DOCSLIB.ORG

Cultural Differences in Adult Attachment and Facial Emotion Recognition

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Cultural Differences in Adult Attachment and Facial Emotion Recognition University of Ulm Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy Director: Prof. Dr. Harald Gündel Section Medical Psychology Head: Prof. Dr. Harald C. Traue Cultural Differences in Adult Attachment and Facial Emotion Recognition Dissertation to obtain the Doctoral Degree of Human Biology (Dr. biol. hum.) at the Faculty of Medicine, University of Ulm by Hang Li born in Huolinguole, Inner Mongolia, P.R. China 2013 Amtierender Dekan: Prof. Dr. Thomas Wirth 1. Berichterstatter: Prof. Dr. Harald C. Traue 2. Berichterstatter: Prof. Dr. phil. Ute Ziegenhain Tag der Promotion: 18. 10. 2013 CONTENTS Contents Contents ..................................................................................................................................................... I Abbreviations .......................................................................................................................................... III 1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Issues ....................................................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Attachment and facial emotion recognition .......................................................................................... 3 1.3 Individualism and collectivism ............................................................................................................... 4 1.4 Cultural differences in attachment ........................................................................................................ 5 1.5 Cultural differences in facial emotion recognition ................................................................................ 7 1.5.1 Individualism vs. collectivism in cross-cultural differences of facial emotion recognition ...... 8 1.5.2 Display rules and decoding rules .................................................................................................. 9 1.5.3 Dialect theory of emotion ............................................................................................................ 10 1.5.4 Cultural exposure effect of emotion ............................................................................................ 12 1.6 Exploration and attachment ................................................................................................................ 13 2 Basic theory and literature review ................................................................................................... 16 2.1 Attachment theory ................................................................................................................................ 16 2.1.1 Internal working models .............................................................................................................. 16 2.1.2 Adult attachment theory and measurements ............................................................................. 17 2.1.2.1 Self report .............................................................................................................................. 17 2.1.2.2 Attachment interviews ......................................................................................................... 21 2.2 Universal arguments on adult attachment .......................................................................................... 22 2.2.1 Universality of the attachment system ....................................................................................... 22 2.2.2 Adult attachment differences between Eastern and Western cultures .................................... 24 2.2.3 Adult attachment studies in China .............................................................................................. 24 2.2.4 Adult attachment studies in Germany ........................................................................................ 29 2.3 Emotion recognition theory ................................................................................................................. 31 2.3.1 Basic emotions .............................................................................................................................. 31 2.3.2 Emotion recognition research paradigm .................................................................................... 34 2.4 Cross-cultural studies on emotion recognition .................................................................................... 35 2.4.1 Universality of emotion recognition ........................................................................................... 36 2.4.2 Facial emotion recognition in Eastern and Western societies .................................................. 36 2.4.3 Studies on the cultural exposure effect ....................................................................................... 40 2.5 Adult attachment and facial emotion recognition .............................................................................. 40 3 Hypotheses .......................................................................................................................................... 43 4 Empirical studies ................................................................................................................................ 45 4.1 Survey of adult attachment pattern for three groups: CC, CG and GG (Study 1) ................................ 45 4.1.1 Materials and methods ................................................................................................................. 45 4.1.1.1 Participants ............................................................................................................................ 45 4.1.1.2 Measurements ....................................................................................................................... 46 4.1.2 Results ........................................................................................................................................... 49 4.1.2.1 Results for RQ ........................................................................................................................ 49 4.1.2.2 Attachment anxiety and attachment avoidance (ECR-R results) ....................................... 52 4.1.3 Discussion ..................................................................................................................................... 53 I CONTENTS 4.2 Cultural differences in adult attachment and emotion recognition (Study 2) ................................... 56 4.2.1 Materials and methods ................................................................................................................. 56 4.2.1.1 Participants ............................................................................................................................ 56 4.2.1.2 Measurements ....................................................................................................................... 57 4.2.2 Results ........................................................................................................................................... 59 4.2.2.1 Results for RQ ........................................................................................................................ 59 4.2.2.2 Attachment anxiety and attachment avoidance (ECR-R results) ....................................... 61 4.2.2.3 Facial emotion recognition in the three groups .................................................................. 