the WINTER/SPRING 2017 AMERICAN Volume 51, No. 1 PSYCHOANALYST Quarterly Magazine of The American Psychoanalytic Association The Fierce Urgency of Now: An Appeal INSIDE to Organized Psychoanalysis to Take THIS ISSUE a Strong Stand on Race Dorothy Evans Holmes

The first words of the title of this arti- by formulating, adopting and promulgat- cle were spoken by the Reverend Doctor ing a firm position on “the race issue.” In Conversations on Martin Luther King, Jr. in his “Letter our Association and in many others, this Psychoanalysis and Race: from the Birmingham Jail” (April 16, issue continues to be manifested in rac- Part Three: 1963), his “I Have a Dream” speech ism, in which one racial group claims (August 28, 1963), and in his protests of superiority and targets other racial and The Fierce Urgency of Now the Vietnam war. His 1967 quote presents ethnic groups as inferior, thereby justify- his prescient words in a fuller context. ing inhumane treatment of the “othered” Dorothy Holmes races. The inhumane treatment includes We are now faced with the fact ongoing institutional racism and discrimi- Race and Racism in that tomorrow is today. We are nation, mass incarceration of blacks, espe- confronted with the fierce Psychoanalytic Thought cially men, and indiscriminate shootings urgency of now. In this unfolding Beverly Stoute and killings of blacks. This issue and the conundrum of life and history, two preceding TAP issues trace the history there is such a thing as being too Multicultural Competence and institutionalization of racist practices late. This is no time for apathy or in society and relate how theory, supervi- to Radical Openness complacency. This is a time for sion and practice as taught in psychoana- vigorous and positive action. Anton Hart lytic educational and training centers are I am calling on national and interna- tainted by racism. tional psychoanalytic organizations, such Scholarly publications are now fre- Teaching a as the American Psychoanalytic Associa- quently published that address the various Critical Perspective tion, Division 39 of the American Psycho- ways our psyches are damaged by racism, logical Association and the International both of the perpetrators and those on the Ellen Rees Psychoanalytical Association—guided by receiving end (e.g., Salman Akhtar, 2012; our field’s liberating principles and values Katie Gentile, 2013; Pratyusha Tummala- and as an obligation and duty—to act now Narra, 2013; and I, 2006, 2016, have Psychoanalysis and addressed this subject). There are also Psychotherapy Research Dorothy Evans Holmes, Ph.D., some positive larger institutional efforts to Robert Galatzer-Levy professor emeritus, former director of include race in psychoanalytic curricula, clinical training of the Professional Psy.D. such as the new initiative within the Program, George Washington University; American Psychoanalytic Association that Annual Meeting awards small grants to psychoanalytic cen- training and supervising analyst emeritus, J u n e 9 –11 Baltimore Washington Institute for ters to develop required curriculum offer- Psychoanalysis; training and supervising ings that address race. Up to now, however, Marianna Adler analyst, the Psychoanalytic Education the organizing bodies in psychoanalysis, Center of the Carolinas. Continued on page 8

THE AMERICAN PSYCHOANALYST • Volume 51, No. 1 • Winter/Spring 2017 1 CONTENTS: Winter/Spring 2017 THE AMERICAN PSYCHOANALYTIC ASSOCIATION President: Harriet Wolfe President-Elect: Lee Jaffe Strong Beginnings Harriet Wolfe 3 Secretary: Ralph E. Fishkin Treasurer: William A. Myerson Executive Director: Dean K. Stein 4 Award Winners from the 2017 National Meeting

APsaA Elections THE AMERICAN PSYCHOANALYST 4 Magazine of the American Psychoanalytic Association Issues in Psychoanalytic Education: Editor 5 Douglas A. Chavis Teaching a Critical Perspective on Psychoanalytic Knowledge Special Section Editor Ellen Rees Michael Slevin Luba Kessler, Issues in Psychoanalytic Education Editor Psychoanalytic Education Editor Luba Kessler Choice of Standards: A Manual for Candidates Book Review Editors 7 Arlene Kramer Richards and Arnold Richards Dwarakanath Rao and Dionne Powell Science Editor Robert Galatzer-Levy Film Editor SPECIAL SECTION Bruce H. Sklarew Conversations on Psychoanalysis and Race Issues in Child and Adolescent Psychoanalysis Editor Leon Hoffman Conversations on Psychoanalysis and Race: Part Three 8 Editorial Board Michael Slevin and Beverly J. Stoute, Co-Editors Introduction Phillip Freeman, Robert Galatzer-Levy, Jane Hall, Leon Hoffman, Luba Kessler, Peter Loewenberg, 8 The Fierce Urgency of Now: Judith Logue, Julie Jaffee Nagel, An Appeal to Organized Psychoanalysis Arnold Richards, Michael Slevin, to Take a Strong Stand on Race Dorothy Evans Holmes Dean K. Stein, ex officio Manuscript and Production Editors Michael and Helene Wolff, 10 Race and Racism in Psychoanalytic Thought: Technology Management Communications The Ghosts in Our Nursery Beverly J. Stoute The American Psychoanalyst is published quar- terly. Subscriptions are provided automatically to members of The American Psychoanalytic Asso- From Multicultural Competence to Radical Openness: ciation. For non-members, domestic and Cana- 12 dian subscription rates are $36 for individuals A Psychoanalytic Engagement of Otherness Anton Hart and $80 for institutions. Outside the U.S. and Canada, rates are $56 for individuals and $100 for institutions. To subscribe to The American Psy- 14 Science and Psychoanalysis: Psychoanalysis and Psychotherapy choanalyst, visit https://www.apsa.org/product/ Research or the Flight of the Dodo Robert M. Galatzer-Levy american-psychoanalyst-domestic-and-canadian- individuals, or write TAP Subscriptions, The American Psychoanalytic Association, 309 East 49th Street, New York, New York 10017; call 21 APsaA 106th Annual Meeting in Austin 212-752-0450 x18 or e-mail [email protected]. June 9–11, 2017 Marianna Adler Copyright © 2017 The American Psychoanalytic Association. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a 23 Book Review: How Ideology Can Infuse retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by Psychoanalytic Thinking Nathan Szajnberg any means without the written permission of The American Psychoanalytic Association, 309 East Arlene Kramer Richards and Arnold Richards, Book Review Editors 49th Street, New York, New York 10017.

ISSN 1052-7958 25 Film: Birdman and His Mother Herbert H. Stein Bruce H. Sklarew, Film Editor The American Psychoanalytic Association does not hold itself responsible for statements made in The American Psychoanalyst by contributors or advertisers. Unless otherwise stated, material in The American Psychoanalyst does not reflect Correspondence and letters to the editor should be sent to TAP editor, the endorsement, official attitude, or position of The American Psychoanalytic Association or The Doug Chavis, at [email protected]. American Psychoanalyst.

2 THE AMERICAN PSYCHOANALYST • Volume 51, No. 1 • Winter/Spring 2017 FROM THE PRESIDENT

Strong Beginnings context and reflect their specific training and academic goals. Institute and center Harriet Wolfe training programs may choose to join the American Association for Psychoanalytic The Waldorf Astoria as we knew it will h e a d , A l a n Education (AAPE), which will mandate have closed by the time you receive this Sugarman, and the current BOPS standards. APsaA stan- issue of TAP, but the memories of the 2017 associate head, dards can be maintained locally without National Meeting remain fresh. It was a Britt-Marie mandatory oversight and the DPE will very good meeting, dominated by a range Schiller, plus actively consult to institutes regarding of strong feelings, an excellent scientific the chair of the best practices. To the extent it is useful program and substantial progress in gov- DPE Task Force Harriet Wolfe and desired, the DPE leadership, the ernance. The meeting occurred in the that conceptu- elected officers and former BOPS leaders context of the Inauguration and the Wom- alized the department, Erik Gann. In plan to consult to APsaA training pro- en’s Marches. Many members took early their presentation of the future of psy- grams regarding their transition to greater trains to Washington for the main march choanalytic education in APsaA, Alan local responsibility for maintaining and January 21, others left the Waldorf to join and Britt-Marie envisioned an inclusive, continuing the growth of excellence and the march in New York City. In settings rigorous, creative approach to analytic diversity in psychoanalytic training. ranging from Executive Council, to the training. The DPE’s mission, vision and The new energy in several aspects of symposium on “The Scientific Standing of organizational structure is posted on the APsaA’s mission is reflected in the work of Psychoanalysis,” to the ceremony induct- APsaA website under http://www.apsa. all seven APsaA departments. In the area ing Honorary Members, we gave serious org/content/resources-january-2017. of psychoanalytic research, for example, consideration to what we face as citizens How APsaA standards will be defined Mark Solms, the new head of our Science and how we must participate. and how training will differ when Department, gave a Presidential Sympo- On the level of the APsaA meeting BOPS sunsets: Within APsaA, the Execu- sium on “The Scientific Standing of Psy- itself, there were sad goodbyes to familiar tive Council will set educational policy choanalysis.” He presented in lucid and places that have felt like home. The Wal- based upon recommendations of the compelling terms the substantial existing dorf honored APsaA’s long association Institute Requirements and Review Com- evidence for the efficacy of psychoana- with the hotel at their “End of an Era” mittee (IRRC). The work of the DPE will lytic psychotherapy and psychoanalysis. party at the Starlight Roof. Hundreds of be consultative. The DPE Steering Com- A vigorous, lengthy question and answer APsaA members and guests enjoyed a mittee will advise the IRRC on revisions period reflected the intense interest of generous array of hors d’oeuvres and of the current training standards. Per the members and their recognition of the wine, conversation with old and new col- Six Point Plan, APsaA will adopt the IPA importance of research for the future of leagues and a last look at the Art Deco Eitingon standards as guidelines. This our profession. elegance of the hotel. Other lost “homes” means that APsaA-affiliated institutes Mark began his talk with acknowledg- included the settings of Board on Profes- and center training programs will have ment of the Inauguration, which was sional Standards (BOPS) committees that the option to use IPA standards. Those going on at the same time. He did that, are completing their work by June 2017. standards, for example, do not include he said, lest we be dissociated as we sat Many of those committees have worked certification as a requirement for training together considering science. The recog- together for years as tight-knit groups of analyst appointment. Institutes and cen- nition on the part of our international educational stewards. ters are free to continue or not continue to colleagues of the importance of our socio- At the Joint Meeting of Executive use the standards as currently defined by political reality and the threats to demo- Councilors and BOPS Fellows, the Six BOPS. They may even choose a training cratic values that face us was echoed in Point Plan was further realized through structure that uses features of both plus many of the scientific sessions. a focus on APsaA’s continuing vigorous creative new approaches. In any case, the The theme of citizen responsibility and educational mission, which is now fully IPA Eitingon standards will be APsaA’s the importance of internationalism was under membership control. Excitement baseline standards. captured during the ceremony to induct was generated about new structures and The opportunity for choice is exciting Honorary Members. Three different types important new initiatives. The BOPS but it brings with it a new level of local of scholar-activists accepted Honorary leadership, Dwarakanath Rao and Dionne institute and center responsibility, which Membership in APsaA: Louis Rose, Eric Powell, described the external regula- may cause anxiety insofar as training pro- Plakun and Bessel van der Kolk. They tory options available to members and grams have traditionally turned to BOPS spoke eloquently about our responsi- institutes/centers. The new Department to establish rules. In this new approach bilities through citizenship, professional of Psychoanalytic Education (DPE) was there will be an emphasis on APsaA psy- liaisons and the understanding and treat- represented by its recently appointed choanalysts thinking through an institute’s ment of trauma, respectively. approach to training and making con- Lou Rose, a historian of psychoanaly- scious choices about local standards. Many sis, spoke about his introduction to Harriet Wolfe, M.D., is president of the institutes will elect to add features to the psychoanalysis through the reading of American Psychoanalytic Association. IPA Eitingon standards that suit their local Continued on page 4

THE AMERICAN PSYCHOANALYST • Volume 51, No. 1 • Winter/Spring 2017 3

Award Winners from the 2017 National Meeting Candidates’ Council Honorary Membership Edith Sabshin Teaching Awards Psychoanalytic Paper Prize Eric Plakun, M.D. David Lindy, M.D.—Association for Susan Barbour, Ed.D., for her paper Louis Rose, Ph.D. Psychoanalytic Medicine and the Columbia “The Economic Problem of Candidacy” Bessel van der Kolk, M.D. University Center for Psychoanalytic Semifinalist:Steven Baum, Psy.D., for Training and Research Roughton Paper Prize his paper “The Analyst’s Enactments” Arthur H. Stein, M.D.—Baltimore Francisco J. González, M.D., for his paper Washington Center for Psychotherapy CORST Essay Prize in “Writing Gender with Sexuality: Reflections and Psychoanalysis Psychoanalysis and Culture on the Diaries of Lou Sullivan” Christine Maksimowicz, Ph.D., for JAPA New Author Prize Scientific Paper Prize her paper “Poverty, Parenting, and the Daniel Rosengart, Psy.D., for his paper Foreclosure of ‘Ordinary Devotion’: John H. Porcerelli, Ph.D., Alissa Huth-Bocks, “A Special Sort of Forgetting: Negation Rethinking Winnicott Socioanalytically” Ph.D., Steven K. Huprich, Ph.D., Laura in Freud and Augustine” published Richardson, Ph.D., for their paper “Defense in JAPA 64/2 APsaA Schools Committee Anna Freud Mechanisms of Pregnant Mothers Predict Educational Achievement Award Attachment Security, Social-Emotional Courage to Dream Book Prize Sharon Alperovitz, Anne Anderson, Competence, and Behavior Problems Jeffrey Berman, Ph.D., and Paul Mosher, Rolando Fuentes, Elizabeth Hersh, in Their Toddlers,” American Journal M.D., for their book Confidentiality Rachel Kaplan, Silvana Kaufman and of Psychiatry (2016) 173:138-146 and Its Discontents: Dilemmas of Privacy the Washington Center for Psychoanalysis in Psychotherapy (Fordham University Poster Session Award in partnership with the Jubilee Jumpstart Press, 2015) Daycare Center of Washington, D.C. Christopher Miller, M.D., and Donald Ross, M.D., for their poster Undergraduate Essay Prize Award for Excellence in Journalism “Teaching Psychodynamic Formulation John Dall’Aglio for his paper “What Can Mark Follman, Mother Jones Magazine, in a General Psychiatric Residency Psychoanalysis Learn from Neuroscience? for his series “Inside the Race to Stop Training Program” The Neuropsychoanalysis Debate” the Next Mass Shooter”

Strong Beginnings Continued from page 3

Civilization and Its Discontents. He first emphasized the deep responsibility each of us carries as a citizen of our nation to monitor and insist upon the values our 2017 National Meeting form of government is designed to ensure. elections He also emphasized—again following SECRETARY-ELECT Freud—the importance of international- Ralph E. Fishkin—285—Elected ism and constructive, collaborative par- ticipation in the global community. Frederic J. Levine—75 Lou’s comments offer us a “container” for our individual and our organizational activity now and for the foreseeable TREASURER-ELECT future. Each of us as citizens and also Herbert S. Gross—101 Councilor-at-large-elect APsaA as a professional, mental health Judith F. Logue organization must take clear positions William A. Myerson— and plan for action on such issues as Secretary-elect 254—Elected ethnic, racial and gender equality; fair Ralph E. Fishkin and humane policies regarding immi- gration; and access to mental and gen- COUNCILORS-AT-LARGE-ELECT eral health care. A new Task Force on Phoebe A. Cirio Advocacy Priorities started meeting in February to define and recommend to Jane Hall the Executive Council the best use of our Judith F. Logue—Elected organizational resources. I urge you to follow and contribute to APsaA’s efforts. Kerry Kelly Novick—Elected Councilor-at-large-elect We need to support a renewed commit- Kerry Kelly Novick ment to the values of our country and to the principles of our own professional Treasurer-elect organization. William A. Myerson

