 89 135, 137, 149n10, 153 Thomas Tommy, 227n9 Wan Ahmad Habib Salleh, 135 Tiki Lafe, Dr, 213 Wan Ahmadul Badwi, 148n4 timber sector, 44, 46, 101–2, 119, Wan Ali, Dr, 56 156, 180–82, 202 (nn1, 2), Wan Fauzi Tuanku Ayubi, 156 203n12 Wan Habib bin Syed Mahmud, 85, Ting Kiong Sing, 212 101–102, 126, 131, 132–33, Tiong Thai King, 217 149n7 Trusan Jaya, 232, 236, 243, 252, 256 Wan Hamid Edruce, Haji, 135

12 Dom_Contest.indd 344 9/28/11 1:16:46 PM Index 345

Wan Madzihi Othman Datuk presidency of SNAP, 121, 122, Marzuki, 149n7 149n6, 150n12, 212–13 Wan Madzihi Wan Mahdzar, 102, Wong, Richard, 212 131, 133, 134, 139 Wong Soon Kai, Datuk Dr, 107, 132, Wan Yusof, 56, 154 145, 204n17, 205n18 Wan Yusuf Tun Haji Bujang, Datuk, , 205n19, 217 126, 131, 134, 139, 149n7, 156 WARISAN (Parti Warisan Pribumi Y Sarawak), 158, 160 Yahya Setia Raja, Pehin Datu, 114 Weber, Max, 20n5 Yamada, Setsuo, 32 Wee Chong Hui, 10, 11–12 Yong, Stephen, Datuk Amar, 89, 107, Wee Kok Tiong, 215 112n12, 143, 146 Wilfred Nissom, 227n9 Yusof, C.M., 149n11 William Mawan Ikom, 212, 213, 226n5 Yusuf Abdullah, 149n7 Winston Tujang Pata, 265n7 Wong, James Z in 1987 election, 139 Zai, Haji, 259 cabinet posts, 137, 153, 205(nn18, Zainab Mahmud, 225n3 19) Zainuddin Hasan, 149n7 detention under ISA, 94, 270 Zainuddin Satem, 101, 135 1983 election controversy, 127–28, Zakat and Fitrah Fund, 190 149n9 Zaleha Mahmud, 114

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