62 4.2.2.4 Correlation and regression analyses for adult attachment and facial emotion recognition ............................................................................................................................................................ 65 4.2.3 Discussion ..................................................................................................................................... 67 4.2.3.1 Adult attachment in the three groups .................................................................................. 67 4.2.3.2 Emotion recognition in the three groups ............................................................................ 69 4.2.3.3 Adult attachment and facial emotion recognition .............................................................. 72 5 Summary and Conclusion .................................................................................................................. 74 5.1 Adult attachment ............................................................................................................................. 74 5.2 Emotion recognition ........................................................................................................................ 75 5.3 Adult attachment and emotion recognition .................................................................................. 76 6 Limitations of the present study and implications for future research ....................................... 78 7 References ........................................................................................................................................... 80 9 Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................................ 96 8 Curriculum Vitae ................................................................................................................................ 97 II ABBREVIATIONS Abbreviations
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Stability of Attachment Security from Infancy to Adolescence and Early Adulthood: General Introduction
    Child Development, May /June 2000, Volume 71, Number 3, Pages 678-683 The Stability of Attachment Security from Infancy to Adolescence and Early Adulthood: General Introduction Everett Waters, Claire E. Hamilton, and Nancy S. Weinfield Current attachment theory hypothesizes that attachment security during infancy influences individual differences in adult representations of attachment. We present three long-term longitudinal studies using three different samples relevant to this hypothesis. Each study assesses infant attachment by using the Ainsworth Strange Situation and adult attachment by using the Berkeley Adult Attachment Interview (AAI). Attachment security was significantly stable in the first two studies. Discontinuity in all three studies was related to negative life events and circumstances. Comparison of the results across these complementary studies affords a degree of replication and sheds light on alternative interpretations. Various mechanisms underlying the stability and instability of attachment security are discussed. INTRODUCTION to context and, although available across a wide range The role of early experience in later development is an of situations and across age, its operating characteristics enduring issue in developmental psychology. This issue remain open to revision in light of significant new is of theoretical and clinical interest and, in important experiences (Bowlby, 1969; Waters, Kondo-Ikemura, respects, defines the relation of developmental Posada, & Richters, 1991). Bowlby (1969, 1973) psychology to the social, personality, and clinical hypothesized that early relationship experience with the psychology of adulthood. Developmentalists today primary caregiver leads eventually to generalized generally agree that infants can meaningfully engage, expectations about the self, others, and the world. experience, influence, and represent their environments Cognitive representations of these expectations are (e.g., Mehler & Dupoux, 1993; Sroufe, 1997).
    [Show full text]
  • The Levite's Concubine (Judg 19:2) and the Tradition of Sexual Slander
    Vetus Testamentum 68 (2018) 519-539 Vetus Testamentum brill.com/vt The Levite’s Concubine (Judg 19:2) and the Tradition of Sexual Slander in the Hebrew Bible: How the Nature of Her Departure Illustrates a Tradition’s Tendency Jason Bembry Emmanuel Christian Seminary at Milligan College [email protected] Abstract In explaining a text-critical problem in Judges 19:2 this paper demonstrates that MT attempts to ameliorate the horrific rape and murder of an innocent person by sexual slander, a feature also seen in Balaam and Jezebel. Although Balaam and Jezebel are condemned in the biblical traditions, it is clear that negative portrayals of each have been augmented by later tradents. Although initially good, Balaam is blamed by late biblical tradents (Num 31:16) for the sin at Baal Peor (Numbers 25), where “the people begin to play the harlot with the daughters of Moab.” Jezebel is condemned for sorcery and harlotry in 2 Kgs 9:22, although no other text depicts her harlotry. The concubine, like Balaam and Jezebel, dies at the hands of Israelites, demonstrating a clear pattern among the late tradents of the Hebrew Bible who seek to justify the deaths of these characters at the hands of fellow Israelites. Keywords judges – text – criticism – sexual slander – Septuagint – Josephus The brutal rape and murder of the Levite’s concubine in Judges 19 is among the most horrible stories recorded in the Hebrew Bible. The biblical account, early translations of the story, and the early interpretive tradition raise a number of questions about some details of this tragic tale.
    [Show full text]
  • Employee Network and Affinity Groups Employee Network and Affinity Groups
    Chapter 10 Employee Network and Affinity Groups Employee Network and Affinity Groups n corporate America, a common mission, vision, and purpose in thought and action across Iall levels of an organization is of the utmost importance to bottom line success; however, so is the celebration, validation, and respect of each individual. Combining these two fundamental areas effectively requires diligence, understanding, and trust from all parties— and one way organizations are attempting to bridge the gap is through employee network and affinity groups. Network and affinity groups began as small, informal, self-started employee groups for people with common interests and issues. Also referred to as employee or business resource groups, among other names, these impactful groups have now evolved into highly valued company mainstays. Today, network and affinity groups exist not only to benefit their own group members; but rather, they strategically work both inwardly and outwardly to edify group members as well as their companies as a whole. Today there is a strong need to portray value throughout all workplace initiatives. Employee network groups are no exception. To gain access to corporate funding, benefits and positive impact on return on investment needs to be demonstrated. As network membership levels continue to grow and the need for funding increases, network leaders will seek ways to quantify value and return on investment. In its ideal state, network groups should support the company’s efforts to attract and retain the best talent, promote leadership and development at all ranks, build an internal support system for workers within the company, and encourage diversity and inclusion among employees at all levels.