4 THE AMERICAN PSYCHOANALYST • Volume 51, No. 1 • Winter/Spring 2017

From the Issues

I s s u e s i n P sychoanalyt i c E d u c at i o n in Psychoanalytic Education Editor Teaching a Critical Perspective At this time of transition and the inception of the new APsaA on Psychoanalytic Knowledge Department of Psychoanalytic Education, Ellen Rees’s article Ellen Rees focuses on what matters most in psychoanalytic education Psychoana- on knowledge itself, its grounds, limits, under APsaA’s auspices: its l y s t s h a v e forms and validity. This critical perspec- integrity and rigor. To that learned so tive teaches candidates to think about end she outlines the principles much in the thinking and about the process of know- of teaching candidates critical y e a r s s i n c e ing as distinguished from believing. thinking, followed by a description Freud founded An educational goal of a critical per- of the curriculum designed our discipline. spective is to help candidates appreciate to cultivate it at the Columbia We have so the influence of competing epistemolo- Center for Psychoanalytic much yet to gies in our field. Is psychoanalysis a sci- Training and Research. learn. A plural- ence, of a special kind? Is it rather a Ellen Rees istic perspec- hermeneutic or interpretive discipline? —Luba Kessler tive has helped us try to contain new A kind of relationship or an art? If can- knowledge within a psychoanalytic didates understand that epistemological frame of reference. However, psychoana- values shape the methods we use to clarify and critically evaluate the state of lysts no longer agree on what constitutes investigate, the evidence we accept, the our knowledge. Two of these are: empiri- this frame of reference. Our fundamen- phenomena that interest us, the infer- cal methods, particularly from the life tal concepts have been stretched to ences we draw from our observations, sciences, and interpretive methods from include heterogeneous and contradic- and the way we define our field, they the hermeneutic tradition. They can be tory ideas. Our theories are no longer can understand our knowledge is not used separately or be combined. While coherent with one another. These are only discovered but is also constructed. each has had a complex history of debate the growing pains of a relatively young It will give them conceptual tools to and controversy, they could be roughly discipline but how are we to help our think about the assumptions and inten- summarized as follows: candidates find their way, steady their tions that underlie these constructions, Empirical methodology strives for the- orientation and take heart in our chang- to evaluate psychoanalytic knowledge oretical unity, precision in defining the- ing landscape? How are we to equip based on them, and better grasp the oretical terms, and the capacity to test them to establish and to communicate nature of the controversies that have left hypotheses and to predict the conse- the rationale for our ideas and our thera- psychoanalysts unable to agree on what quences of hypotheses. It relies on rules peutic activities both to other disciplines psychoanalysis is. It is crucial for candi- of evidence that constrain the ways we and to the community at large? dates to understand we are struggling move from observations to inferences Teaching candidates a critical per- with the question of whether a multi- about these observations, and it demands spective on psychoanalytic knowledge plicity of theoretical meanings is inher- some capacity for disconfirmation of our offers them an orienting framework. ent or desirable in the development of hypotheses. The goal is to refine our The critical perspective I will describe is our thinking and/or is a transitional knowledge of the real world so it pro- an epistemological perspective, a focus phase as we strive for a different integra- gresses over time. Adopting this episte- tion in our thinking. Our answer to mological stance allows us to test our such a question reflects our epistemo- ideas in order to see if one idea is better Ellen Rees, M.D., is a training and logical values. than another. supervising analyst at Columbia Center for In contrast to this, interpretive meth- Psychoanalytic Training and Research and Teaching Candidates to Consider ods from the hermeneutic tradition associate clinical professor of psychiatry, the Process of Knowing strive to understand meanings as they Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Established traditions from other dis- are embedded in changing contexts. Medical College. ciplines offer methods that can help us Continued on page 6

THE AMERICAN PSYCHOANALYST • Volume 51, No. 1 • Winter/Spring 2017 5 ISSUES IN PSYCHOANALYTIC EDUCATION

Critical Perspective those we seek to treat have made the task observations from our inferences. What of delineating our domain more com- we consider evidence is biased by theory Continued from page 5 plex. This new context raises new ques- as well. Another epistemological prob- Knowledge expands through the plastic- tions. For example, how are we to think lem is our inability to deal with the ity of language and meanings and by about the associations of analysands problem of suggestion as this may con- the extensibility of concepts and theo- who take psychotropic medications, or taminate our data. ries. It is not progressive but rather is who have experienced significant Despite the daunting epistemological dependent on its context, historical time trauma, or who have affective or other challenges that face a discipline whose and culture. The logic of hermeneutic disorders? How are we to think about the focus is on unconscious phenomena methods relies on intelligibility, coher- relevance to psychoanalysis of informa- experienced inter-subjectively, psycho- ence, consistency, accuracy, inter-sub- tion coming to us from the cognitive analysts with the help of colleagues in jective reliability and narrative fit in sciences, the affective neurosciences other disciplines, can set out to design judging one interpretation against and from the observations of infants an epistemology that is suited to our another. Adopting this epistemological and children? Different psychoanalytic needs and to devise methods that will stance allows us to preserve concepts thinkers may disagree on what belongs help us find a more reliable basis for our that have different meanings in differ- under the purview of psychoanalysis. inferences and our evidence. We will ent theoretical schools. A second fundamental question is: need the help of our future analysts in These two epistemological strategies How do we intend to know? By what this effort. represent different perspectives on methods do we establish knowledge? It knowledge and different contexts for is important that candidates appreciate Curriculum to Foster distinguishing knowledge from opinion the kinds of questions and efforts that a Critical Perspective on or belief. A working familiarity with are involved if we want to establish Psychoanalytic Knowledge these differing strategies allows candi- grounds for knowledge. Here, the her- Twenty years ago, the Columbia dates to distinguish clinical from episte- meneutic and empirical traditions serve Center for Psychoanalytic Training and mological differences in our arguments as examples. Each tradition seeks corre- Research introduced classes in method- and to use these conceptual and meth- spondence with something in the real ology and critical thinking in all four odological tools to sharpen their critical world of experience and tries to provide years of the core curriculum, the Critical reasoning as they develop their own psy- a degree of objectivity in order to give Thinking Sequence. I described this cur- choanalytic ideas. us criteria for judging one hypothesis riculum in my paper, “Thinking About As we try to help our candidates think or interpretation against another. Each Curriculum: An Epistemological Per- systematically about our conceptual and tradition attends to the relationship spective” (PQ, 2007). What follows is an theoretical foundations, it is helpful for among data, evidence and knowledge. abbreviated version. them to understand that knowing is a Each tradition spells out the intellec- Classes in critical thinking are inte- process and that a body of knowledge tual processes and methods of discov- grated in both our theory track and our has a kind of structure of its own. ery and justification. process track. In addition, there are three The psychoanalytic situation allows classes on Controversies about Psycho- Relevant Epistemological Concerns for a fertile process of discovery of mean- analytic Technique for senior candidates A fundamental question of epistemo- ings. The process of scientific justifica- in the third through more advanced logical concern is: What do we want to tion within the psychoanalytic situation years. In each year, the critical thinking know about? What phenomena interest is more difficult for us. Our interpreta- classes are designed to stimulate ques- us? The negative of this question is tions reflect our hypotheses. We have tions important for the issues raised in equally important: What phenomena not been able to find reliable ways that the courses. will we not include? These questions our observations and hypotheses can be help us define the boundaries of our dis- refuted by experience. We have relied on Year 1 cipline, the domain of knowledge that clinical evidence. However, when we do Critical Thinking I, “The Relevance we intend to know about. The question this, we encounter significant epistemo- of Child Observation for Psychoanaly- of what is the domain of psychoanalysis logical problems. sis,” comprises three classes taught at is at the center of current controversies One of these is the relationship the end of the first year following a and confusions. The growth of knowl- between our theories and our observa- yearlong course on child development. edge both within our discipline and in tions. Theoretical bias colors what we The educational goals of these classes other disciplines, the proliferation of our see and what we infer. Consequently, are: 1) to introduce candidates to an theories, and the widening scope of we can’t reliably distinguish our Continued on page 19

6 THE AMERICAN PSYCHOANALYST • Volume 51, No. 1 • Winter/Spring 2017 FROM THE BOARD ON PROFESSIONAL STANDARDS

Standards are not established Choice of Standards: by your proclamations they are A Manual for Candidates established by your routines. —T. Jay Taylor Dwarakanath Rao and Dionne Powell

Many candidates are asking “What do encouraged for all faculty, and required and essential in the training of psycho- the changes in APsaA mean for my for TSA appointment. Seven institutes analysts of the future. The Board on Pro- education?” have joined AAPE so far; several others are fessional Standards, which established As the historic Six Point Plan moves for- in discussion about AAPE. These insti- and monitored standards for seventy ward to sunset the Board on Professional tutes remain a part of APsaA. years, has strived to ensure that standards Standards, and change APsaA governance, Institutes that choose not to join AAPE be relevant and rational. a number of factors will affect regulation will follow IPA standards as guidelines, Standards are tools of the trade; they of standards in our institutes and centers. use local governance of standards, use the are for everyday and lifelong use, not just They include choice of educational stan- DPE for consultation as needed, and will for passing examinations. We believe dards, shifting of educational responsibil- not require mandatory site visits. Unlike that standards should represent a three- ity to local groups, the externalization of current APsaA standards, IPA standards fold set of functions—evaluative, devel- regulatory functions to AAPE (American do not require certification for TSA opmental, and aspirational. Too often, Association for Psychoanalytic Educa- appointment, and require two instead of there is emphasis on one, rather than all tion), certification of members externally three cases for graduation. IPA is consider- three, of these functions, leading to valid through the ABP (American Board of Psy- ing, although this is by no means certain, criticism of the basic purpose of stan- choanalysis), and the creation of the DPE changing the frequency of supervised dards. Standards must also strive to meet (Department of Psychoanalytic Educa- cases from 4-5/week to 3-5/week. contemporary scientific and practical tion), an internal consultative body. It is important to remember that no demands, keeping in mind the unusually The Six Point Plan is a nuanced set of institute is required to change existing subjective nature of our profession, inner compromises designed to reduce decades standards. We encourage each institute and outer resistances to self-awareness, of tension within APsaA. A main source of to study the available choices before mak- and the long period of training and life- tension was between those who felt our ing a decision. Unless a local institute has long learning necessary for mastery of standards were inflexible, and those who chosen to make changes, or is in the pro- this difficult work. felt they were appropriately rigorous. As cess of modifying standards, candidates The role of candidates and new gradu- these changes are put into motion, the should not see any difference in clinical ates is crucial in the discussion about the Board on Professional Standards, along training in the near term. However, as future of standards. No one is closer to with the rest of the leadership of APsaA, is local groups conclude their deliberations, the training experience than candidates, committed to ensuring a smooth transi- we anticipate some institutes will make who know first-hand about how stan- tion for candidate education. This will the choice of following AAPE standards, dards enrich their learning environment. require transparency and clarity, as well as others will follow IPA standards as guide- We hope your teachers and supervisors candidates familiarizing themselves with lines, and conceivably, some will follow listen to what you have to say about your the changes and its local implications. AAPE standards but not necessarily join training, national accreditation and peer What will happen to standards when AAPE. It is important to emphasize that review, as well as the place of psycho- the Board on Professional Standards sun- certification via the ABP remains for those analysis as a modern profession with sets as planned in June 2017? Institutes non-AAPE institutes as an important pro- regulatory demands that are increasingly that choose external regulation of stan- fessional developmental opportunity for evident across the nation. dards by joining AAPE will initially fol- those individuals who choose it. Since In conclusion, we would like to suggest low existing APsaA standards, and have there are many standards and accredita- open discussion among candidates and mandatory joint site visits by AAPE and tion issues involved, and discussion will new graduates about standards and the the Accreditation Council for Psychoan- involve local and national issues, we changes within APsaA. Doubts and ques- alytic Education (ACPEinc) for the pur- encourage candidates to learn more by tions are natural during a time of change. pose of accreditation. Certification will be staying in touch with institute leadership. We want to reassure candidates that we The Board on Professional Standards, the will work with them during this time of DPE, and AAPE, and APsaA leadership are transition to a pluralistic future. Here are Dwarakanath Rao, M.D., is chair available to answer questions. links on various organizations referenced of the Board on Professional Standards. Choice of standards will allow for a above: AAPE—aape-online.org, DPE on Dionne Powell, M.D., is secretary respectful and thoughtful discussion APsaA website—apsa.org, ACPEinc— of the Board on Professional Standards. within institutes about what is valuable ACPEinc.org, IPA—ipa.world.

THE AMERICAN PSYCHOANALYST • Volume 51, No. 1 • Winter/Spring 2017 7 SPECIAL SECTION: CONVERSATIONS ON PSYCHOANALYSIS AND RACE

Conversations on Psychoanalysis and Race: Part Three

Introduction Michael Slevin and Beverly J. Stoute Co-Editors

At its origins in the early 20th century, psychoanalysis psychoanalysis, we have an ethical was racialized. The cultural footprint of race on American responsibility to heal the wound psychoanalysis is large. Of theory and practice, the literature of racism that afflicts our insti- is thin and sparse. And it is often ignoble, enmeshed as it is tutes and psychoanalysis itself. If with the racial history of the 20th century in America. we do so, with dedication and Dorothy Holmes begins this last part of the three-part thoughtful depth, psychoanalysis Michael Slevin series with a concluding call to arms: “The Fierce Urgency of has the potential to better heal our Now.” She directly and forcefully addresses what, perhaps, patients and contribute to the healing of our country. has at heart motivated us, the co-editors of this series: At this Beverly Stoute, co-editor of this eight-article series, “Con- historical moment in our country and in the development of versations on Race,” has written an elegant and sophisti- cated overview of that history in a literature review that is yet personal. Michael Slevin, M.S.W., is in private practice in Baltimore Anton Hart then brings to the fore a contemporary perspec- and an emergency psychiatric evaluator of patients in crisis tive on this foundational issue of race that made this series in the Emergency Department of Sinai Hospital. He is co-chair necessary and important: the “othering” of African-American of the Social Issues Department Task Force on Income Inequality people deeply embedded in our cultural unconscious. and Class. We are deeply appreciative of those who have given so Beverly J. Stoute, M.D., child, adolescent and adult psychiatrist deeply of themselves to write for “Conversations on Race,” and psychoanalyst, Atlanta, Georgia; training and supervising and we thank those who have read their contributions. We analyst, Emory University Psychoanalytic Institute; associate hope we have contributed in some modest way to the dia- child supervising analyst, New Orleans-Birmingham Psychoanalytic logue leading to action that Dorothy Holmes so eloquently Center; graduate of The New York Psychoanalytic Institute. challenges us to join.

