HISTORY'AND ETHNOGRAPHY

OF AFRICA SOUTH OF THE ZAMBESI

VOL. II. By Dr. G. M. THEAL.

SERIES I. HISTORY AND ETHNOGR,APHY OF AFRICA SOUTH OF THE ZAMBESI.

FROM THE SETTLEMENT OF THE PORTUGUESE AT SOFALA IN SEPTEMBER, 1505, TO THE CONQUEST OF THE BY THE BRITISH IN SEPTEMBER, 1795.

VOL. I.-The Portuguese in South Africa from 1505 to 1700. VOL. H.-Is the one in the reader's hands. VOL. III.-Account of the Dutch, Portuguese, Hottentots, and Bantu to September, 1795.

SERIES II.

HISTORY OF SOUTH AFRICA SINCE SEPTEMBER, 1795 '

VOL. I., 1795-1828• VOL. II., 1828-1846. VOL. III., 1846-1860. VOL. IV. (The Republics and Bantu States), 1854-1872. VOL. V. (The Remainder of South Africa), 1860-1872• HISTORY AND ETHNOGRAPHY OF AFRICA SOUTH OF THE ZAMBESI

FROM THE SETTLEMENT OF THE PORTUGUESE At SOFALA IN SEPTEMBER 1505 TO THE CONQUEST OF THE CAPE COLONY BY THE BRITISH IN SEPTEMBER 1795,

BY GEORGE MCCALL THEAL, LITT.D., LL.D.

FOUIG,. M.... a 01' THR ROYAL ACA;DDIV OF SCIENCBS, At.IST&RDAM, CORRESPONDING M&M88.R 0' TH. ROYAL HI$TORICAL SOCIETY, LONDON. BTC., ETC., aTe, .. ou.... y KKK .... OJ' TUB ARCHIVES 011' THB CAPS COLOMY. AltD AT PRBSENT COLONIAL HISTORIOGRAPHBR

IN THREE VOLUMES

WITH MAPS AND PLATES

VOL. II. FOU:NDATlON OF THE CAPE COLONY BY THE DUTCH

LONDON SW AN SONNENSCHEIN & <;0.• LIM. 25 High Street, Bloomsbury 1909 An righta n81WlJf!d W. JOLLY & SONS ~lhltttl! lIu" 38 BRIDGE STREET ABERDEEN CONTENTS.

CHAPTER XXI.

JAN VAN JUEBEElt, COMMANDER, LANDED IN SOUTH AFRICA 7TH APRIL J652, RETIRED 6TH MAY J662.

Cause of the greater importance of Table Bay to the Dutch than to the Portuguese.-Presentation of a document to the chamber of Amsterdam, setting forth the advantages to be gained by forming a settlement in Table Valley.-Account of the wreck of the Haarlem.-Deliberations of the directors of the East India Company.-Decision to forin a victualling statioo at the Cape.-Instructions to the skippers of the Dromedar;s, Reiger, and Goede Hooj.-Character and previous occupations of Jan van Riebeek, commander of the expedition. -Instructions of the directors to the commander.-Departure of the expedition from Amsterdam.-Events during the_passage. -Arrival of the expedition in Table Bay.-Condition of Table Valley.-Description of the Hottentots living there and roaming about in the neighbourhood.-Selection of a site for a fort.­ Description of the ground plan of the fort Good Hope.-Land· ing of the Ixpedltion.-quarrels betw~eD the Goringhaiquas and the Goringhaikonas.-Distress of the Europeans.-Arrival of ships with many sick men.-Eft"ecls of the winter rains.­ Account of the sick-visitor Willem Barents Wylant.-Birth of the first Dutch child in South Africa." Page I

CHAPTER XXII.

MR. VAN RIEBEEK'S ADMINISTRATION-(continued). Abundance of game.-Project of a whale fishery.-Productions of Robben Island.-Inspection of the country back of the DeviPs peak.-Description of forests in the kloofs of the mountain.­ Desertion of four workmen and their adventures.-Commence- vi Contents

ment oC gardening in Table Valley.-Voyage oC tbe Goede Hool to Saldanba Bay.-Cattle barter witb tbe Goringbaiquas.-Ac. count of tbe interpreter Harry and bis niece Eva.-Departure of the Goringbaiquas from" tbe neigbbourhood of the Cape.­ Effects of the soutb-east winds.-Productions of the gardens.­ Diet of the workmen.-War between England and the Nethezo. lands.-Condition of the fort Good Hope.-Arrival of ships.­ Trade witb Hottentots.-Damage caused by wild animals.­ Appointment oC tbe first secunde.-Dealings witb a Frencb sbip in Saillanha Bay.-Robbery by Harry and the beachrangers" of the Company's cattle and murder oC one of the berdsmen.­ Unsuccessful pursuit of the robbers.-Discovery of an unknown ore.-Return of the Kaapmans and beachrangers.-Celebration of tbe anniversary of the arrival of the Europeans.-Despatcb of a galiot to St. Helena Cor provisions.-Appointment of tbe second secunde.-Account of the south-eastern coast by a mis­ sionary of tbe Society of Jesus.-Despatcb of a galiot to explore tbe soutb-eastern eoast.-Commencement of trade witb Mada­ gascar.-Arrival of the first Asiatic banished to the Cape.­ Celebration of a day of prayer and thanksgiving.-Conc1usion of peace between England and tbe Netherlands.-Treatment of tbe crews of English sbips... Page 23

CHAPTER XXIII.

MR. VAN RIEBEEK'S ADMINISTRATION-(conU",IId).

Arrival of a large fleet.-Formation of sealing establishments at Dassen Island and Saldanha Bay.-Introduction of the vine.­ Instructions of tbe directors regarding tbe earlier inbabitants.­ Views of the commander as to tbe best method of dealing witb tbe Hottentots.-Hostile acts of the Goringbaiquas.-Account of tbe first exploring expedition inland.-Return of Harry to the fort.-Renewal of tbe cattle trade.-Bartering expedition of Harry and Corporal Muller.-Arrival of a large Hottentot borde under the chief Gonnema.-Account of the interpreter Doman.-First shipbuilding at the Cape.-Disastrous expedi­ tion to Madagascar .-Allotment of garden ground to married servants of the Company.-Arrangement witb Annetje de boerin.-Completion of a hospitaL-Construction of a jetty.­ Project of Ryklof van Goens to convert the Cape peninsula into an island.-Description of plants and animals introduced.- Contents vii

Occupation of the first farm at Rondebosch.-Thefts by Hotten­ tots.-Dealings with Harry...... Efforts to destroy ravenous ani­ mais.-Regulations for the preservation of herbivorous animals. -Outbreak of sickness.-Appointment of day of Casting and prayer.-Constitution of the council of policy.-I'articulars con­ cerning marriages.-Treatment of Christian blacks.-Instruc­ tions regarding the treatment of the crews of foreign ships.-. Conditions under which some of the Company's servants be­ came colonists.-Visit of the commissioner Ryklof van Goens. -Alterations in the conditions.-Appointment of the first burgher councillor Page 4S

CHAPTER XXIV.

MR. VAN RIEBEEK'S ADMINISTRATIoN-(continued).

Names of the first colonists.-Regulations of the commissioner Ryk­ lof van Goens.-Appointment of Roelof de Man as secunde.­ Expedition to Hottentots-Holland.-Information concerning the Hottentots.-Exploration by a party under the leadership of Abraham Gabbema.-Discovery of the Berg river.-Account of various public works.-Exploration by a party under the leader­ ship of Jan van Harwarden.-Discovery of the Little Berg river.-Inspection of the Tulbagh basin.-Importation of slaves from Angola and Guinea.-Desertion of the slaves.-Seizure of Ho~tentots as hostages for the restoration of the slaves.-General panic of the Hottentots.-Arrangements between the Europeans and the Hottentots.-Banishment of Harry to Robben Island. -Opening of trade with the Cochoquas under the chiefOedasoa. -Remonstrances of the farmers against new restrictions.-Price of wheat Page 66

CHAPTER XXV.

Mil. VAN RIEBEEK'S ADMINISTRATIoN-(continued). Planting of a vineyard by the commander at Protea.-Introduction of maize.-Appointment of two burgher councillors.-Regula­ tions concerning sheepbreeding.-Instance of great toss of life by scurvy.-Increase in the number of colonists.-Unsuccessful attempt to visit the Namaquas.-Commencement of wine making in South Africa.-ManuCacture of ale.-Enrolment of the burghers as militia.-Constitution of the militia council.- viii , Contt-r.~"

Changes in the council of policy.-War with the Hottentot' clans nearest the settlement.-Conspiracy of some soldiers and slaves to seize a vessel In the bay.-Conclusion of peace with the Goringhaiquas and Gorachouquas.-Duties of the secretary to the council.-Wreck of a French ship in Table Bay.-Illicit dealing in cattle.-Manner of conducting trade with the Hotten­ tots.-Traits of Hottentot character.-Search for the fabulous island of St. Helena Nova •••- Page 87

CHAPTER XXVI.