Fierce Urgency of Now and blinded by Five Vital Policy Recommendations the privileges The psychoanalytic organizational pol- Continued from page 1 associated icy on race I am recommending would like the ones mentioned above, have not w ith racism; have five components: acted as a whole, in unison, or at the sometimes 1. The policy on race would speak for highest levels, to affirm the core impor- d i s cou r age d the entire organizations adopting tance of the experience of racial injustice from acting the policy. to the formation of intrapsychic life and or criticized behavior. I believe such an affirmation is for doing so 2. It would publicly denounce the psy- imperative, and the time for it is long by colleagues, chologically harmful and trauma- tizing nature of racism, with explicit overdue. I urge us not to be, in King’s Dorothy Evans Holmes by those who words, “too late.” supervise them recognition that it leads to intrapsy- Why is such an organization-wide or by those who may be idealized. A chic, characterological and behav- statement important? As much of the clear stand on race taken by the national ioral abnormalities in those who psychoanalytic literature on race points and international psychoanalytic orga- continue to perpetrate it and those out, doing the work that can be done nizations that spawned us, to which we on whom it is imposed. on race in the consultation room is very belong, and to which we pledge our alle- 3. It would affirm the necessity of difficult. Psychoanalysts are themselves giances, would provide necessary scaf- working therapeutically with racial encumbered by racism, i.e., conflicted; folding to do the work that can be done issues in psychoanalytic treatments. frightened; sometimes identified with on race. Continued on page 9

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4. It would support ongoing psycho- will not have the widespread effects they Actions on difficult issues for analytic scholarship and research deserve. The organizational position I our profession require principled on race. recommend will give structure and leadership from the highest gov- 5. It would require that education and encouragement to all to take hold of race ernance of the organization…. with the same steadfastness and courage training in psychoanalysis and train- Regarding how race works in our soci- we have applied to the other core clinical ing analyses address race in order for ety, with its broad, persistent and deeply issues of psychoanalysis (internal con- practitioners to develop competence damaging effects on us all, it is now time flict; disturbances of self; interpersonal to work on race with patients. for organized psychoanalysis, at the high- conflict; family conflict; characterological est governing levels, to formulate a bold, What I am calling for is a tall order. The problems). They, too, have their scary clear policy regarding race. I hope the history of psychoanalysis speaking up pos- aspects. We are emboldened and faithful specific five-point proposal I made above itively and with one voice against negative in our efforts to tackle them because we is a helpful starting point. For all of us cultural trends is not particularly encour- know we must. We must study the litera- who have focused our psychoanalytic aging. That fact has been widely covered of ture in all of these areas; we must learn scholarship and its clinical applications late. In a misguided view of positivist sci- how to conceptualize them and work on race and its all too frequent comple- ence, Freud eschewed speaking about the with all of them to help our patients, to ment, racism, it is gratifying to see more damaging effects of the Holocaust on him- progress in training and to maintain our and more focus on the subject in our psy- self and other analysts (Emily Kuriloff, competence as practitioners. 2014), believing that a focus on the subjec- choanalytic journals and in program- tivities of experience with the Holocaust ming at our meetings. Take a Bold Step would taint one’s necessary objectivity as a The one missing piece is the larger orga- The case I am making is that race—that psychoanalyst scientist-clinician. nizational embrace of the subject, which is courses through our societal practices, Psychoanalysts also have a history of the specific next step I have proposed. The often destructively, and deeply affects us being blind to their own authoritarian development of a psychoanalytic policy all—deserves the same attention in psy- tendencies, to the extent that some psy- on race that would be widely disseminated choanalysis as those more familiar factors. choanalytic research on the subject has is a necessary addition to existing schol- It is time for organized psychoanalysis to been ignored or relegated to sociology arly, programmatic and practice contri- recognize and ratify these truths. With- (e.g., Theodor Adorno’s psychoanalytic butions on race. Not only would such a out providing the policy and values frame work on the authoritarian personality policy support those who do this difficult around race I am proposing for organized and my own work, 2016c). Similarly, work, it will encourage the necessary edu- psychoanalysis, the good research and there is some evidence, that I have also cation and training to help others include examples of best practices cited in this noted, of psychoanalysts’ tendencies to race in their work. It will contribute sig- paper will remain isolated and siloed, and “other” those different from themselves, nificantly to breaking a long, unworthy never be optimally effective. We can take as in the painful era when those other tradition of silence in psychoanalysis on the bolder step I am recommending. One than medical practitioners need not controversial cultural subjects. Let me recent example of how it can be done was apply for psychoanalytic training. Even emphasize, my appeal is that the highest when organizations of physicians, includ- darker, Robert Wallerstein, in 2014, and I, levels of leadership in organized psycho- ing psychiatrists, social workers and in 2016, documented the “long term cor- analysis articulate policy on race. nurses banded together to speak against rosive effects on organized psychoanaly- For psychoanalytic organizations to any practitioner being involved in the sis in Brazil” of analysts being involved remain silent at this time in our culture degrading and dehumanizing practices of in torture in South America. This history when racism raises its ugly head once enhanced interrogations. To quote Paul across many generations powerfully sug- again, so very virulently, would be a Summergrad and Steven Sharfstein, in gests a strong influence on psychoana- betrayal. Failure to act now would betray 2015, the voice of organized psychiatry, lytic institutional thinking and practices our deep understandings of the anguish on why it was incumbent on the Ameri- of the worst trends in the cultures in and psychological disturbances racism can Psychiatric Association to speak which psychoanalysts have lived. causes, and would betray those who have forcefully for the entire organization and Thus, what is being proposed, though dared to address these issues without all its members: difficult, is a golden opportunity for orga- robust organizational support. nized psychoanalysis to get on the right First, the American Psychiatric Leaders: the time for you to act is now. side of history regarding race. To quote Association must take positions Please, do not be too late. King again: This is a time for vigorous and when fundamental issues of sci- positive action. Without organized psy- ence, ethics, or practice are either Editor’s Note: choanalysis taking the strong position called into question or need For information on the full references recommended, there is danger that the articulation as a matter of pub- cited in this article, please contact the good scholarly, clinical and program- lic policy.… It is our obligation author at [email protected]. matic efforts I cited earlier in this article to speak out as a profession.…

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of Toney’s “paranoia,” with no aware- Race and Racism in ness of what we now call “racial pro- filing.” Their disconnected realities Psychoanalytic Thought: damaged the relationship and limited the analysis. At that time, it was also not The Ghosts in Our Nursery clear to the psychoanalytic world that Beverly J. Stoute establishing trust, a fundamental chal- lenge in interracial analyses, is crucial to Race, a biological fiction, is a social, at times, in a working therapeutic alliance (Marlin cultural and political construct. The the parallel Griffin, 1977). It is particularly ironic tenor of this reality in the United States process of the that Greenson is known for his 2008 is sober and often quietly horrific, inter- sup e r v ision. classic paper formulating the concept of woven throughout private and public One supervi- the therapeutic alliance. discourse. Race, as the daily news cycle, sor noticed, As a mature analyst, I came to under- film and song remind us, is stark and yet there was stand with greater clarity the traumatic differentiating. It has been so since the only one paper effects of racism in my life, and the fam- early years of the colonies. Brown v. in the litera- ily and defensive factors that shielded Board of Education of Topeka, decided ture she could me. The fantasy that analytic under- Beverly J. Stoute by the Supreme Court in 1954, did not quote. When standing could be a radical tool of indi- alter that reality; nor did the tandem my training analyst asked me as our vidual and social change had made me Civil Rights Act of 1964 and Voting work began if our difference in race was hopeful, and helped me endure the Rights Act of 1965. Affirmative action influencing the relationship, I snapped micro- and not so micro-aggressions policies, designed to right a long history back, “You ask the question as if I have a along the way. Naively, I did not expect of denied opportunity, could not dyna- choice.” I noted that at least she did ask, to question whether my chosen field mite the bedrock of racism. Not even the and she quietly tolerated my defensive- was prepared for the task I expected of it. election of the first African-American ness; after all, I was the only African- But a review of the literature makes clear president could shake it. In 21st century American at my institute. that latent racist attitudes had long America, racism is alive and well. Com- My analysis began before Dorothy impeded the development of psycho- plex economic, social, political, cultural Holmes (1992) or Kimberlyn Leary (1997) analytic theory on racial difference, the and psychological forces interact to published their seminal papers on race psychological underpinnings of racist make it a seemingly intractable chal- and transference. The published inter- thinking, the diversification of the field lenge in the American conversation. view of Ralph Greenson, in 1982, with and, many postulate, also fostered an Race is a challenge for us all; and yet, as Ellis Toney, one of the first African- inhibition of curiosity in many psycho- a profession dedicated to integrity and American analysts, revealed he and analysts on the manifestations of race change, where has psychoanalysis been other early African-American analysts in their clinical work (Anton Hart and in this conversation? were less fortunate than I. Greenson, a Dionne Powell, 2016). In this article, I review psychoanalytic self-described “white liberal” who paved literature and related mental health dis- the way for the Los Angeles Psychoana- Starting with the Founding Fathers ciplines for their writings on race, begin- lytic Society and Institute to admit Where should we begin this conversa- ning with Freud and continuing to the Toney, its first African-American candi- tion about race and racism? A develop- present. Psychoanalytic literature has date (1948), later confessed that during mental perspective leads us to start even historically been fraught with ignorance his analysis of Toney, he became aware before conception. Do we start with the about race and limited by racism, both of his own unconscious racism. That architects of democracy who wrote, “We overt and subtle. Yet, on a positive note, bias distorted the work and made it more hold these truths to be self-evident that psychoanalytic thought is growing ever difficult. Toney, for example, requested all men are created equal, that they are deeper and richer, as it has been influ- a change in the time of his analytic ses- endowed by their Creator with certain enced by work on race and racism in sion because, being the only African- unalienable Rights…” while also creating other fields of the humanities. Yes, psy- American on the street in Greenson’s the Three-Fifths Compromise; namely choanalysis is finally catching up. neighborhood at the appointed hour, that each African male slave counted as During my own analytic training, the police sometimes stopped him 3/5 of a white man? As they wrote these issues of racial difference permeated (Greenson, 1982; Forrest Hamer, 2002). words, the architects of our democracy my patients’ transference with threads, The response: An Oedipal interpretation Continued on page 11

10 THE AMERICAN PSYCHOANALYST • Volume 51, No. 1 • Winter/Spring 2017 SPECIAL SECTION: CONVERSATIONS ON PSYCHOANALYSIS AND RACE owned slaves, voted Africans subhuman, neuroses, he pointed out “from our and…similar to those of the savage,” that and built the foundation of our democ- observations of town children belonging “their psychological activities are analo- racy on the graves of countless millions to the white races and living according gous with those of the child,” and “their dead in the Middle Passage. We must to fairly high cultural standards, the psychology is of a primitive type.” In a start, therefore, by acknowledging Amer- neuroses of childhood are in the nature subsequent paper, Lind (1917) cited an ica was and is a racialized society. Every- of regular episodes in a child’s develop- 1847 source to support the claim that thing we are and everything we have ment,” making it clear he had some “Negro children are sharp, intelligent and become emanates from that split in the awareness of the cultural and socioeco- full of vivacity, but on approaching the foundation of who “We the People” really nomic status of his patient population, adult period a gradual change sets in.… are. Americans are acculturated and bred though he chose not to emphasize those The intellect seems to become clouded.… in the notions of race, power and projec- factors in his clinical work or theory. gives place to a sort of lethargy, briskness tion onto socially sanctioned “others.” In his 1936 paper, A Disturbance of yields to indolence” and he concluded Although propagandized as a great Memory on the Acropolis, Freud identified “after puberty sexual matters take the melting pot, acculturation and assimila- the “limitations and poverty of our con- first place in the Negro’s life and tion to a dominant group followed the ditions of life in my youth” as contribu- thoughts.” These examples illustrate the rule for the early waves of immigrants, tors to his dissociative neurotic symptom racist undercurrents that undoubtedly assuming the socially sanctioned posi- at the Acropolis, indicative of his suc- influenced theory and practice early on. tion for othered groups created by Afri- cess neurosis, which Holmes (2006) elo- can slaves. The existence of “the other” quently reinterprets with reference to Formulating Prejudice into Theory as a container for hatred, envy and pro- social class and the anti-Semitism Freud Early theorizing on prejudice followed hibited sexual fantasies came before endured. Freud’s emphasis on Oedipal Freud, who discussed individual and Kleinian theory (1946) defined splitting, conflict as a wholly adequate explanation group antagonism at the level of group projection or projective identification for his success neurosis may have further dynamics and group hatred. In Group and before “otherness” as a theoretical contributed to the early focus on Oedipal Psychology and the Analysis of the Ego construct existed. “It is always possible to theory over deeper considerations of race (1922), Totem and Taboo (1938), and Moses bring together a considerable number of and class in the field as a whole. Many and Monotheism (1939), he discussed the people in love,” Freud wrote in Civiliza- believe also that Freud dissected out refer- role that the metaphorical killing of the tion and Its Discontents, “so long as there ence to race and culture from his univer- primal father by the sons plays in fos- are other people left over to receive the sal theory of the human mind to avoid tering group cohesion and the binding manifestations of their aggressiveness.” psychoanalysis being labeled as a Jewish of aggression within the group. This Freud, as did many Jews in Vienna, science (Gilman 1993, Altman 2006). formulation provided the basis later for endured anti-Semitism throughout his Although the classic psychoanalytic the related psychodynamic speculation medical training and professional career. view posits a universal theory of the on lynching of black men by white men In Smiley Blanton‘s Diary of My Analysis human mind, social and cultural influ- in the South (Philip Resnikoff, 1933). In with Freud (1971), Freud is reported to ences infiltrated the thinking of early Taboo and Virginity (1918) Freud described have said, “My background as a Jew American psychoanalysts in other detri- the “hostility against intruders,” which helped me to stand being criticized, being mental ways. At the turn of the 20th cen- he termed “the narcissism of minor dif- isolated, working alone.” Sander Gilman’s tury, the scant analytic literature on the ference,” and referenced further in Civili- (1993) well-known scholarly work in this subject reveals that many American psy- zation and Its Discontents (1930). Early area documents that Jews were thought choanalysts adopted the prevailing the- psychoanalytic theory was slow, how- of as the “the Negroes of Vienna,” psy- ories of race inferiority. In 1914, a lead ever, to develop these group formula- choanalysis was a “black thing,” and article, “Dementia Praecox in the Colored tions into a comprehensive psychology Freud was labeled as a “Black Jew” (Neil Race” in the Psychoanalytic Review, the of how we process racial difference, a Altman 2006). Freud referred to anti- first psychoanalytic journal published in developmental formulation of racism, or Semitism in Interpretation of Dreams and the United States, A.M. Evarts (1914) into the work of clinical psychoanalysis. to racial self-hatred in Jokes and Their asserted the “colored man” is prone to Evolution of Freudian theory to integrate Relation to the Unconscious, 1905. It may dementia praecox and “bondage in real- the influence of culture and race espe- be difficult for us in the postcolonial ity was a wonderful aid to the colored cially in a culturally heterogeneous modern era to understand his reluctance man.” In the same journal, John Lind in America took decades sparked by social to localize psychoanalysis culturally. In his article, “Dreams Wish Fulfillment in and political forces, including the diver- “Inhibitions, Symptoms and Anxiety” the Negro,” explained that the “Negroes’ sification of the field. (1926), when Freud discussed childhood development is lower than the white race Continued on page 16

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From Multicultural Competence to Radical Openness: A Psychoanalytic Engagement of Otherness Anton Hart

“Multicultural competence—I wish which still oftentimes, deadly boring. Such train- that term would be banished from this keeps people ing inherently promotes a defended, earth. Competence? We’re going to be who are differ- prepared manner of addressing differ- competent in relating to the other?” ent from you ence and otherness, with all of their Of all my lines in the film, “Black as other, like attendant anxieties and defenses, and Psychoanalysts Speak,” the 2014 PEP they’re this this represents a major lost opportunity video by Basia Winograd, this is the one c o m m o d i t y for personal reflections and deeper that has garnered the most response. It that we have engagement. seems to have resonated with people’s to get better at The heart of the matter is learning misgivings about the emphasis in many dealing with.” how to become increasingly unde- Anton Hart approaches to multicultural “training.” I am sur- fended around matters of diversity and I read in this resonance a dissatisfaction prised when psychoanalysts and other otherness such that you can be open: with the aspiration of “becoming com- practitioners, sometimes those who are open to the other person who will be, petent” at relating to human beings who black like me1 or with some different in some significant ways, most certainly are different from oneself, with studying otherness status, seem to embrace such different from you. A psychoanalytic the other in an acquisitive, non-partici- a competency emphasis without suffi- sensibility suggests to us that genuine patory, and, in all likelihood, objectify- cient criticism. Multicultural competency openness can only emerge in the con- ing manner. Later in the film, I elaborate: might be well intentioned in that it is text of an unscripted dialogue, one that involves making contact with and participating in an exchange that will, Multicultural competency training…promotes a defended, necessarily, threaten the dialogic par- ticipants’ understandings, identities prepared manner of addressing differences… and perceptions. and is a lost opportunity for personal reflections Because it is a talking cure, and because it prizes the continually refined and deeper engagement. formulations and understandings of its participants (in the context of a rela- tionship between those participants), “I’m very critical of the multicultural attempting to help people increase their psychoanalysis holds the potential to competency movement because I don’t empathic availability while decreasing open up and enrich dialogue across think that reaching across cultural or tendencies to distance or callously boundaries marked by racial, ethnic and racial boundaries is something to offend. Multicultural training tries to cultural difference in a way that is become competent at. I think it’s some- offer a rudimentary script so that neces- deeply personal. It encourages the par- thing to become open to. There’s some- sary conversations across the divides of ticipants to take the risk of losing under- thing about the notion of competency difference take place rather than the standings they have of themselves and participants fleeing and avoiding those of each other that constitute prejudices. conversations. But this is not going In a sense, a new language must emerge Anton Hart, Ph.D., FABP, training and sufficiently deep. This is why many in each dyad, one that is intended to supervising analyst of the William Alanson people with whom I have spoken con- grasp both the overlapping and the con- White Institute, associate co-producer for vey they feel a sense of dread about hav- trasting experiences of the two partici- the film, Black Psychoanalysts Speak, ing multicultural competency training pants, while at the same time allowing presents and consults nationally and required of them in their organization, for articulation of the emergent, com- internationally on issues of diversity. and why many complain that the train- bined experience of the two together. He is in private practice in NYC. ing they have received was concrete and, Continued on page 13