MR. VAN RIEBEEK'S ADMINISTRATION-(co1lIinued).

Expedition under J~n Danckert in search of Monomotapa.-Explor­ ing expedition under Pieter Cruythof.-Naming of Riebeek's Kasteel.-Discovery of the Namaquas.-Description of the Namaquas.-Exploring expedition under Pieter van Meerhof.­ Efforts of Pieter van der Stael to teach the Cape Hottentots the principles of Christianity.-Exploring expedition under Pieter Everaert.~Feuds of the Hottentots.-Conflicting accounts of the conditiC?n of the settlement.-Appointment of Gerrit van Ham as Mr. Van Riebeek's successor.-Death of Mr. Van Harn at sea.-Appointment' of Zacharias 'Wagenaar as com­ mander.-Disposal of Mr. Van Riebeek's farm.-Arrival of Mr. Wagenaar.-Ceremony of his induction.-Departure of Mr. -'n Riebeek for Batavia.-Condition of the settlement.-:-Privi- ~s of the burghers.-Treatment 'of foreigners.-Anticipations U"ding the olive.-Actual knowledg~ concerning the Hotten- Arrival r-Fabulous accounts of distant, tribes.-Neglect of the Da~ernment to keep a record ofland grants.-Character of Com­ In!'nder Van' Riebeek as delineated in his writings.-Offices Vilich he held after leaving South Africa ; Page log

CHAPTER XXVII.

ZACHARIAS WAGENAAR, COMMAND,ER, INSTALLED 6TH MAY 1662, RE­ TIRED 27TH SEPTEMBER 1666. Character of Commander Wagenaar.-Deputation from Hottentot clans to the new commander.-Visit of the commander to the Cochoquas.-Account of the Hessequas.-Exploration by a party under Pieter Cruythof.-Expedition under Admiral De Lairesse against Mozambique.-Intercourse with Madagascar.-Explora­ tion by a party under Jonas de la Guerre.-Occupation of the Contents ix

island of Mauritius as a dependency of the Cape settlement. -Account o( George Frederick Wreede.-outbreak of war between England and the Netherlands.-Resolution o( the directors of th4! East India Company to construct a stone fortress in Table Valley.-Selection of the site for the new fortress by the commissioner Isbrand Goske.-Ceremony of laying the foundation stone.-Construction of a church in the castle.-Attempt to capture an English ship in Table Bay.-Succession of sick-visitors.-Account of the first clergy­ man of the Cape.-Constitution of the consistory.-Disputes concerning baptism.-Scene at an afternoon· service in the church.-Subjects taught in the school.-Succession of school­ masters.-Amount of 5ch901 fees.-Dealings with Hottentots.­ Outbreak of a plague among the Hottentots.-Dealings with the beachrangers in Table Valley.-Marriage of Eva with a European.-Prices of various kinds of grain.-Wages of farm labourers.-Price of horses.-Occupations of burghers in Table Valley.-Desire of the commander to be relieved.-Ap­ pointment of his successor.-Arrival of Mr. Van Quaelberg.­ Installation of the new commander.-Changes in the council of policy.-Departure of Mr_ Wagenaar for Batavia.-Know­ ledge of the country at the time of his departure.-Condition of the colony.-Subsequent visit of Mr. Wagena'ar to the Cape.-Bequest by Mr. Wagenaar of a sum of money for the benefit of the poor Page 131

CHAPTER XXVIII.

CORNELIS VAN QUAELBERG, COMMANDER, INSTALLED 27TH SEPTEMBER 1666, DISMISSED 18TH JUNE -1668.