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This experience will inherently chal- must be willing to be both curious about ones, and to reflect on how you seem lenge, threaten and revise the under- his or her own emergent experience to be taking in—or keeping out—the standings the co-participants bring and that of the analysand, and also be responses you are getting. In that case, individually to the conversation owing a responsive subject in relation to the no matter what is said, whatever awk- to their histories and their unique con- analysand’s curiosity. (And it is impor- wardness comes out of your mouth, texts, be they cultural, racial, sexual, tant to clarify here that by “responsive” because of your own limited frame of socioeconomic or otherwise. I do not mean “self-disclosing.” While reference or previously acquired fluency, some instances of intentional self-dis- you are going to be able to work toward Unformulated Dialogue closure may serve the cause of fostering reciprocal communication. Cross-cultural interlocutors must an analytic environment of reflective- You might wind up, along the way, grapple with new ways of communicat- ness, curiosity and openness, some dis- saying something that’s not the “right” ing, not just in the sense that they are closures may have the opposite effect. thing to say, something that may even encountering an other whose back- The openness here refers to a receptivity offend. But if you approach the dia- ground may be different and unfamiliar, to that which is unexpected in relation logue with a willingness to consider but also in the sense that the deepest to oneself and in relation to the other.) things that are out of your awareness and richest forms of contact and con- versation between people are emergent rather than fixed. In contrast, the multi- cultural competency approach empha- Radical openness involves a disciplined psychoanalytic stance sizes gaining a form of mastery or at least of attempting to notice, question and relinquish presumptions rudimentary ability in speaking the about oneself and the other. language of the other, on becoming aware of the other’s customs, vocabulary and syntax. A psychoanalytic sensibility holds that the participants in the ana- In talks I’ve given about diversity and (unconscious, unformulated), things lytic dialogue—analyst and analysand, otherness I have tried to acknowledge that have not occurred to you before, supervisor and supervisee, student and the good intentions inherent in people’s then maybe the other can tell you about teacher, colleague and colleague— attempts to get trained in how to be their problems with what you are ask- attempt to lose their own senses of with people who are different from ing and how you are asking it. But this mastery-based relating, to relinquish the themselves. But I’ve wanted to urge peo- useful information can only be con- feelings of cultural knowing and compe- ple to go deeper. Competency in rela- veyed to you if you convey, in your way tence they may have held prior to enter- tion to the other might be seen as a of both speaking and listening, that ing into each new conversation with starting point rather than an ultimate you’re interested in hearing about how each new other. Psychoanalytic engage- goal, like taking a crash course in a for- you misunderstood, how you got things ment with issues of otherness involves eign language before you go to a new wrong, how you failed to understand, repeatedly trying to not assume under- country in order to have some working and how you were experienced as pre- standing and to be open to receiving phrases. I would propose that even with- suming rather than listening with an understandings, insights and formula- out that course, you could still find a open mind. In this way, you can come tions—always temporary and limited in way to connect. to participate in a cross-cultural dia- their scope. Such trying-not-to-assume- If you have enough courage, your logue that will be stimulating and inter- while-instead-trying-to-be-receptive experience could be more interesting esting rather than non-offensively safe, involves the repeated, deliberate aban- than it would have been if you used mannered and probably boring (which donment of presumptions, about both your handy book of words and phrases in and of itself suggests a defensive self and other while simultaneously to get what you want more efficiently. turning away from the other). maintaining a disposition of curiosity. Throwing away the book, you would The problem of racism and discrimi- This is where what I have come to call need to approach foreign strangers nation largely comes from a defensive radical openness comes into play. Radical with a kind of interest, a turning toward process of disavowing one’s unwanted openness involves a disciplined psycho- their faces, listening to what they say parts, one’s unwanted impulses and analytic stance of attempting to notice, and what you say, and how you both insecurities, locating them in the other question, and relinquish presumptions seem to be hearing each other. And you person and then hating that other about oneself and the other. In order to would have to be prepared to listen for person in order to protect one’s self. do this in analysis, the psychoanalyst the responses, including the negative Continued on page 26

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SCIENCE and persuasiveness and usefulness Psychoanalysis to practicing analysts. Good a r g u m e n t s Psychoanalysis and Psychotherapy h a v e b e e n made for both Research or the Flight of the Dodo kinds of truth. Robert M. Galatzer-Levy But conversa- tions across the Robert M. Galatzer-Levy gulf are hard. A clinical psychoanalyst and a psychodynamic Let’s go back to the bar. A mutual friend of the analyst and the researcher psychotherapy researcher walk into a bar. happens in and suggests they sit together. They don’t notice each other. After the usual pleasantries both start whining about work. The researcher says, “Money for psychotherapy research The joke is painfully close to reality, Equally important, the sociology of has dried up.” The analyst says, “I know which is a pity. Psychoanalysts have knowledge in the two fields is very dif- how you feel. No one comes looking much to learn from psychotherapy ferent. Most analysts come from disci- for analysis anymore. It’s such a pain! researchers but we largely don’t take plines that demand students learn Potential patients keep telling me they’re advantage of this resource. Day-to-day supposed facts based on teachers’ author- getting ‘scientifically proven’ CBT or decisions about treatment or the timing ity. Whether it is the physician’s “the hip medication. Frankly I’m not feeling great of an intervention could be informed bone is connected to the thigh bone” or about offering a treatment with no sci- and improved by using psychotherapy the psychologist’s reinforcement sched- entific basis, whatever that is.” research, but this rarely happens because ules, in the healing and mental health The psychotherapy researcher grins, the two fields have grown far apart. professions the major focus of pre-ana- “Well if you’d just kept up on my field The relationship of psychotherapy lytic training is transmission of a body you’d know what to say. You’d have a research and psychoanalysis has been of knowledge accepted on teachers’ say better idea about what treatments work unfriendly for a long time. Those few so. This approach continues in psycho- for various problems and what inter- individuals who have spanned the fields analytic institutes where the discussion ventions seem to be most effective.” often find themselves marginal in both. of evidence for claims is often absent The analyst, trying to be tactful, doesn’t The problem is partly historical. Sys- and frequently unwelcome. In contrast, mention he has no idea how to “keep tematic psychotherapy research origi- psychotherapy researchers, by and large, up” with the researcher and that his nated in attacks on “unscientific” come from a world where questions of eyes glaze over whenever the R word psychoanalysts while psychoanalysts, how one knows things are foregrounded, (research) is mentioned. beginning with Freud, claimed research assertions of fact are made cautiously, “Yeah,” the researcher says, “in 2017 methods that compared groups of peo- with less attention to the facts them- we have really good data about how well ple of one type with groups of another selves than the bases on which the facts PDT, that’s short for psychodynamic psy- (e.g., patients treated with one form of are asserted. chotherapy, works to relieve symptoms therapy to patients treated with another) This leads to the most obvious differ- and the news is good. Jonathan Schedler’s inevitably fail to capture complexities ence between psychotherapy researchers’ 2010 paper shows PDT is effective by that can only even be approximated in work and that of psychoanalysts. Psycho- bringing together published research on extended case studies. therapy research publications are full of the question, and it’s at least as effective statistics. Statistics are almost completely as many evidence based therapies. You absent from traditional psychoanalytic can tell your patients, and yourself, that publications. The power of statistics they have out of date information. Things Robert M. Galatzer-Levy M.S., M.D., comes from giving quantitative descrip- aren’t quite as rosy as I’m painting them. is a clinical professor of psychiatry and tions of phenomena and quantitative In the first place there is very little empir- behavioral neurosciences at the University estimates of how likely a proposition is ical research on psychoanalysis proper. of Chicago and a faculty member of the to be valid. In contrast, most psychoana- But worse, the Dodo isn’t dead.” Chicago Institute for Psychoanalysis. lytic writing is judged on its narrative Continued on page 15

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“I knew it.” says the analyst, who repaired if it is damaged? Here, there For example, remember how you were tended to become morose when he were findings that really could help in always taught psychoanalysis is for peo- drank. “The part about analysis doesn’t your bread and butter work.” ple who aren’t action prone? A wonder- worry me that much—most of what I do “I hate to say this but that’s not really ful study of children treated at the Anna is, what did you call it, PDT. But this news, we were always taught to inter- Freud Center showed that while neu- Dodo thing sounds ominous.” pret the negative transference promptly, rotic kids benefited from analysis the “It is, sort of. You remember the caucus although I must admit that didn’t always biggest therapeutic gains from intensive race from Alice in Wonderland, in which work—half the time the therapy just therapy was seen in the action-prone the Dodo announces, ‘Everybody has blew up anyway.” youngsters.” won and all must have prizes.’ That’s “Exactly. What a long series of studies Seeing the analyst has a happy smile pretty much how it is with psychother- showed was that interpreting the trans- on his face but not sure if it is the beer apy, and in fact with mental health treat- ference in the sense of telling the patient or the talk, the researcher, who had been ments generally. Once you get to the level that negative feelings about the analyst dying to have a chance to tell one of where patients are getting reasonable came from early, unconscious sources these guys about his work, goes on, “And treatment the differences between the tended to make things worse and came then there is the work on panic by Bar- effectiveness of treatments become small across more as excuses than useful bara Milrod and her co-workers. They compared to their main effects. The effi- insight. Instead, acknowledging the showed rigorously that their form of PDT cacy research doesn’t show PDT is the problem and trying to understand it in works but that when panic states are part best treatment for everything but it does the present, including the therapist’s of a complex psychological picture, using put the lie to the idea that there are a contribution, often led to the establish- PDT makes more of a difference for bunch of scientifically proven treatments ment of a stronger alliance. What was patients than when the panic states seem out there that are winners while poor more the experience of working through to be isolated phenomena. And, of course, PDT has been left far behind.” the problem with the therapist had a pos- there was the late great Sidney Blatt who Noting that the analyst seems to be itive effect on therapeutic outcome. You showed that depressed patients with staring into his beer, the researcher says, would have to admit that would be help- introjective personality organization are “You know, as long as I’ve got you here I ful information for a working analyst.” more responsive to psychoanalysis while should let you know there is a lot more “It certainly would. Interrupted treat- anaclitic patients are more responsive to to psychotherapy research than efficacy ments are the bane of my existence and I more supportive psychotherapy. Choos- studies.” often feel helpless when I see things going ing the right treatment for the patient The analyst, trying to be polite, says, down the tubes. I know I should ‘work on really makes a difference.” “I keep hearing we need efficacy studies the alliance’ or deal with the negative The analyst, who is beginning to feel to prove analysis and PDT work. Isn’t transference but frankly I’ve always won- groggy and a bit overwhelmed says, “I’m that what it’s all about?” dered what that really means. By the time sorry but I have to get up in the morning “Not really, I understand that for polit- my patients tell me for the twelfth time, to attend a session on proper analytic ical and insurance purposes you guys ‘I know what you’re going to say—this techniques. But hey, they never taught would like data that show your treat- reminds me of my depressed mother’—I us this stuff at the institute. Where can I ment works, but there is a whole lot more get the message that transference inter- learn more?” to psychotherapy research and some of it pretations aren’t doing the trick but the The researcher who isn’t accustomed could reshape the way you work. For work you’re describing points to a differ- to quite this much beer is beginning to example, there is the whole alliance idea. ent approach. Do you have any more mumble something about “latent growth In the Paleolithic era, psychotherapy tricks up your sleeve?” The analyst, who mixture modeling,” but the mutual research, in the 1960s and ’70s, research- usually didn’t talk this way had had one friend says, “You can find most of this ers showed the alliance between thera- too many beers and the whole situation and a lot more in the ‘Open door review pist and patient was of primary was beginning to feel a bit too friendly. of outcome and process studies in psy- importance in determining whether “Yeah, I have a bunch,” says the choanalysis’ on the IPA website https:// therapy worked and whether the patient researcher, who was feeling pretty good www.ipa.world/ipa/IPA_Docs/Open%20 stayed in treatment. It mattered more, himself. “Here’s one: what works in one Door%20Review%20III.pdf. for example, than the particular tech- situation may not work in others. As Whipping out his iPhone the analyst niques that therapist used. But that Peter Fonagy puts it, the trick is to figure manages to find the review and laughs, wasn’t the end of the story. The next out ‘What Works for Whom.’ (It’s so Brit- “Four hundred eleven pages—do you obvious questions were what interferes ish to get the grammar right.) There are a really think …” with the alliance and how can it be bunch of results I wish therapists knew. Continued on page 16

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Ghosts in Our Nursery The works of John Dollard, and later dark, dangerous, evil must be pushed to Abram Kardiner and Lionel Ovesey, the rim of one’s life...” There is no better Continued from page 11 were welcomed into the literature since outline in the literature of the Oedipal The contribution of latent derogatory these authors actually interviewed Negro drama in which the roles of Southern attitudes in the literature on the part of informants in their works; even the white men, white women, Black men and some analysts was juxtaposed with a autobiographic work of Lillian Smith Black women are defined by the white clear effort on the part of others to ques- made its way into analytic circles for man’s defensive need to split and project tion theory, reformulate and understand. similar reasons. aggressive and erotic conflicts while dis- The literature demonstrates an awareness John Dollard, a Yale sociologist with avowing his guilt, laying the historical of the unconscious culturally endemic technical psychoanalytic training, stud- bedrock for American racism embedded race fantasies, the latent meanings of ied a Mississippi town he called “South- in our collective cultural unconscious. blackness (bad, evil, nothingness) and erntown.” His meticulous description in In The Mark of Oppression, Kardiner and the negative attitudes toward the Negro the 1937 Caste and Class in a Southern Ovesey (1951) argued that the “Negroes’ as they emerged in the fantasies, dreams Town of how the racialized caste struc- wretched internal life” is evidence of the and minds of white patients, but the ture maintained a hierarchical social “Negro personality,” which is indelibly limited experience (personal and clini- and economic division between Negroes scarred by racism. Although thought by cal) with Negro patients and Negro peo- and whites, allowing whites, especially the authors to be an insightful consider- ple made the work of elaborating theory white men, to maintain a superior social, ation of the traumatic effects of prejudice slow. Early authors described individual economic, political and sexual advan- based on the interviews of 12 and the cases of “the Negro,” or of “a Negro” tage, remains an important contribution. psychotherapy of 13 Negro subjects, it (Philip Graven, 1930), demonstrating a Dollard et al. advanced the “frustration was criticized by African-Americans as a subtle tone describing the Negro people aggression hypothesis,” and the “scape- derogatory and oversimplified caricature as separate and somehow not part of the goat hypothesis,” stressing that the which led to generalizations about the universal human experience, indicating individual, frustrated in achieving a cer- Negro family that were later challenged. a subtle form of othering that created a tain goal, has an aggressive reaction to The literature conceptualizing the inter- latent yet palpable racist tone. the person he/she considers to be the generational transmission of trauma, the obstacle to his/her goal, displacing that effects of racism on family structure and aggression onto a (scapegoated) minority resilience came much later. Flight of the Dodo group that he/she holds responsible as As we struggled in this era with the the obstacle to the coveted goal, which is aftermath of World War II, many theo- Continued from page 15 often economic advantage (John Dollard ries of prejudice focused on anti-Semi- “It’s not meant to be read straight et. al. 1939, Marjorie Brierly 1944). The tism. Gregory Zilboorg (1947), Gordon through, although it’s a surprisingly working middle class (white) subgroup Allport (1954) and Brian Bird (1957) all good read. But if you want something then metes out its envy and aggression wrestled with how we understand short, take a look at Schedler’s “The Effi- toward Negroes as a displacement from prejudice psychologically, using anti- cacy of Psychodynamic Psychotherapy’ competition and envy of the upper Semitism and group psychology as a (The American Psychologist, February- class—a model that may have contem- theoretical base to argue that all forms of March 2010; https://www.apa.org/pubs/ porary relevance. prejudice have common psychological journals/releases/amp-65-2-98.pdf). It’s Lillian Smith’s 1949 autobiography, roots, likening “the fear of the Jew to the fair to leave copies strewn about your Killers of the Dream, reviewed in Psycho- fear of the father and trac[ing] anti-Sem- waiting room for the science-minded analytic Quarterly (William Barrett, 1951) itism back to an unresolved Oedipus potential patient. If you want a nice provided an eye-opening account of the complex.” (Lennard Loeblowitz, 1947). summary of a huge amount of research splitting, projection, and crystalized fan- Interestingly, Bird’s (1957) formulation take a look at J. Barber et al.’s “Research tasy inherent in the racism of the pre- of prejudice involves the case history of on Dynamic Therapies” in M. Lambert’s 1960s Southern culture in America. She a 19-year-old Jewish woman whose Bergin and Garifel’s Handbook for Psycho- outlined segregation, white supremacy, “attack of racial prejudice” he fruitfully therapy and Behavior Change. If you get and how she was taught that “masturba- analyzed along Oedipal lines. Bird inter- scared by the statistics just do what my tion is wrong and segregation is right.” preted his patient’s erotic hatred of yoga instructor recommends when teach- She explained, “The lesson on segrega- Negro men as an Oedipal displacement ing flying pigeon. ‘You can just skip over tion was only a logical extension of and extrapolated, as many did, to group this part and practice easy seat or some the lesson on sex and white superiority antagonism whereby “by projecting its other calming pose for a while.’” and God…that…Negroes and everything Continued on page 17

16 THE AMERICAN PSYCHOANALYST • Volume 51, No. 1 • Winter/Spring 2017 RACE AND RACISM IN PSYCHOANALYTIC THOUGHT own unconscious forbidden impulses group, later sending the analyst pam- as a social defense (Walter Bradshaw onto another race, the active group phlets on race superiority. This is one of 1978, James Comer 1969, Charles Pinder- allows conscious expression of those the few case reports in the literature in hughes 1973, Alvin Poussaint 1980), but impulses but escapes responsibility from which conscious racist views could be few pursued psychoanalytic training them.” In the seminal work The Authori- traced back to Oedipal conflict. Lillian (Jeanne Spurlock, 1999). tarian Personality (1950), Theodor Adorno Smith’s autobiography, taken with Ster- In his 1966 paper, James Hamilton and Else Frenkel-Brunswik extrapolated ba’s 1947 discussion of the Detroit race explained the housing discrimination from their research on the roots of preju- riots, Bird’s case (1957), and Rodgers’s against Negroes in Ann Arbor as repre- diced ideologies to postulate that a char- case report provided compelling clinical sentative of the “anal components of acteristic rigid and severe parenting style support for the attractiveness of Oedipal white hostility towards Negroes,” set the stage for the development of theory as theoretical framework for rac- whereby the “Negro represents feces of extremist authoritarian thinking. ism—a formulation summarized with which money is a displacement or sub- Richard Sterba’s 1947 widely quoted great clarity by Joel Kovel in White Rac- limation,” which he justified by reach- paper on the Detroit race riots of 1943, ism: A Psychohistory almost 20 years later. ing back to quote Sandor Ferenzci’s The Some Psychological Factors in Negro Race The wave of literature in the 1950s Ontogenesis of the Interest in Money (1914) Hatred and in Anti-Negro Riots, lent cre- and 1960s on the “Negro experience” and Lawrence Kubie’s 1937 “The Fantasy dence to the psychoanalytic framework emerged, and post-colonialism as a the- of Dirt,” as a theoretical base; this was for emphasizing Oedipal conflict and oretical framework blossomed. Gunnar the theoretical foundation of the so- sibling rivalry. Drawing from the clinical Myrdal’s famous American Dilemma in called anal theory of racism. material extracted from the analyses of 1942 marked this change in the field Personally, I was not sure that this rac- 42 patients, Sterba revealed the Negro in of sociology emphasizing the Negro ist “theory” influenced analytic thought some dreams represented a “substitute experience. Theorizing about prejudice until several older colleagues confirmed object,” for the newcomer younger sib- evolved to include literature on anti- it, with one reporting that a supervisor ling, while at others times “being threat- black racism, the black experience, the had told him that “the Negro in dreams ened by a Negro [man was]…understood challenge of American multicultural- means feces, you know.” Joel Kovel in as the expression and repetition of the ism, the intergenerational transmission 2000 similarly reported, “I had pre- dreamer’s infantile fears of his father.” of trauma, and later works Black Skin, sented a patient’s dream in which black Negroes served as displacement objects White Masks in 1952 and The Wretched of people had figured as characters. ‘Oh, for aggressive and Oedipal conflicts. the Earth in 1961, which marked inter- don’t you know about that?’ the supervi- The mob chasing the “Negro in race secting nodal points for both psycho- sor had pronounced airily. ‘She means riots, symbolized the hunting down of analysis and sociology. Emboldened her shit. That’s what black people always the cruel powerful father by the sons historically by the independence of mean in the unconscious. It’s the color, as did the lynching of black men simi- India and African nations in the 1960s you know.’” larly symbolize the killing of the pri- and the work of the United Nations, Although credited with the exposition mal father by the sons. (Resnikoff 1933, Frantz Fanon, in his work, drew atten- of this “theory” in his book, White Rac- Sterba 1947). tion to the social and theoretical impor- ism: A Psychohistory, Kovel (1970) con- The frequently cited case report by tance of understanding colonialism and fessed struggling with this formulation, Terry Rodgers (1960) of an “anti Negro the colonized mind. In her 1996 ency- stating, “the idea was grossly reductive, racist” chronicled the brief analysis of a clopedic review, The Anatomy of Preju- subjectivistic, and, most of all, deeply racist whose family history, obsessional dices , Elizabeth Young-Breuhl provides offensive.” He called this theory the behavior, and defensive splitting mir- an unparalleled integration of history “thingification” of the black man and rored the classic Oedipal formulation in and theory in this connection. “the radical loss of humanity,” equating which the patient, a middle-class attor- The Civil Rights Movement catalyzed a the black man with feces. Kovel revisited ney who had the prototypic “Negro social and political shift, so conversations this offensive formulation in his 2000 nurse” growing up, revealed his fantasy about racism in the fields of sociology, retrospective analysis of his own work that the Negro man (from the analysis of social psychology and the humanities stating, “The history of slavery reduced a dream) was the displaced figure of his outdistanced the analytic literature. Afri- blacks to the level of chattel, and in this castrating father. As the patient’s uncon- can-American physicians were drawn way perhaps in racism, a whole category scious incestuous wishes were revealed disproportionately into community work of human beings was being regarded in the course of the analysis, his murder- (Ruth Fuller, 1999) and continued to pub- and treated as excrement—… Could it ous fantasies toward blacks intensified, lish in psychiatric journals articles about be that the special association of blacks and he fled the analysis to join a hate racism in psychiatric training and racism Continued on page 18

THE AMERICAN PSYCHOANALYST • Volume 51, No. 1 • Winter/Spring 2017 17 RACE AND RACISM IN PSYCHOANALYTIC THOUGHT

Ghosts in Our Nursery Ellis Toney in 1958. By 1999, only 26 development on issues of race were con- African-American psychoanalysts were tributing factors to the problematically Continued from page 17 members of the American Psychoana- low numbers of people of color in the with feces in the racist unconscious is lytic Association (Ruth Fuller, 1999). field (Helen Morgan 2007 and 2008). grounded in the historical reality of Data from non-American Psychoana- As people of color and of different their enslavement—that they had in lytic Association institutes is not easy cultural backgrounds sought treatment fact been considered property…, held as to compile. Veronica Abney (1998) in greater numbers in the 1970s and degraded things?” Even if conceding a located 57 African-American psychoana- entered analytic training, African-Amer- great deal with this explanation, it is dif- lysts for her dissertation study on the ican psychiatrists questioned if racism ficult to understand the clinical utility of history of African-American psychoana- was embedded in psychoanalytic theory these crude reductionistic (albeit racist) lysts including non-APsaA institutes. (Alexander Thomas and Samuel Sillen, interpretations, but many analysts did The groundbreaking work of the Afri- 1972). As these limitations in psycho- not question this “theory.” Psychoana- can-American pioneer psychoanalysts analytic thinking were critiqued, some lytic writers in the 1940s, 1950s and well such as June Christmas (1964, 1974), white analysts persistently objected. into the 1960s, however, conceptualized Jeanne Spurlock (1985, 1991, 1994) and Although known for her work on race racism from this framework. Ruth Fuller (1980, 1988, 1993), all of awareness in children, Marjorie Mac- Donald in her 1974 paper, Little Black Sambo, for example, recommended that In the post-civil rights era, people of color slowly entered “black reader’s rejection … should be psychoanalytic training. By 1999, only 26 African-Americans interpreted, since there “appears to be no obvious evidence of racism, and the were members of APsaA. story of Mumbo and Jumbo, and their little son Black Sambo should be seen as a charming children’s story of Oedipal Kovel’s book brought our psychoana- whom had published on related issues, conflict and childhood sexuality. lytic understanding into sharper focus has not been given due attention. Their Richard Garder (1975), in his reference by artfully summarizing the psychoana- work dovetailed with activist interven- to Phyllis Harrison-Ross and Barbara lytic literature from the 1930s to the tions of white analysts such as Viola Ber- Wyden’s The Black Child—A Parents’ 1960s, including the three major lines of nard who had supported the application Guide, objected to the expressions of the psychoanalytic thinking to explain rac- of Margaret Lawrence for training at the “black is beautiful movement,” calling ism: the Oedipal framework “enlarged Columbia Psychoanalytic Center. Viola them “the substitution of one racism for to a cultural apparatus,” the anal theory Bernard (1952), and Judith Schachter another,” rather than recognizing the of racism, and the race fantasies in Amer- and Hugh Butts’s (1968) widely quoted valuable contribution to positive self- ican culture that defined African-Ameri- papers on interracial analyses ushered in esteem and ego ideal, which serve a pro- cans as the repositories of aggression this new era of psychoanalytic inquiry tective defensive function in countering and hatred. His insightful delineation into the transference-countertransfer- the traumatic effects of racism and dis- of the “types” of racists (bigots who act ence manifestations of racial difference crimination. After reviewing many of out and liberals whose racism is uncon- in the analytic dyad (Andrew Curry these early papers, Farhad Dalal (2000) scious), and the unconscious collective 1964; Eugene Goldberg et al. 1974; New- criticized many psychoanalysts for race fantasies operative in American cul- ell Fisher 1971) and racial difference in ignoring how the real detrimental effects ture are still useful conceptualizations psychoanalytic supervision (Bradshaw, of racism limited their clinical under- and punctuated the emphasis on Oedipal 1977, 1982) adding to the discussions standing of patients and, further, the theory that dominated analytic thinking already underway in the psychiatric lit- reformulation of psychoanalytic theory. for decades. erature (Maynard Calnek 1970; Enrico In her 1974 classic paper, Ghosts in the Jones 1974; Julia Mayo 1974; Peter Krant Nursery, Selma Fraiberg seemed chill- Persistence of Racism 1973; James Carter 1979; Loma Flowers ingly relevant as she helped us under- in Theory and Training 1972). Phyllis Harrison and Hugh Butts stand that when past trauma is endured In the post-civil rights era, people of (1970) studied the difficulty of white but not metabolized for one generation, color slowly entered psychoanalytic psychiatrists in exploring racial issues, what is not spoken is embedded in the training. The first documented African- and British psychoanalysts later ques- unconscious and enacted in disturbing American graduates of APsaA institutes tioned if the lack of supervisory sophisti- ways in those generations that follow. were Margaret Lawrence in 1954 and cation and the absence of training Continued on page 28

18 THE AMERICAN PSYCHOANALYST • Volume 51, No. 1 • Winter/Spring 2017 ISSUES IN PSYCHOANALYTIC EDUCATION

Critical Perspective We try to show the candidates how to concept that contains contradictory put the discussion on another footing, ideas in different schools of thought, 4) Continued from page 6 the epistemological differences between to reacquaint the candidates with the epistemological perspective, 2) to clarify an observational and a psychoanalytic Critical Thinking Sequence. The reading the epistemological problems that occur perspective. Green thinks there is no for these classes is my paper, “Think- when we try to use data and information real child in the psychoanalytic situa- ing About Curriculum: An Epistemologi- from another discipline, and 3) to illus- tion, “The model for psychoanalysis is cal Perspective.” trate a controversy between two psycho- the dream….Psychoanalysis is incom- We encourage candidates to think analysts, Daniel Stern and Andre Green, patible with observation. Observation about each theoretician and school of who disagree strongly about the rele- cannot tell us anything about the intra- thought in relation to a set of epistemo- vance of data from outside the psycho- psychic processes that truly characterize logical questions and a set of clinical analytic situation. the subject’s experience.” In contrast, questions. The epistemological questions We want to highlight that clinical Stern thinks memory traces in the form we suggest are: 1) How is the domain of hypotheses based on phenomena in of schema of being with the other orga- psychoanalysis being described? 2) What different settings, obtained by different nize subjective experience by providing phenomena are included and excluded? methodologies, and understood from a foundation for representation of the 3) What mode or modes of investiga- different perspectives, reflect different self and other and for fantasy. He thinks tion are being described? For example, interests, focus and conceptions of how the observation of infants offers genera- free association, countertransference, the mind functions. Consequently, the tive hypotheses about the functioning empathic immersion are modes of inves- concepts and theories that emerge from of the mind in areas of interest to psy- tigation. 4) What is considered evidence? these different perspectives may not be choanalysis, transference for example. 5) Is there an attempt to explain phe- comparable. Daniel Stern is interested in We ask the candidates what they con- nomena beyond meaning? the representation of real experience, sider the advantages and disadvantages The clinical questions we suggest are: the “now,” the “coup,” as he calls it. of each perspective. We explore the pos- 1) What model of mind is the reference Andre Green is interested in experience sibility and the problems associated with for theory? 2) What model of pathogen- as it is elaborated in fantasy, the “après combining these perspectives. We pose esis is the reference for theory? 3) How is coup.” Each perspective is formed in questions facing our discipline in many the role of the analyst being described? observing and drawing inferences about areas. How are we to decide if one idea 4) How is the psychoanalytic situation unobservable mental states. This allows is better than another? How are we to envisioned? 5) How is therapeutic action us to raise the problem of theoretical decide when we are wrong? being envisioned? We want candidates bias and projection for both the clinical to be able to distinguish epistemological perspective and the observational per- Year 2 and clinical issues. spective. Each also has the problems Critical Thinking II is “The Pluralist In order to discuss the advantages and inherent in reasoning by analogy. In Perspective,” two classes at the begin- disadvantages of a pluralistic perspec- comparing these different perspectives ning of the second year that also serve tive, we explore the concept of fantasy on what might be of interest to psycho- as an introduction to the second-year from the ego psychological perspective analysis, we are able to show candidates theory course, Psychoanalytic Theories. and from the Kleinian perspective. the kinds of problems that face anyone This course introduces candidates to the These perspectives differ on the nature interested in making inferences about development of psychoanalytic ideas of fantasy, on the nature of mind and on subjective states and unconscious states. from ego psychology, object relations the mental capacities that contribute to The readings are drawn from a dia- and self psychology, as well as the ideas fantasy. I present a case so we have a logue between Green and Stern, in Clini- of important theoreticians like Klein, clinical basis for the discussion. cal Observational Psychoanalytic Research: Bion and Lacan. Candidates often expe- Roots of a Controversy (2001) and from rience this course as a dizzying immer- Year 3 each analyst’s view on the child’s psy- sion in psychoanalytic thought. The For this year, we integrate a critical chic representation of a mother who educational goals of Critical Thinking II perspective in relation to clinical process becomes depressed after being a lively are: 1) to explore the epistemological and technique. presence for her child. The tone of the dimensions of a pluralist perspective, 2) One course, “Critical Thinking about exchange serves as an illustration of to provide an orienting frame for think- Psychoanalytic Process III,” is embedded what can happen when psychoanalysts ing about different schools of thought, in the psychoanalytic process course feel pressed to defend their beliefs about and 3) to explore the concept of fan- in each year of the core curriculum. what psychoanalysis is. tasy as an example of a fundamental Continued on page 20