JACOB BORGHORST, COMMANDER, INSTALLED 18TH JUNE 1668, RETIRED 25TH MARCH 1670. Character of Commander Van Qu·aelberg.-Destruction of forests.­ Establishment of'a French East India Company.-Assistance given to the French by Commander Van Quaelberg.-Action of the French at Saldanha Bay.-Exploration of the coun­ try.-Discontinuance of work on the castle.-Expedition to Mauritius and Madagascar.-Conc1usion of peace between England and Holland.-Dealings with the Hottentots.-Harsh regulations of Commander Van Quaelberg.-Dismissal of Mr. Van Quaelberg (rom the Company's service.-Appointment of x Contents

Jacob Borghorst as commander.-Succession of clergymen.­ Increase of the. burghers.-Removal of the French beacons at Saldanha Bay.:-Survey of the country about Mossel Bay.­ Visit to the Attaqua tribe.-Cruel custom of the Hottentots.­ Liberty of the Company's servants to trade to a small ex­ tent on their own account.-Incidents in the career of George Frederick Wreede.-Expeditions of the Grundel along the western and south-eastern coasts.-Search for metals.-Visit of the commissioner Mattheus van der Broeck.-Desire of Mr. Borghorst to be relieved ..,....Appointment of Pieter Hackius as his successor Page 161

CHAPTER XXIX.

PIETER HACKIUS, COMMANDER, INSTALLED 25TH MARCH 1670, DIED 30TH NOVEMBER 1671. THE COUNCIL OF POLICY, 30TH NOVEMBER 1671 TO 25TH MARCH 1672. , SECUNDE, ACTING COMMANDER, FROM 25TH MARCH TO 2ND OCTOBER 1672. . Arrival of a French fleet under Admiral De la Haye.-Hostile conduct of the French at Saldanha Bay.-Regulations concern­ ing slaves.--Misfortunes of the secunde De Cretzer.-Arrival of a few families of immigrants.-Ideas of the day as to good government.-Cause of so few immigrants arriving in South Africa.-Death of Commander Hackius.-Resolution of the directors to complete the castle and strengthen the garrison.:...... Position of the castle.-Selection of officers to conduct the government.-Statistics of ships that put into Table Bay.-Ac­ 'count of wrecks.-Number of visitors yearly.-Dealings with Gonnema's people.-Arrival of the secunde Van Breugel.,Visit of the commissioner Aernout van Overbeke.-Purchase of terri­ tory from Hottentot chiefs.-First distillation of brandy at the Cape.-Intelligence of war with England and France.-Arrange- ments for defence.-Arrival of Governor Goske. Page 182

CHAPTER XXX.

ISBRAND GOSKE, GOVERNOR, INSTALLED 2ND OCTOBER 1672, RETIRED 14TH MARCH 1676. Statistics of population.-Influence of the war in Europe upon Cape affairs.-Progress of the construction of the castle.- Contents xi

Establishment of an outpost at Hottentots-Holland.-Expedi­ tion against St. Helena.--Career of Lieutenant Van Breitenbach. -Trade with the Chainouquas.-Account of Captain Klaas.­ Account of Captain Gonnema.-The second Hottentot war.­ Wreck of the Grundel and of the Zoetendal.-Method of raising revenue by farming out priviieges.-occupation of the castle by the garrison.-Conclusion ofpeace between England and the Netherlands.-Career of the first baptized Hottentot. -Account of the church fund for the support of the poor. -Establishment of an orphan chamber.-Regulations concern- ing ecclesiastical alTairs.-Visit of the commissioner Nicolaas Verburg.-Terms of a petition of the colonists to the. com­ missioner.-Position of the island of Mauritius with regard to the Cape government.-Appointment of Johan Bax as suc- cessor to Mr. Goske Page 203

CHAPTER XXXL

]OHAN BAX, ENTITLED VAN HERENTALS, GOVERNOR, INSTALLED 14TH MARCH J676. DIED. 29TH JUNE 1678.

HENDIUK CRUDOP. SECUNDE. ACTING COMMANDER. 29TH JUNE 1678 TO 12TH OCTOBER 1679.

Measures for the protection of the farmers.-Murder ofthree burghers by Bushmen.-Condition of Hottentot clans when the Dutch settled in South Africa.-Condition of the Bushmen.-Unsuc­ cessCul expedition against Gonnema.-Punishment of Captain Kees.-Conclusion of peace with the Cochoquas.-ElTects of the war with Gonnema upon the European settlement.-Stringent regulations concerning intercourse between burghers and Hot­ tentots.-Account of Willem Willems.-Condition of the beach­ rangers.-Measures for the suppression ofrobberies.-Execution of five Bushmen.-Principles ofthe government in its intercourse with the earlier inhabitants.-Establishment of a matrimonial court.-Particulars concerning slaves.-Exploration of the wes­ tern and south-eastern coasts.-Selection of a site for a new church.-Death of the reverend Mr. Hulsenaar.-Removal of bodies from the old church to the site of the new one.-Account of the first colonists beyond the Cape peninsula.-Particulars concerning the first customs regulations.-Arrival of a 'few families of immigrants.-Death of Governor Bax.-Assumption xu Contents

of ~he government by the secunde as acting commander.-Ap­ pointment of the reverend Johannes Overneyas clergyman of the Cape.-Conclusion of peace - between the Netherlands and France.-Naming of the five bastions of the castle.-POsi­ tion of the burghers beyond the Cape peninsula.-Particulars of the census of 1679.-Migration of Hottentots from the neighbourhood of the Cape to the high plateau south of the Orange river.-Appointment of as com- mander ••• Page-228

CHAPTER XXXII.

SIMON VAN DER STEL, COMMANDER, INSTALLED 12TH OCTOBER 1679, RAISED TO THE RANK OF GOVERNOR 1ST JUNE 16g1, RETIRED 11TH FEBRUARY 1699-

Particulars concerning Simon van der Stel-Condition of the settlement.-Visit of the commander to Hottentots-Holland.­ Particulars concerning the naming cf .-occupa­ tion of the Stellenbosch valley by Europeans.-Improvement of the Company's garden in Table Valley.-Account of Hen­ drik Bernard Oldenland.-Intercourse with the Hottentots.~ Visit of some N amaquas to the castle with specimens of copper ore.-First information concerning the Orange river.­ Treatment of foreigners at the Cape.-l\!ethod of taxing foreigners.-Growth of SteIIenboscb.-Destruction of crops by insects.-Establishment of a court of heemraden at Stellen­ bosch.-Particulars concerning the first school at SteIIenbosch. -Various duties of the teacher of the school-Resolution of the East India Company to make use of South Africa as a place of banishment for Indian political prisoners.-Particulars concerning the Bantamese civil war and the banishment of Sheik Joseph to the Cape.-Visit of the -retired governor­ general Ryklof van Goens.-Instructions issued by Mr. Van Goens.-Account of the wreck of an English ship.-Establish­ ment of .a court for the adjudication of petty cases.-Un­ successful exploring expeditions of 1682 and 1683.-Receipt of more copper ore from Namaqualand.-Formation of a number of outposts.-Visit of Ryklof van Goens tbe younger. -Transactions of Mr. Van Goens at the Cap"e.-First expor- tation of grain Page 248 Contents xiii

CHAPTER XXXIII.

SIMON VAil DER. STEL'SADIlINISTR.ATION--(conlinued).

Visit of the high commissioner Hendrik Adriaan van Rheede.-Re­ construction of the council of policy and- the high court of justice.-Appointment of a lallddrost to Stellenbosch.-Constitu­ tion and powers of the court oflanddrost and heemraden.-Regu­ lations concerning slaves and Hottentots.-Grast of the fa~ Constantia by the high commissioner to Commander Van der SteL-Search for minerals of value.-Im~ition of transfer dues on sales of fixed property.-Price of grain.-DepartUre of the high commissioner.-Journey of Commander Van der Ster to Namaqualand.-Particulars concerning Hottentots and Bush­ men aloog the route.-Description of the country along the south·western coast.-Effects of rain, and of drought.-Dis­ covery of the Copper mountain.-Results of the commander's journey... Page 2~9

CHAPTER XXXIV_

SUlOII'VAN DER. STEL'S ADIlINISTR.ATION--(conlinued).

Account of the wreck of the Dutch ship SIa7lenisse on the coast of NataL-Adventures of the shipwrecked crew.-Account of the wreck of the English ketch Good Hope at the bay of NataL­ Particulars concerning the building of the Centaurus at Natal. -Account of the loss of the English ketch Bona Ventura at SL Lucia Bay.-Escape of some of the wrecked men in the C.rltlaurus.-Search along the coast for the others.-Rescue of many of them.-Adventures of Guillaume Chenut.-Voyage of the galiot Noortl along the southern and south-eastem coasts. -Survey of Delagoa Bay.-Occurrences at NataL-Particulars concerning the Bantu tribes between Natal and the Keis­ kama river.-Account of the expedition under Ensign Schryver to the Inqua tribe of Hottentots.-lnformation concerning the tribes between the Inquas and the Amaxosa.-Second voyage' of the galiot Noord along the south-eastem coast.-Purcbase by the of the country around the bay of Natal from a Bantu chief.-Account of the loss of the Noord on Klippen Point.-Suffering of the shipwrecked, crew before reaching the Cape.-Hospitality of Captain Klaas. -Hostility of all other races towards the Bushmen Page 291 XIV Contents