THE AMERICAN PSYCHOANALYST • Volume 51, No. 1 • Winter/Spring 2017 19 ISSUES IN PSYCHOANALYTIC EDUCATION

Critical Perspective to provide an opportunity for candidates Year 4 to identify with a way of thinking about Continued from page 19 Critical Thinking IV, “A Critical Eval- psychoanalytic thinking over time. uation of Psychoanalytic Knowledge,” The educational goals are: 1) to introduce A second course, “Critical Thinking is a mini-course of six classes whose candidates to an epistemological perspec- about Psychoanalytic Technique,” is for educational goal is to help candidates tive as they learn about psychoanalytic senior candidates beginning in their consolidate their understanding of epis- process in an interrupted but continuous third year. Three classes are devoted to temological issues and more particularly case presentation, and 2) to model a col- discussing a controversy that involves to familiarize them with points of view laborative scrutiny and critical attitude technique. Two analysts from differing about epistemology and with methods toward our theories, our concepts and theoretical orientations present their in two traditions, the empirical and the our rules of inference and evidence. ideas about a technical issue in relation hermeneutic. One class each is devoted In the interrupted continuous case to a case one of them presents. The edu- to the scientific point of view and to design, two analysts comment on the cational goals are: 1) to offer candidates the hermeneutic point of view including same case for eight weeks in each year of an opportunity to hear faculty give their their epistemological values and their the core curriculum beginning in the views on controversies and ideas that methodologies. A third class explores a second year. Each new second-year class involve technique, 2) to explore the rigorous attempt by the philosopher, begins with a different pair of instruc- larger themes that underlie their differ- Paul Ricoeur, to validate Freud’s ideas. tors who stay with the class for the next ences and, 3) to offer candidates an Ricoeur’s paper, “The Question of Proof three years. One of the analysts helps opportunity to hear the ideas of candi- in Freud’s Psychoanalytic Writings” is the candidates deepen their understand- dates in other classes. Some examples of particularly useful because he concludes ing of psychoanalytic process; the other topics for discussion are: 1) perspectives that both hermeneutic and empirical helps candidates deepen their under- on the interpretation of aggression, 2) methods are needed, each for a different standing of psychoanalytic thinking perspectives on interpretation of uncon- dimension of theory. itself. An interrupted continuous case scious fantasy and 3) perspectives on allows the teaching analysts to form a the interpretation of defense. Candi- Conclusion relationship with the candidates, with dates are strongly encouraged to express Psychoanalysis is a discipline whose the case and with each other. We hope their views. focus is on subjective and unconscious phenomena in both the analyst and the analysand. However, as Freud main- New Active Members tained, psychoanalysis as an activity and as a discipline stands on three legs. Psy- 2017 National Meeting of Members choanalysis is a therapeutic procedure, a Waldorf Astoria Hotel, New York theory about the nature of mind and development, and a vehicle for research Zev Jacob Alexander, M.D., MMSc. Vicente J. Liz Defillo, M.D. into the nature of mental life. Each leg Lewis Aron, Ph.D. Edit Markoczy, Psy.D. has a different goal. It is easy to forget Galit Atlas, Ph.D. Matthew Markon, LCSW theoretical and explanatory goals in Steven Baum, Psy.D. Barbara Mosbacher, Ph.D. the heat of the therapeutic endeavor. David Braucher, LCSW, Ph.D. Ernesto Mujica, Ph.D. Lara E. Cox, Psy.D., M.S.W. Paola Peroni, M.F.A. Questions of efficacy, case selection and Anand Desai, M.D. David G. Power, Ph.D. outcome rest on an understanding of Christine E. Desmond, M.D. Dolan Power, Ph.D. therapeutic action or actions that derive Marie Dunn, LICSW, J.D. Shelley Rockwell, Ph.D. from an understanding of the nature of Mary A. FitzGerald, M.S.W., LICSW Julie Rosenberg, M.D. mind, development and mental experi- Emily Gastelum, M.D. Tracy Roth, M.D. ence. More than ever before in this Tammy Gotlieb Horowitz, M.D. Kelly Shanks Lippman, M.Ed., LMHC country, psychoanalysts need to be able Tamar Jislin-Goldberg, M.A. F. Kate Roy Sullivan, Ph.D. to establish and to communicate the Roger Karlsson, Ph.D., ABPP John Kenneth Tisdale, D.Min. rationale for our therapeutic activities Eileen P. Kavanagh, M.D., M.P.A. Natalie Tobier, LCSW, M.P.H. and for our ideas. We can give our can- Kiku Emilei Kim, M.D. Elizabeth Wilson, M.D. didates the tools they need to do this. Dawn Lattuca, LCSW Margaret Zerba, Ph.D. We can teach our candidates to tend to In-Soo Lee, M.D. psychoanalysis as a discipline and a body of knowledge.

20 THE AMERICAN PSYCHOANALYST • Volume 51, No. 1 • Winter/Spring 2017 Annual Meeting in Austin APsaA 106th Annual Meeting in Austin June 9–11, 2017 Marianna Adler

O u r Te x a s When I moved to Austin in the mid- psychoanalytic ’70s, Austin was a sleepy little town with community is a pronounced regional culture. Home to pleased to wel- both the state government and the Uni- come APsaA’s versity of Texas, it was also known as the 106th Annual home of the Armadillo World Headquar- m e e t i n g t o ters, a music venue, which featured the Austin. The likes of Willie Nelson, Jerry Jeff Walker, and Latino immigrants, African-Ameri- Austin San Stevie Ray Vaughan, Asleep at the Wheel cans, and Anglo and Central European Antonio Psy- and Kinky Friedman and the Texas Jew- immigrants, many of the latter arriving Marianna Adler choanalytic boys. Whole Foods Market was a small in the 19th century to found utopian Society, the Center for Psychoanalytic organic grocery store in an old house. communities. More recently Austin has Studies in Houston and the Dallas Psy- Weekends, you could drive on the main welcomed immigrants from Asia, India choanalytic Center will be co-hosting streets in town and see few cars. The sign and elsewhere around the world. The a pre-conference reception for APsaA that said Austin City Limits really did traces of this history are still evident members Thursday, June 8, at the Palm mark the limit beyond which the lights in Austin although gentrification has Door on Sabine. We look forward to faded and the Hill Country began. unfortunately pushed some of the origi- meeting you and introducing ourselves Today the population of Austin and nal populations out into the surround- to you. We are aware there was some the surrounding metropolitan area is ing area where housing is less expensive. controversy about holding the meeting around two million and still growing. With the population growth in Austin in Austin due to the recent legislation The Austin city limit sign is just a sign and the influx of people, the distinctive legalizing the open carry of guns. But in an otherwise unbroken sea of electric regional culture of old Texas is less evi- despite this provocative legislation, we lights. The city now hosts the annual dent but still can be found in Austin’s reassure you that you are unlikely to see cutting-edge tech/film gathering SXSW reverence for Texas Bar-B-Q, all varieties anyone marching around the streets of (South by Southwest) and the highly of tacos and for two stepping, a form of Austin with weapons. popular Austin City Limits music festi- dancing to a distinctive style of country Austin is a thriving, sophisticated val where local, national and interna- western music known as Texas swing. urban center known for its music, natu- tional musicians come to play. The (Though there is plenty of opportunity ral spaces and progressive politics. It was University of Texas at Austin, with more to dance salsa as well.) also home to the notoriously funny Ann than 50,950 students, is known as a To learn more about this history, Richards, the lady with the beehive major research university. In summer spend half a day at the Bob Bullock Texas white hair and the one-time governor of 2016, the University of Texas medical History Museum or visit the George Texas who once quipped that, given the school, with an eye on innovative com- Washington Carver Museum and Cul- chance, women can do anything men munity-based care, welcomed its first tural Center in East Austin. For those can do, “After all, Ginger Rogers did class of medical residents. Meanwhile, who can afford the extra time, I highly everything that Fred Astaire did. She just the city continues to invest in promot- recommend a half-day spent at the LBJ did it backwards and in high heels.” ing live music venues and bills itself Presidential Library on the University (perhaps somewhat hyperbolically, but of Texas campus. There you will find, what else is new about Texans?) as the among other things, exhibits that doc- Marianna Adler, M.P.H., Ph.D., FABP., Live Music Capital of the World. ument the civil rights struggles of the is training and supervising analyst at the The cultural history of Central Texas 1960s and 1970s as well as the history of Houston Center for Psychoanalytic Studies is the history of three distinct ethnic American involvement in the Vietnam where she has served as president of the groups: the original Mexican settlers. War and Johnson’s efforts to address board, Faculty Committee chair and Ethics (Texas once was part of Mexico, existing America’s poverty and inequality Committee chair. She maintains a private briefly as an independent republic before through his Great Society program. practice in Austin. joining the United States), later Mexican Continued on page 22

THE AMERICAN PSYCHOANALYST • Volume 51, No. 1 • Winter/Spring 2017 21 106TH ANNUAL MEETING IN AUSTIN

Annual Meeting of 68 degrees feels like an oasis in the the meetings are held. The underside of middle of the city. Considered sacred by the bridge is home to the largest bat col- Continued from page 21 the original inhabitants, the Tonkawa ony in North America. Every night at While these exhibits document a partic- Native Americans, the springs have been dusk the bats, all 1.5 million of them, ular time in our national culture, they protected as the result of a hard fought emerge en mass in wave after undulating also portray the history of a man steeped battle by local environmentalists who wave for their nightly feeding. In a single in the culture of mid-century rural Texas. for years pushed for zoning and envi- night these bats eat an estimated 10,000 If you get tired of sitting in meetings ronmental regulations. Today you can to 20,000 pounds of insects. It is a special and need to stretch your legs, a few swim there along the limestone cliff, see sight to see people lining the bridge to blocks from your hotel you will find the five-finger and maidenhair ferns, watch and kayakers floating in the waters Lady Bird Lake Trail, a 10-mile trail along and watch the turtles and small fish below the bridge waiting to greet the the banks of the Colorado River. Early swim at your feet. There is a nice demo- bats. The bats fly in only one direction so mornings and evenings are particularly cratic quality to this public space where be sure to stand on the side of the bridge nice for running or walking the trail. families from all over the area come on where the crowd is standing. You can also rent kayaks and canoes if weekends to swim, picnic, bar-b-q and There is more to see and do in Austin. you want to paddle the lake. play soccer. I have given you only a flavor. Come and One of the most distinctive and While there are many more things I enjoy the 2017 APsaA National Meeting beloved features of Austin is Barton could tell you about Austin, I will men- as well as our city. I hope some of you Springs, an outdoor swimming area fed tion only one other unique experience will find the time to swim in Barton by natural springs from the Edwards Austin has to offer: the flight of the bats Springs, visit one of the history muse- Aquifer. Particularly in the sweltering at dusk from under the Congress Street ums, see the bats or go hear local music heat of the Texas summers, Barton Bridge. Luckily this bridge is within and maybe even try out two stepping to Springs with its year round temperature walking distance from the hotel where the sound of Texas swing.

22 THE AMERICAN PSYCHOANALYST • Volume 51, No. 1 • Winter/Spring 2017

Book Review Freud in Zion: Psychoanalysis and the Making of Modern How Ideology Can Infuse Jewish Identity Psychoanalytic Thinking By Eran Rolnik 288 pages Nathan Szajnberg Karnac Books, 2012 Arlene Kramer Richards and Arnold Richards, Book Review Editors European Jews. Some 90,000 German I r e v i e w hour give the clearest account of Bion I Jews alone came to Israel (20 percent of Freud in Zion have ever heard; Yolanda Gampel, in her new arrivals). Edith Jacobson is impris- hesitantly, as I private study group on Melanie Klein, oned; Richard Sterba escapes with his hope to trans- give a sensitive, thoughtful and carefully analysand through an office window, mit its intellec- critical reading of the Richard case; the SS on their heels; Bettelheim, not so tual heft, while Yoram Hazan, who died far too young, fortunate, demobilizes his underground maintaining its describe evenly hovering attention and army, then is captured at the Czech bor- style of a his- Après-Coup (b’de’avad in Hebrew) with der and becomes a guest of the SS in torical thriller, the accent of a knowledgeable self-psy- Dachau. Rolnik spends the first half of now translated chology (via Chicago’s Jim Fisch); and the book tilling the historical soil, before Nathan Szajnberg into French, Emanuel Berman speak authoritatively he sows the seeds of Freud in Zion. German and Hebrew. in his rolling basso on almost any sub- Freud’s 1921 Group Psychology and the Why should I have been surprised at ject psychoanalytic—in Hebrew, English Analysis of the Ego was his first work the scholarly yet engaging style of Rolnik, or Polish. Berman wrote the magnificent translated into Hebrew (1928), reflect- this Israeli psychoanalyst? sociohistorical study of the Israel Psy- ing the early immigrants’ sense that During my five years in Israel, I was choanalytic Institute’s transformation, they needed to grasp group psychology impressed with the depth of knowledge Impossible Education. to understand what they were doing, of some of my fellow members of the Israel Psychoanalytic Society, one of the largest IPA component societies. The Rolnik spends the first half of the book tilling the Eitingon Institute (yes, that Eitingon, who founded and funded the Berlin historical soil, before he sows the seeds of Freud in Zion. Institute mostly from his family’s furrier funds and then escaped the Nazis to found the Israel Institute over 75 years Let me give some flavor of the overall and would be doing as strangers in this ago) fills its classes every year with per- themes in Rolnik’s book, to encourage strange land. The early Zionists did haps a dozen candidates. you to read the book to understand not seem to let themselves realize that In my years as a member and training much about not only the history of psychoanalysis’s “critical, interpretative analyst, I would hear colleagues such as psychoanalysis in Zion, but also its and individual” perspective might be at Eliahu Feldman, trained in Brazil, in an cheek-by-jowl pre-history in Vienna, odds with the constructivist and collec- where Theodor Herzl and Freud lived tivist conception, particularly amongst but blocks from each other. Freud in Zion the kibbutzniks, that tiny portion of Nathan Szajnberg, M.D., is former is a challenging account of how ideology the population (perhaps three percent) Freud Professor at Hebrew University can infuse psychoanalytic thinking and who nevertheless grounded the ideol- and Wallerstein Research Fellow in technique—at times for the betterment ogy and became leaders of the land Psychoanalysis at SF-CP 2005-2016. of our patients, at times not. for decades. He is a training analyst in Israel and We are almost halfway through this In 1905, Otto Rank (né Rosenfeld) International Psychoanalytic Societies. story before psychoanalysts truly take insists psychoanalysis could become a He authored Sheba and Solomon’s Return: root in the desolate soil of Zion in the Jewish science. Imagine Freud’s dismay. Ethiopian Children in Israel. 1930s, that decade of desperation for Continued on page 24

THE AMERICAN PSYCHOANALYST • Volume 51, No. 1 • Winter/Spring 2017 23 BOOK REVIEW