CHAPTER XXXV

SIMON VAN DER. STEL'S ADliINISTRAnON~Ctnllilr..,ed). Visit of French astronomers to the Cape.-Particolars concerning emigration from the Netherlands to South Africa.-Establish­ ment of a yearly fair at Stellenbosch.-Mode of target shooting in the seventeenth century.-Arrangement for divine service at Stellenbosch.-Erection of various public buildings at Ste11en­ bosch.-Extension of vineyards.-Experiments with the olive.­ Particulars concerning tree planting.-Wreck of the Portuguese ship NDssa Sen!tQra dos lJ/ilagros.-Treatment of' shipwrecked Siamese ambassadors to the king of Portugal-Particulars con­ cerning the struggle with the Bushmen.-Specimens of local regulations.-Establishment of' a deeds registry.-outbreak of a destructive epidemic.-Visit of a French deet of war.­ Extension of the settlement to Drakenstein.-Survey of False Bay.-Account of the naming of Simon's Bay.-COndition of the colonists.,Particu1ars concerning sumptuary regu1ations.­ Damage .caused by locusts.-Progress of agriculture-Particu­ lars concerning the census of I687.-Emigration from the southern to the northern Netherland provinces after the pacification of GhenL-Emigration from France after 1670.­ Desire of the directors of the East India Company to obtain some of the refugees a:; colonists Page 31Z

CHAPTER XXXVI.

SIMON VAN DER. STEL'S ADMINISTRATION~Colrtjn"ed). Arrival at the Cape ofvarious small parties of Huguenots.-Account of the clergyman Simond.-Assistance given to the Huguenots after their arrival-Location of the Huguenots at Stellen­ bosch and Drakenstein.-Arrangements for puhlic worship.­ Establishment of a school at Drakenstein.-Receipt of assist­ ance from Batavia.-Names of the Huguenots in South Africa in Ili9o--Failure of a project to send out a party of Vaudois to the colony.-Grievances of the immigrants.-Ill feeling between the French and Dutch colonists.-Establishment of a church at Drakenstein.-Instructions regarding schools.­ Method of locating immigrants.-Blending of the di1Terent nationalities.-Arrival of a number of Dutch immigrants.­ Intercourse between the Europeans and the Hottentots.-Strife Contents xv

between the different Hottentot clans.-Hostility towards the Bushmen.-Progress of agriculture.-Improvements in the breed of catt1e.-Introduction of Persian horses and asses and of Spanish rams.-Intelligence of war between Holland and France.-capture in Table Bay of the French ships NormaNie and eDdIe Page;337

CHAPTER XXXVII.

SIMON VAN DER STU'S ADMINISTJlATION--{CD"Ii"ut'd). Rapacity of the East India Company's servants in the Asiatic de­ pendencies.-Creation oftbe office of independent fiscal.-Plans of the directors (or reducing their expenditure at the Cape.­ Experiments with vines and olive trees.-Description of Cape­ town in 1691.-Elevation o( the colony to the rank of a govern­ ment.-Names of the chief officials in 16c}1.-Names of the principal burghers in 16c}1.-<:ensus returns of 1691.-Particu­ lars concerning revenue.-Statistics of shipping.-Improvements in the town.-Experiments in the cultivation of various plants.­ Damage caused by wild animals.-Shocks of 'earthquake in Table Valley.-Changes in the staff of officials.-Erection of a large hospital-Instances of dreadful ravages of scurvy.­ Various shipwrecks.-Danger from pirates.-Seizure of the brig­ antine A"" in Saldanha Bay.-Contemplated abandonment of farming operations by the Company.-Names of new colonists. -Gradual alienation ol sympathy between Governor Simon van der Stel and the colonists.-High opinion of the governor held by the directors.-Resignation of his office by Simon van der SteL-Appointment by the directors of his eldest son as his suc­ cessor.-His retirement to Constantia and subsequent career Page 360

CHAPTER XXXVIII.

WILHEY ADRIAAN VAN DER STEL, GOVERNOR, INSTALLED 11TH FEBRU­ ARY 1699, RECALLED 3R.D JUNE 1707.

Appointment of Wilhem Adriaan van der S~el as governor.-Search for islands with forests on them.-Extensive planting of trees. -Tour of the governor.-Inspection of the Tulbagh basin.­ Naming of tbe Witsenberg.-occupation by graziers of the country about Riebeek's Kasteel and tbe Tulbagh basin.- -xvi Contents

Fonnation of a small military outpost in the Tulbagh basin.-Permission to the burghers to purchase cattle from the Hottentots.-Contract for supply of meat.-Cattle breeding henceforth a favourite pursuit of colonists.-Troubles with Bushmen.-Dealings with Hottentots.-Church matters.-Dis­ continuance of the use of the French .language in the church at Drakenstein.-Proceedings of a marauding party.­ Wreck of the Meresteyn.-Expedition to Natal.-Account of an English resident at Natal.-Fruitless efforts of the directors and the Cape government to make South Africa a- wool-producing country.-Experiment in silk culture.­ Placing of partridges and pheasants on Robben Island.­ Long drought.-Increase of population.-Want of sympathy between the government and the colonists.-Extensive farming operations by the governor and other officials.­ Complaints of the colonists to the supreme authorities.­ Violent action of the governor.-Arrest of various 'burghers and their committal to prison.-Banishment of a burgher to Batavia and of four others to Europe.-Defiance of the government by the country people.-Action of the directors in the Netherlands.-Recall of the governor and other officials. -Arrival of the newly appointed secunde Joban Cornelis d'Ableing and transfer of the administration to him.-Views of the colonists and of the directors as to the rights of burghers Page 384

CHAPTER XXXIX.

JOHAN CORNELIS D'ABLEING, SECUNDE, ACTING GOVERNOR, 3RD JUNE 1707 TO 1ST FEBRUARY 1708. l,OUIS VAN ASSENBURGH, GOVERNOR, INSTALLED 1ST FEBRUARY I708, DIED 27TH DECEMBER 171 I.

WILLEM HELOT, SECUNDE, ACTING GOVERNOR, 28TH DECEMBER I7I1 TO 28TH MARCH 1714. Matters connected with the different churches and clergymen.­ Arrival of Governor Van Assenburgh.-Proceedings against the late officials in Amsterdam.- Division and sale of Vergelegen. -Visit of the commissioner Simons.-Regulations concerning the manumission of slaves.-Abandonment of the island of Mauritius by the Dutch.-Visit of the retired governor­ general Van Hoorn.-Instructions concerning the tithes of Contents xvii

grain.-Damage to the village of Stellenbosch by fire.-Placaat against destruction of trees.-Neglect of tree planting.-Defini­ tion of a boundary between the Cape and Stellenbosch districts. - Death of Governor Van Assenburgh.-Election of the secunde to act as governor.-Enlargement of the colony. -False alarm concerning an inroad of the Great Namaquas.­ First appearance of small-pox in South Africa.-Appointment of Lieutenant-Colonel Maurits Pasques de Chavonnes as governor Page 415

CHAPTER XL.

MAURITS PASQUES DE CHAVONNES, GOVERNOR, INSTALLED 28TH MARCH 1714, DIED 8TH SEPTEMBER 1724. Efforts to equalise revenue and expenditure.-New taxes.-Basis of coloniallaw.-Dismissal of the secunde Helot.-Hostilities with the Bushmen.-The first colonial commando.-Trouble caused by fugitive slaves.-Struggle for place and rank.-Important questions submitted by the directors to the council of policy.­ Experiments in the production of wool, indigo, tobacco, and olives.-Efforts to find a market for Cape wine.-New diseases among horned cattle and sheep.-Scarcity of butcher's meat.­ Prohibition of sale of meat and vegetables to foreigners.-Ruin of the Namaqua tribe.-Outbreak of horse sickness.-Expansion of the Dutch East India Company's trade after the peace of Utrecht.-Refusal of supplies to private traders.-Shipwrecks on the coast and in Table Bay.-Erection of church buildings at the Paarl and Stellenbosch.-Death of the governor.-Ap­ pointment by the council of to act as gover­ nor.-Good and bad seasons and exportation of farm produce.- Names of new colonists Page 434

CHAPTER XLI.