Ideology Siegfried Bernfeld, later a founder of Anne Marie Sandler recounts that her the San Francisco Institute, was an husband said had he been treated as well Continued from page 23 adviser to a socialist youth movement in in the first four years as he was in his In contrapuntal style, Freud, in 1923, Israel. How involved were the early psy- fifth, he might have stayed. A selection insists in his talk before the B’nai B’rith choanalysts in social issues of pre-state committee was established to review (the only organization outside psycho- Israel? Dorian Feigenbaum, appointed all candidates for the chair, who are analysis to which he proudly belonged) the head of psychiatry of the first hos- expected to be both training analysts that the historical fate of the Jews pro- pital in Jerusalem, studied the epidemic and well-published in psychoanalysis. vided them with the capacity for free of suicides among early settlers, some 10 As best I know, this selection committee thought, willingness to fight and quest percent of all pioneer deaths in the sec- has not met in many years. for truth—those components necessary ond decade of the century. The Hebrew for a psychoanalytic science, and per- University’s animosity towards psycho- Refugee Founders haps any true discipline. analysis came early and endured. But, The 1930s, brought refugees, some beyond this perhaps parochial plaint, reluctant, to Palestine, including Eitin- The Jewish Science Einstein, a member of its founding gon. This is the foundational beginning The Russian psychoanalytic Institute board of governors, weighed in on the of psychoanalysis in Palestine. Rolnik had some 30 members in 1922-23, an University when he wrote to discourage tells of the personalities and the ten- eighth of the IPA membership. They Eitingon from trying to find a place sions amongst these founders. But, he pursued experimental (allegedly psycho- there in 1934: presses us to think more systematically analytic) boarding schools, which even about the relationship between era and one of Stalin’s children attended. These As for the university in Jerusa- psychoanalytic theory and technique. Russian psychoanalysts emigrated to lem, I am sorry to say that this Rolnik says the pre-state needs of the Germany and many ultimately to Israel, institution, whose importance community tended towards collectivist becoming nuclei for psychoanalysis. for the entire Jewish intellectual thinking, optimism, highly ideologi- Moshe Wulff, for instance, while a mem- world is so great, and whose cal and anti-intellectual, particularly ber of the Vienna Society, hailed from realization I myself worked so amongst the kibbutzniks. Russia and emigrated to Israel (to become hard for, is not exactly in good Shimon Peres, when asked about his a foil for Eitingon). hands. I have been fighting to hope for the future, responded that And, through Frieda-Fromm Reich- replace the administration for without hope there would have been no mann’s Heidelberg school, which tried years, but have yet to see results. Israel. The national anthem, “Hatikvah,” to integrate psychoanalysis and Ortho- While I have managed to get means, “The Hope.” Yet, Freud’s psycho- dox Judaism, came Akiva Ernst Simon, a Committee of Inquiry con- analysis is fundamentally individual- later the director of the Hebrew Univer- vened I have little faith in the istic, non-political and imbued with a sity School of Education, Erich Fromm, ability of the current powers social pessimism, particular after the and Leo Lowenthal, later head of sociol- that be to bring about real wholesale slaughter of World War I, after ogy at UC Berkeley. change for the better. So far, the which Freud elaborated his death drive Martin Buber, the philosopher who university’s best have also been ideas. How to resolve the tensions became head of sociology at the Hebrew the ones to turn their backs on between these two states of mind? University, opposed Freud’s ideas and the place in bitter anger. Why Matters get more complicated; this is ultimately the presence of psychoanaly- would you want to put yourself psychoanalysis after all. Freud’s views of sis at the University where Freud was on through that? analysis arose primarily from his work the board of governors. Buber seemed with adults. Yet, psychoanalytic interest to fashion himself also as a develop- Rolnik, a fine historian, brings the in early education arose at least with mental psychologist, postulating that dark corners of our history to light. It is Ferenczi’s precocious 1908 paper on everyone is born with an “originator” perhaps a wish that such light might education. While psychoanalysis in the instinct that must be channeled by cleanse. office is one matter, its application to educators into communion “instinct.” Unfortunately, after the first Freud early development and childhood edu- It was an era when many thought they Chair was established in the late 1970s cation gives it the kind of societal opti- could do it all: A philosopher thought and funded mostly by American psy- mism, a manner of applying principles he could make developmental theories choanalysts, who insisted the funds be to improve at least the lives of children, and critique a discipline in which he held in New York, not Jerusalem, Joseph if not of society. Therefore, one can see had no training. Sandler came and left within five years. Continued on page 30

24 THE AMERICAN PSYCHOANALYST • Volume 51, No. 1 • Winter/Spring 2017

And whence comes this fear? We go F I L M back to the scene, to the dialogue just before Riggan expresses his existential hopelessness. He is a woman’s former lover, Eddie, barging in upon the woman Birdman and His Mother he still loves and her current lover as Herbert H. Stein they are making love in a motel room. Bruce H. Sklarew, Film Editor Pointing a gun threateningly, he says, “What’s wrong with me? Why do I end The filmBirdman: The Unexpected Vir- a film. Leon up having to beg people to love me?” tue of Ignorance, made in 2014, takes the Balter, in a Woman: “Ed. Eddie. Please… Give me viewer on a wild ride on the edge of 2006 paper in the gun. Just look at me. I was drowning. mania and psychotic depression through the Psychoana- I was not capable of—You deserve to be its central character, Riggan Thomson, lytic Quarterly, loved. You do.” who is struggling with his identity. On demonstrates Eddie: “I just wanted to be what you the one hand, he is trying to establish that like a wanted. Now I spend every fucking min- himself as a serious stage performer and dream within ute praying to be someone else. Someone director to combat the identity assigned a dream, a play I’m not. Anyone…” to him by the public and the press as a within a play Other man: “Put down the gun, Ed. Herbert H. Stein movie star who played a super hero, can give direct She just doesn’t love you anymore.” Birdman. We see him in the late rehears- expression to a central disturbing idea Eddie: “You don’t, do you?” als, previews and opening of a Broadway while disguising it as a bit of fiction.Bird - Woman: “No.” play he has written based on a Raymond man takes us through certain key scenes Eddie: “And you never will…” Carver short story. But Thomson, him- in Riggan’s play in rehearsals, previews Woman: “I’m sorry.” self, identifies with the Birdman. We see with live audiences and the play’s official Eddie: “I don’t exist. I’m not even here. him levitating and moving objects at a opening on Broadway. The final scene, in I don’t exist. None of this matters.” distance, proofs of either his magical which Riggan’s character, Eddie, enters The play within a play tells us the powers or his delusional state. When he a motel room to confront his former desperation comes from seeking a love stands at the edge of the roof of a tall girlfriend and her new lover is repeated that isn’t there. Eddie, Riggan, doesn’t building, we do not know if he (and we three times in the film. With each repe- exist because he is not important to the with him) will jump off out of despair or tition, we hear Riggan say, “I don’t exist. woman whose love he seeks. leap off into manic flight. I’m not even here. I don’t exist. None of In an earlier part of the play, Eddie’s Here I want to focus on the clues the this matters,” before putting a gun to his former lover describes him as being pos- film gives us to understand Riggan’s head and pulling the trigger. In the final sessed by a passionate, violent love. unconscious motives, starting with the version we see, on the play’s official “Okay, well, he did beat me up one “play within a play,” or in this case within opening night, he uses real bullets. night. He dragged me around the living The refrain, “I don’t exist, none of room by my ankles, yelling ‘I love you, this matters,” is not only repeated three I love you, bitch.’” Herbert H. Stein, M.D., director of the times as we see performance after per- This, too, is reinforced elsewhere in Institute for Psychoanalytic Education formance. It is also echoed elsewhere in the film, in dialogue between Riggan Affiliated with NYU SOM; editor and the film, when Riggan’s daughter, Sam, and his ex-wife, Sylvia, whom we come chief film reviewer, PANY Bulletin; author tells him his play is aimed at “a thou- to see he still loves. In answer to his of two books of psychoanalytic studies sand rich, old white people whose only question, “Why did we break up?” she of film, Double Feature (EReads 2002) real concern is gonna be where they tells him. “You threw a kitchen knife at and Moving Pictures (IPBooks, 2017). go to have their cake and coffee when me… and one hour later you were telling Bruce H. Sklarew, M.D., an associate it’s over,” and finishes, “You’re the one me how much you loved me.” She adds, editor and co-founder of the award-winning who doesn’t exist. You’re doing this “Just because I didn’t like that ridiculous Projections: The Journal for Movies because you’re scared to death, like the comedy you did with Goldie Hawn and Mind, organizes the film programs rest of us, that you don’t matter. And didn’t mean I did not love you. But that’s at meetings of the American Psychoanalytic you know what? You’re right. You don’t. what you always do. You confuse love Association and has co-edited two books It’s not important. You’re not important. with admiration.” on psychoanalysis and film. Get used to it.” Continued on page 26

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Birdman despises Riggan, the Hollywood actor. Competence She tells him that there is nothing he Continued from page 25 Continued from page 13 can do, that she will kill his play. She is Rage and Despair clearly the embodiment of the unattain- Rather than saying, “I hate these aspects Through these bits and pieces scat- able woman, mother, whose love and of myself, or these are really difficult, tered amidst the riot of the film, we are admiration are so desperately needed. frightening aspects of my own experi- given hints of an existential despair and In the end, Riggan wins her admira- ence,” it’s easier for many people, per- rage based upon a basic sense of futility tion, if not her love, by shooting himself haps most people, to experience those at getting love and admiration (mirror- on stage. In the sequel to his on stage not as aspects of oneself, but aspects of ing?) from the one person from whom suicide attempt, he hears her approving the other, and then to hate the other. we need it. review of his act of heroic realism under Othering, in this sense, would seem to The play within a play even gives us a the title, “The Unexpected Virtue of be inherent in the human condition. It fleeting metaphorical but concrete image Ignorance,” the alternate title for the describes this process where people rid of the importance of that mirroring, of film. Only self-destruction can get the themselves of the things about them- the gaze between infant and mother. attention of such a mother. selves they can’t tolerate, by projecting And what of the end- them onto others, or attributing them to ing? We see Riggan others, and even by inducing them in shoot himself and we others, and then hating or destroying seemingly lose con- them in those others. The psychoana- sciousness with him, lytic project aspires to help people be the screen melting into curious about and, perhaps, to recognize confused frozen images, what they are doing in the process of only to awaken to a othering, and to help them see they are “reality” in which he using people for internal security in has seemingly survived. ways that have external, invariably But in his survival, he destructive consequences. has shot off his nose When it comes to the problem of Riggan (playing a different role here) and had it replaced with a more beak- prejudice, psychoanalysis offers a more delivers a monologue about an elderly like nose, subtly blending him with the profound remedy than trying to teach couple badly injured in an auto accident, Birdman of his fantasy life. We see him, people not to be prejudiced or to watch lying in the hospital in body casts. left alone in his hospital room, opening what they say. Because psychoanalysis “The husband was depressed. Even the window and stepping out, not to be is interested in understanding what when I told him his wife was gonna seen by us again. As the film ends, his would make one person hate another pull through, he was still depressed. So, daughter reenters the room, looks out and is inherently interested in creating I got up to his mouth hole and asked the window, first glancing down—we contained opportunities for dialogue. him, and he told me it was because he half expect a look of horror on her face, Psychoanalysis aspires to help people to couldn’t see her through the eye holes. but no—she finally glances upward and become more aware of the ways igno- Can you imagine? I’m telling you, the smiles, suggesting that she sees her rance is self-protective and that preju- man’s heart was breaking because he father hovering above, with all the dice involves using people to manage couldn’t turn his goddamn head and power of the Birdman. Ultimately, the dreaded internal experience. see his goddamn wife.” film gives us a delusional fantasy as the Psychoanalytically, it is axiomatic This need to win the love and approval only alternative in the face of a mother that both ignorance and its self-per- of an unaffirming, indifferent mother is whose approving gaze can only be won petuating variants such as prejudice expressed in the film through Riggan’s through self-annihilation. and paranoia reside in all people. When attempt to redeem himself with the play. we work to analyze transferences we To be someone other than a cartoon are working toward the dismantling of character, to be someone, comes down to Editor’s Note: This article is an elabo- such defensively held ignorance. In this his winning the approval of the New York ration of one of the themes from a regard, transferences can be understood Times theater critic, Tabitha. She is seen paper by the author on Birdman that as prejudices acquired early in life, as in a Broadway bar, a cold, imperious fig- was published in the Spring 2015 issue ways of surviving the anxieties stem- ure who admires the method actor, Mike of the PANY Bulletin. ming from the problems of dependency Shiner, who is devoted to the theater, but Continued on page 27

26 THE AMERICAN PSYCHOANALYST • Volume 51, No. 1 • Winter/Spring 2017 MULTICULTURAL COMPETENCE and relatedness. Accordingly, the goal existence of more than two sexes, or both difference and commonality. That when addressing prejudice is to discover multiple selves, or that the sense of problem is the breakdown of speaking, blindnesses and defensive biases, how continuity and cohesion each person of the ability and perhaps desire, to they may have been established and normally possesses might be an illusion keep on working to create a sharable perpetuate themselves, not erase them that dissociatively obscures annihilatory language for mutual recognition, under- or cover them with more desirable or dread, then you open the door to dis- standing and transformation. The psy- socially acceptable thoughts and man- sembling the constructs of race, culture choanalytic process shows us it is those ners of speaking. and other determinate categories and moments in which things break down, Psychoanalysts look at otherness and their validity. Psychoanalysts now are when speaking comes to a halt, that we how that otherness profoundly alters more likely to practice in a manner that experience some of the most difficult, the interaction people have with each acknowledges that what the analyst yet most important, moments of all. other. Whether conceived of in terms doesn’t know is as important as what the As we become aware of our uneasiness, of identifications, introjects or multi- psychoanalyst does know. there is the opportunity to look at what plicities of self, contemporary psycho- In relational and social constructivist goes wrong between us, how it hap- analysts understand the importance of thought, there is an emphasis on not pens, and what it tells us about our context, looking at unconscious fantasy knowing, and the psychoanalyst’s capac- experience of difference. We look at from the inside and considering the ity for, or tolerance of, not knowing. what is going wrong when the analy- relational and broader social context This becomes a crucial aspect of the sand is trying to say whatever comes to from which fantasy may arise. psychoanalyst’s role, one that has direct mind, how it is happening, and how it could go otherwise. It is in this territory we are likely to find the most basic anxi- eties human beings possess along with …a psychoanalytic approach offers a unique tool for their associated, self-destructive and addressing the universal problem encountered when people try other-destructive defensive “solutions.” It is also where, if we can stand to stay to talk to each other across the borders of …race, culture and in the conversation (and encourage our discrimination, as they try to articulate their experience dialogic others to do so as well), we may of both difference and commonality. gradually be able to accept responsibil- ity for the injuries we are sometimes causing and to relinquish—to lose—the self-protective blindnesses and biases Critical theory, queer theory, herme- application to breaking down the cate- we contain in favor of novel ways of neutics, field theory—each of these gories that serve to perpetuate the seeing and being with different people. has been incorporated by contempo- defensive, discriminatory operations of In our attempts to encourage and to rary psychoanalytic thinkers and cre- othering: the ability to not know and to welcome people who are different from ates a richer and more complex analytic hold a position of not knowing for the ourselves—who are other in one way or perspective for approaching racism, analytic dyad, even when the analysand another—into our consulting rooms discrimination and the many forms inevitably seeks to flee from the anxie­ (and our institutes) we must, as psycho- of othering. We cannot simply assert ties associated with such not knowing. analysts, ask more of ourselves than that racial discrimination involves the The psychoanalytic endeavor aspires competence. We must mobilize the best projection of unwanted, unconscious to avoid jumping to conclusions, even of what psychoanalysis has to offer: a aspects of self onto the other. We now when they seem quite compelling and stance of openness to the unknown, the propose that racism represents a failure even when they would seem to resolve, unfamiliar, even the frightening, in our of curiosity, an intolerance of ambiguity or at least help to avoid, anxieties in patients and in ourselves. and complexity. the participants. In contemporary psychoanalytic Finally, a psychoanalytic approach 1I am multiracial, with a black father whose thought, in which the boundaries of self offers a unique tool for addressing the ancestors were African-American, Native and other are understood as being con- universal problem encountered when American and Western European, and a stantly in flux and never fully clear or people try to talk with each other across white, Jewish mother whose ancestors were known, traditional categories of self and the borders of interpersonal differences from Russia and Poland. I consider myself other are pushed to their limits. When and race, culture and discrimination, as to be both black and white, and, also, not you start considering things like the they try to articulate their experience of simply either.

THE AMERICAN PSYCHOANALYST • Volume 51, No. 1 • Winter/Spring 2017 27 RACE AND RACISM IN PSYCHOANALYTIC THOUGHT

Ghosts in Our Nursery lagged in realizing the need for diversity of the racialization process, and this teaching in training programs and the becomes racism (ideologically) when Continued from page 18 need to integrate the influence of class, there is a negative valuation.” These Did the unexamined racism of how peo- ethnicity and race. (Elaine Pinderhughes scholars challenge us to question our use ple of color were viewed and othered, 1989; Michael Moskowitz 1996; Altman of the terms “race” and “racism,” and even by analysts, silently stifle our devel- 2005 and 2006). Our theoretical under- suggest we refine our thinking and con- opment as a field? standing of race and transference deep- ceptualization as our conversations on Many African-Americans entering the ened with the publication of Dorothy race evolve. field encountered prejudice. The con- Holmes’s 1992 paper, “Race and Transfer- Unlike early psychoanalytic formula- tention that minority groups were not ence in Psychoanalysis and Psychotherapy,” tions steeped mainly in Oedipal theory, “analyzable,” had grown out of Clarence and later Kimberlyn Leary’s 1997 “Race modern conceptualizations integrate Obendorf’s 1954 caution against inter- in the Psychoanalytic Space,” both repre- this new lexicon using the terms “racial- racial analysis since the divergent cul- senting new psychoanalytic perspectives ization” (Dalal 2002, Miles and Brown tural difference, he argued, made it on working with race as a container in 1989), and othering along with multilay- untenable. Altman, in 1995, challenged the transference with greater nuance. ered concepts including: intersectional- ity (Kemberle Crenshaw 1991), whiteness (Forrest Hamer 2013, Altman 2006a, Did the unexamined racism of how people of color were Melanie Suchet 2004, 2006, Robin DiAn- viewed and othered, even by analysts, silently stifle gelo 2012, Janice Gump 2000), white privilege (James Baldwin 1993), racial our development as a field? melancholia (Anne Cheng 2001, David Eng and Shinhee Han 2000), hate and hating (Donald Moss 2001), being hated this classical attitude that analytic treat- Holmes demonstrated that transference (Kathleen White 2002), race as an adap- ments could not be used with minority can be racialized (1992), that race and tive challenge (Leary 2012), intergenera- groups and, in 2006, pointed out “the class provide unique “points of engage- tional trauma (Kirkland Vaughans 2014, blind spot in the field of psychoanalysis ment” to further analytic understanding 2016, Maurice Apprey 2003, 2014), dis- to racism in the U.S.” due to “its troubled (1999), and that integrating the psy- tinguishing racism from neuroticism in history of exclusion and in-group domi- chodynamic conceptualization of other- African-Americans (Cheryl Thompson nation.” The prejudices expressed earlier ing, deepens our clinical understanding 1987), anti-Semitism as contrasted with in TAP 50/4 by Richard Reichbart’s col- along these lines (2015). anti-black racism (Apprey 1996), rela- league, who doubted that African-Amer- The British psychoanalyst, Farhad tional perspectives (Altman 1996, Annie icans had the abstract thinking capacity Dalal, in 2002, integrated and expanded Lee Jones 2014, 2016), and the construct conducive to psychoanalytic training, is on how understanding the dynamic of dignity in a racist society (Holmes equaled only by Veronica Abney’s (2011) processes of othering and racializa- 2015). I cannot do justice in the space recounting how a colleague informed tion facilitate a deeper psychoanalytic provided here to the recent rich exten- her, when he began his analysis, he was conceptualization of racist thinking sions of theory in this regard, but I have told that since he was African-American although both concepts had evolved tried to position for the reader this cur- he did not have an unconscious. In into discourse on racism in the socio- rentAP T series, Conversations on Psycho- Salman Akhtar’s The African-American logical literature (Simon Clarke 2003, analysis and Race, in historical context. Experience, Dionne Powell (2012) simi- Robert Miles and Malcolm Brown 1989). At the outset, I had hoped I would larly confirmed that “Early psychoana- In short, Dalal (2002) postulates that, find that psychoanalytic theory had lytic writers were circumspect as to “more useful than the notion of racism explained the psychological forces whether African-Americans, due to their is that of racialization—the process of underlying racist thinking, had devel- history of trauma, and white analysts’ manufacturing and utilizing the notion oped a theoretical framework, had unexamined fears, prejudices, and of race in any capacity,” an idea mirrored explained its developmental underpin- behaviors, could effectively be brought in the sociological literature by Miles nings, its evolution and intractability, into treatment.” (1989) who “prefers to use the term and could serve as a foundation for Schools of social work in the 1990s ‘racialization’ where social relations social intervention and change. My sad integrated social and cultural factors between people have been structured by conclusion is that racism, subtle and into clinical psychodynamic work while the signification of …[race such that]… overt, has impeded the development of mainstream psychoanalytic institutes race is a social construct at the center Continued on page 29

28 THE AMERICAN PSYCHOANALYST • Volume 51, No. 1 • Winter/Spring 2017 RACE AND RACISM IN PSYCHOANALYTIC THOUGHT psychoanalysis as a theory and as a groups for faculty to improve supervi- and exploiting perceived threats to white field of practice forestalling our further sory teaching on this topic. This must privilege remind us the ramifications understanding of race, racialization change especially if we are to equip of unanalyzed aggression, projection, and racism. ourselves for Dorothy Holmes’s “fierce hatred and violence can be devastating Alas, the psychoanalytic world has urgency of now,” and Anton Hart’s and make urgent the call for analytic not been immune to the racism deeply “radical openness.” voices in these conversations on race. embedded in our culture and experi- How do we apply psychoanalytic President Barack Obama once said, ence. Although the literature grows, understanding and theorizing to the “Change will not come if we wait for more work is needed. Recent calls for problems of racialization and racial some other person or some other time. attention to diversity in training and hatred in the modern world? Current We are the ones we’ve been waiting for. We are the change that we seek.” I hope this limited review has offered Ask yourself, how will you, as a psychoanalyst, now sufficient scaffolding for analytic schol- participate in this conversation on race? ars, teachers, supervisors and practi- tioners to build the conceptualizations and practices to make race a focus for education in the American Psychoana- events remind us that this work is des- disciplined interest and exploration. Ask lytic Association speak to our aware- perately needed. Are we ready for this yourself, how will you, as a psychoana- ness of our neglect of these challenges. challenge? Terrorist attacks last summer lyst, now participate in this conversation Institute curricula, training analyses in Europe and the Middle East, police on race? and supervisions have not consistently shootings and violence on American addressed issues of race in clinical work. streets with the murders in Baton Rouge, Editor’s Note: Email reference requests Many institutes have no required courses Minneapolis and Dallas, and a presiden- to [email protected]. on race or diversity. Most lack study tial election drawing on racial division

New Candidate Members 2017 National Meeting of Members Waldorf Astoria Hotel, New York

Katharine Addleson, Kenneth A. Hapke, Sarah Masoodsinaki, M.D. David Stern, M.D. LICSW J.D., Ph.D. Jason R. McLaughlin, Martha Sullivan, LMSW Himanshu Agrawal, M.D. Alice X. Huang, M.D., M.S. M.S., M.S.S., LCSW Steven (Ping) Sun, Ph.D. Chad Allen, M.A. Amanda Hutchison, M.D. Marissa Miyazaki, M.D. Jeanne Theobald, M.D. James Basinski, M.D. Ameena Isa, M.D. Adam Moriwaki, Mara T. Thorsen, Ph.D. Lisa Braun, Ph.D. Debra Japko, Psy.D. Psy.D., L.P.C. Guillermo Valdes, M.D. Ellen Chazdon, Psy.D. Jamie Larson Jones, M.S. Elizabeth A. Myers, Karen Wallis, M.Ed., LPCC Anna Chung, Ph.D. Deborah Kass, LCSW LCAT, LCMHC, ATR-BC Lara Weyland, Ph.D. Michael Deal, M.A., L.P.C. Taya King, M.A. Youngsook Park, M.D. Katherine M. Williams, Lydia DiTirro, D.O. Brita Klein, M.D. Bryan Plucar, Psy.D. M.S.W., LCSW Carolyn Ezrin, LMHC Tamarind P. Knutson, Adriana Rosen, Ph.D. David P. Yuppa, M.D. Diane Fischer, Ph.D. Psy.D., L.P. Sandra Ryan Myhre, Laura A. Freshman, LCSW Ha Young Kwon, M.D. M.S.W, LGSW New Academic Barbara L. Gamble, M.S. Samantha Leathers, M.D. Marya Samuelson, LPCC Associate Candidates Michael Garland, M.D. Hwang Bin Lee, Irene F. Sharp, M.A. Bonnie Becker, Ph.D. Romani George, M.D. M.D., Ph.D. Sheryl Silverstein, Ph.D. Walt Flynn Katrin Haller, M.S.W., Soo Kyung Lee, M.D. Nirav Soni, Ph.D. Susan Fox, Ph.D. LCSW-C, LICSW Jeroen Lenting, M.Sc. Danielle Speakman, Ph.D. Kate Mehuron, Ph.D. Sunghee Han, M.D. Ruth Baer Maetzener, Ph.D. Trisha N. Stacks, D.O. Liu Yang

THE AMERICAN PSYCHOANALYST • Volume 51, No. 1 • Winter/Spring 2017 29 BOOK REVIEW

Ideology recovering from trauma. The psycho- sociocultural context of Israel (Shoah/ analytic price of this shift—from wars/occupation) will hopefully be the Continued from page 24 Freud’s emphasis on the father/law to subject for a future work. how early settlers were prepared to start mother(land)/fusion, the shift from pri- What Rolnik tries to do is rich and kibbutzim with Marx in one fist and mary aggression to secondary responses valid. If only we had more such scholarly Freud in the other. Rolnik states clearly to traumata, from taking responsibil- attempts to study the evolution of psy- his view of psychoanalysis: “…a science ity for the maintenance of one’s symp- choanalytic thinking in various societies. of subjectivity….based on universal … tomatic inner life to finding the causes Bobby Paul’s address to the IPA on culture mechanisms… behind. differences and lying in the faults of others—has been to and psychoanalysis is a sophisticated ini- diversity….” That is, within psychoanal- deemphasize reflecting on how one tial approach to this kind of study. Don- ysis are both what is universally deeply maintains one’s misery to how one can ald Kirsner’s work in Unfree Associations is human and what makes us different, achieve a therapeutic experience to over- another, as is Arnie Richards’s presenta- including the small narcissistic differ- come the failings of others. tion on the undercurrent of Communism ences or Erikson’s pseudospeciation. In his brief account of contemporary in early psychoanalytic members and Rolnik also ventures into the early Israel, his argument may falter. He makes how this affected their ideas. application of psychoanalysis to liter- two observations that need not be caus- That Eran Rolnik wrote this one book ary criticism, mostly a matter of what ally related. First, he notes the impact of is enough to be proud about. If we are Freud called pathobiography, “reading” the Shoah, the chronic Arab-Israeli con- fortunate, he will write more. Buy it. the author’s alleged complexes from his flict, at least since the 1929 Arab riots, Read it. work. While popular, it also raised hack- and the Israeli occupation of the West les. Hayim Nahman Bialik thought- Bank. He suggests this affects how ana- fully zinged back: “(psychoanalysis’s) lysts think and practice. Then, he notes fundamental purpose…(is to) cure the there has been a shift at least among Certified in psyche….few possess…ability to enter… younger analysts to the role of actual Psychoanalysis a writer’s secrets, only those of great trauma, to an emphasis on the “mater- by the talent and transcendent purpose…” nal order…whose romanticism and Bialik, leaves the door ajar, but only mysticism smack somewhat of late 19th- Board on for a select few to venture into literary century German neo-romanticism and Professional dissection. Gnosticism. The latter, in turn, is associ- And S.Y.Agnon, that Nobel Prize win- ated with greater interest in “primitive Standards ner who read his acceptance speech in mental states” and a view of the indi- January 18, 2017 Hebrew in Oslo, sent his wife to Eitingon vidual as “passive… mostly reactive to for treatment. Rolnik reviews how care- his environment and therefore hardly fully at least one of Agnon’s novels hews accountable to his interiority and his Adult to Freud’s Dora case. mind.” This sounds like Kohut’s distinc- Angela Cappiello, M.D. In his last chapter, Rolnik takes up the tion between Guilty and Tragic Man. challenge to inquire how the political This is also ironic in two ways. First, Stan Case, M.S.W., Ph.D. and cultural milieu affects both psycho- this view of humankind is diametrically Deborah Fried, M.D. analytic theory and technique. Much of opposite to the Zionist construct of Lynn Friedman, Ph.D. his book persuasively recounts how the building a New Man. Second, it under- Bernadette Kovach, Ph.D. pre-state analysts were affected by the mines Freud’s emphasis on learning Deana Schuplin, M.Ed., LMHC circumstances of this raw land, “a land how we contribute to continuing our that eats its inhabitants” in the words own miseries even after we have left Darren J. Thompson, M.D. of one of the spies sent by Moses to sur- our parental homes. Laura A. Westen, Ph.D. vey Canaan, and also how the early set- But, Rolnik’s description of greater Molly Romer Witten, Ph.D. tlers were influenced by psychoanalysis. interest in primitive mental states and In Zionist/psychoanalytic early history, associated deemphasis of infantile sexu- Child/Adolescent there was tension between Zionism and ality and primary aggression, and taking Bernadette Kovach, Ph.D. diaspora, like that between true and responsibility for one’s inner life, sounds Victoria Schreiber, LMSW false identity. There was also the Shoah’s like what we see in the United States and shadow, which fostered a greater empha- possibly in other institutes. Neverthe- Victoria Todd, LISW-S sis on corrective emotional experience, less, his attempt to connect this to the

30 THE AMERICAN PSYCHOANALYST • Volume 51, No. 1 • Winter/Spring 2017

Training and Supervising Analyst Appointments Announced By the Board on Professional Standards January 18, 2017 2017 National Meeting, New York

Training and Supervising Analysts Randall H. Paulsen, M.D. Geographic Rule Stephanie Brody, Psy.D. Boston Psychoanalytic Society Supervising Analysts Boston Psychoanalytic Society and Institute Judith Chused, M.D. and Institute Catherine Sullivan, MSW St. Louis Psychoanalytic Institute Nancy Debbink, M.D. Cleveland Psychoanalytic Center Jonathan Dunn, Ph.D. Wisconsin Psychoanalytic Institute Oregon Psychoanalytic Center Jane Hanenberg, Ed.D. Geographic Rule Sandra Hershberg, M.D. Boston Psychoanalytic Society Training Analysts St. Louis Psychoanalytic Institute and Institute Marie Rudden, M.D. Lynne Harkless, Ph.D. Boston Psychoanalytic Society Florida Psychoanalytic Center, INC and Institute

I n M emoriam

Samuel Abrams, M.D. Thomas P. Kane, D.O. A. Johan Noordsij, M.D. Leon N. Shapiro, M.D. September 18, 2016 May 26, 2016 December 16, 2016 August 17, 2016

John I. Boswell, M.D. Stanley A. Leavy, M.D. Jerome D. Oremland, M.D. Alan Z. Skolnikoff, M.D. June 28, 2016 October 31, 2016 February 19, 2016 July 16, 2016

James F. Brooks, M.D. John G. Loesch, M.D. Paul H. Ornstein, M.D. Erwin R. Smarr, M.D. April 22, 2015 November 2, 2007 January 19, 2017 November 29, 2016

Bernard E. Comber, M.D. Lois H. Love, M.D. Travis J. Phifer, M.D. Mervin S. Stewart, M.D. December 29, 2016 July 22, 2016 April 30, 2016 September 16, 2016

George S. Evseeff, M.D. Thomas Lynch, M.D. David L. Rackow, M.D. Samuel Wagonfeld, M.D. February 11, 2016 October 11, 2016 July 21, 2016 January 24, 2017

Ralph Gardener, M.D. John T. Maltsberger, M.D. Irwin C. Rosen, Ph.D. Roy M. Whitman, M.D. June 28, 2016 October 5, 2016 December 7, 2016 October 12, 2016

Geoffrey B. Heron, M.D. Thomas Mintz, M.D. Henry L. Ruehr, M.D. Lee Willer, M.D. August 20, 2016 July 15, 2016 August 1, 2016 October 28, 2016

Deanna Holtzman, Ph.D. Kenneth M. Newman, M.D. Clarence G. Schulz, M.D. Edwin C. Wood, M.D. August 24, 2016 July 7, 2016 November 25, 2016 June 20, 2016

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