OCCUPATION OF DELAGOA BAY BY THE DUTCH. Abandonment by the Portuguese of trading expeditions to Delagoa Bay.-Resolution of the Dutch East India Company to form a commercial establishment there.-Despatch of a party of men from Holland for that purpose.-Arrival of the party at the river Espirito Santo.-Account of the Bantu on the shores of the bay. -Erection of Fort Lagoa.-Loss of life from fever.-Plup.der of the establishment by pirates.-Trifling amount of trade with xviii Contents

the Bantu.-Unsuccessful expedition in search of a mountain of iron.-Unsuccessful search for gold fields and copper mines.­ Purchase of land along the banks of the rivers from different Bantu chiefs.-Account of Prince John.~Er~ction of Fort Lydzaamheid.--Exploration of the rivers as far as navigable.­ Ravages of fever.-Voyage of the Victoria to Inhambime.­ Account of a party of deserters.~Second voyage of the Victoria to Inhambane.-Conspiracy to seize Fort Lydzaamheid.­ Terrible fate of the _conspirators.-Disastrous conflict with some Bantu.-Abandonment of Delagoa Bay by the Dutch.-Visit of the Snuffelaar to Inhambane.-Erection of a fort at lnhambane by the Portuguese in 1730.-Unsuccessful voyage of the Zupost and Feyenoord in search of a fitting place for a commercial establishment on the south-eastern coast Page 461

CHAPTER XLII. JAN DE l.A fONTAINE, SECUNDE, ACTING GOVERNOR, 8TH SEPTEMBER 1724 TO 25TH fEBRUARY 1727. PIETER GYSBERT NOODT. INSTALLED 25TH FEBRUARY 1727, DIED 23RD - APRIL 1729. JAN DE LA FONTAINE, SECUNDE, ACTING GOVERNOR, 24TH APRIL 1729. TO 8TH MARCH 1730, GOVERNOR, INSTALLED 8TH MAIlCH 1730, RETIRED 31ST AUGUST 1737. , GOVERNOR, INSTALLED 31ST AUGUST 1737, DIED 19TH SEPTEMBER 1737._ Falling off in foreign ships visiting the Cape.-Attempts to plant the Cape fiats.-Expeiiment in silk culture.-Efforts to produce kirman hair at the Cape.-Establishment of an outpost on the river Zonderend.-Arrival of Governor Noodt.-Character of the new governor.-Attempt to recover treasure {rom wrecks in Table Bay.-Sudden death of Governor Noodt.-Particulars of the trial of some soldiers, and of their execution on the day.of the governor's death.-Election of Jan de la Fontaine to act 1IS head of the government.-Appointment by the directors of Jan de la Fontaine as governor, Adriaan van Kervel as secunde, and Daniel van den Henghel as fiscal independent.-Dec1ine in prosperity oLthe Netherlands East India Company.-Introduc- . tion of a new system of land tenure in the colony.-Project of trade between the colony and the east coast and the islands.- . Visit of the governor to Mossel Bay.-Establishment of an out­ post on the Buffeljagts river.-Shipwrecks in Table Bay and on the _coast.-Summary puni~hment of thieves.-Succession of Contents XIX

clergymen at the Cape, Stellenbosch, and Drakenstein.­ \Vanderings of elephant bunters.-Massacre by Bantu of a party of elephant hunters.-Retirement of Governor De Ia Fon­ taine, who is succeeded by Adriaan van KerveL-Death of Governor Van Kervel. Page 481

CHAPTER XLIII.

D~NIEL VAN DEN HENGHEL, FISCAL, ACTING GOVERNOR, 20TH SEPTEBMER 1737 TO 14TH APRIL 1739.

HENDRIK SWELLENGREBEL, GOVERNOR, INSTALLED 14TH APRIL 1739, RETIRED 27TH FEBRUARY 1751. Election oC the fiscal Van den Henghel to act as head of the govern­ ment.-Petty insurrection under Estienne Barbier.-Raids by Bushmen.-Appointment by the directors of the secunde Hen­ drik Swellengrebel a$ governor.-Particulars concerning gover­ nor Swellengrebel.-Account of the warfare with the Bushmen. ~ame laws.-Visit of the governor·general Gustaf Willem van Imhoff.-Establishment of churches at Waveren and Zwart~ land.-Particulars concerning "combined church meetings.­ Changes in the staff of clergy.-Moravian mission to the Hot­ tentots.-Account of the missionary George Schmit, and of his work.-Opening of Simon's Bay as a port of caM in the winter season.-Failure of an attempt to construct a mole "in Table Bay 0".· Page 502 MAPS AND PLATES. s. Standard map of South Africa in .the middle of the seventeenth century To face page I 6. Chart of Commander Van der Stel's journey to Namaqualand " 7. Map of the Dutch settlement in 1700 " "