    [Show full text]
  • Human-Computer Interaction and Sociological Insight: a Theoretical Examination and Experiment in Building Affinity in Small Groups Michael Oren Iowa State University
    Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Graduate Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 2011 Human-computer interaction and sociological insight: A theoretical examination and experiment in building affinity in small groups Michael Oren Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/etd Part of the Psychology Commons Recommended Citation Oren, Michael, "Human-computer interaction and sociological insight: A theoretical examination and experiment in building affinity in small groups" (2011). Graduate Theses and Dissertations. 12200. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/etd/12200 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Human-computer interaction and sociological insight: A theoretical examination and experiment in building affinity in small groups by Michael Anthony Oren A dissertation submitted to the graduate faculty in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Co-Majors: Human Computer Interaction; Sociology Program of Study Committee: Stephen B. Gilbert, Co-major Professor William F. Woodman, Co-major Professor Daniel Krier Brian Mennecke Anthony Townsend Iowa State University Ames, Iowa 2011 Copyright © Michael Anthony Oren, 2011. All
    [Show full text]
  • Third Degree of Consanguinity
    State of Nevada Commission on Ethics Great-Great Grandparents 4 Great Grand Great Grandparents Uncles/Aunts Consanguinity/Affinity Chart 3 5 (Degrees of family relationship by blood/marriage) Grand First Cousins Grandparents Uncles/Aunts Twice Removed 2 4 6 Second Uncles First Cousins Parents Cousins Aunts Once Removed 1 3 5 Once Removed 7 Brothers Second First Cousins Third Cousins Sisters Cousins 2 4 6 8 Second Nephews First Cousins Third Cousins Children Cousins Nieces Once Removed Once Removed 1 3 5 Once Removed 7 9 Second Grand First Cousins Third Cousins Grand Children Cousins Nephews/Nieces Twice Removed Twice Removed 1 2 4 6 Twice Removed 8 0 Second Great Grand Great Grand First Cousins Third Cousins Cousins Children Nephews/Nieces Thrice Removed Thrice Removed 1 3 5 7 Thrice Removed 9 1 Instructions: For Consanguinity (relationship by blood) calculations: Place the public officer/employee for whom you need to establish relationship by consanguinity in the blank box. The labeled boxes will then list the relationships by title to the public officer/employee. Anyone in a box numbered 1, 2, or 3 is within the third degree of consanguinity. Nevada Ethics in Government Law addresses consanguinity within third degree by blood, adoption or marriage. For Affinity (relationship by marriage) calculations: Place the spouse of the public officer/employee for whom you need to establish relationship by affinity in the blank box. The labeled boxes will then list the relationships by title to the spouse and the degree of distance from the public officer/employee by affinity. A husband and wife are related in the first degree by marriage.
    [Show full text]
  • Criminal Code
    2010 Colección: Traducciones del derecho español Edita: Ministerio de Justicia - Secretaría General Técnica NIPO: 051-13-031-1 Traducción jurada realizada por: Clinter Actualización realizada por: Linguaserve Maquetación: Subdirección General de Documentación y Publicaciones ORGANIC ACT 10/1995, DATED 23RD NOVEMBER, ON THE CRIMINAL CODE. GOVERNMENT OFFICES Publication: Official State Gazette number 281 on 24th November 1995 RECITAL OF MOTIVES If the legal order has been defined as a set of rules that regulate the use of force, one may easily understand the importance of the Criminal Code in any civilised society. The Criminal Code defines criminal and misdemeanours that constitute the cases for application of the supreme action that may be taken by the coercive power of the State, that is, criminal sentencing. Thus, the Criminal Code holds a key place in the Law as a whole, to the extent that, not without reason, it has been considered a sort of “Negative Constitution”. The Criminal Code must protect the basic values and principles of our social coexistence. When those values and principles change, it must also change. However, in our country, in spite of profound changes in the social, economic and political orders, the current text dates, as far as its basic core is concerned, from the last century. The need for it to be reformed is thus undeniable. Based on the different attempts at reform carried out since the establishment of democracy, the Government has prepared a bill submitted for discussion and approval by the both Chambers. Thus, it must explain, even though briefly, the criteria on which it is based, even though these may easily be deduced from reading its text.
    [Show full text]
  • Earned Secure Attachment: Connection
    4/28/2018 What is Attachment Theory? Human beings are born wired for Earned Secure Attachment: connection. At the very beginning of our Helping Clients Rewire their Brains lives, we form attachments to our primary through Creating a Coherent Narrative caretakers as a survival mechanism. with Dr. Lisa Firestone Our attachment pattern forms as a result of the adaptations we made in infancy to get our needs met. Children make the best adaptations they can to their family. April 27 th , 2018 California Psychological Association Annual Conference – La Jolla, CA What is Attachment Theory? Attachment Theory Developmental Created by John Bowlby, a British psychoanalyst, based partly on primate ethology, to explain why “maternal deprivation” leads to anxiety, anger, delinquency, and depression From 1969-1988, he published five books about the theory, including one on psychotherapy. 1 4/28/2018 Attachment Theory and Research Attachment Theory Distilled Bowlby contended that internal working models of attachment help to explain: ▷ Humans, especially young • children, rely on attachment Emotional distress figures for protection, • Personality disturbance support, and emotion • Emotional detachment regulation “Attachment underlies later capacity to make effectual ▷ The attachment behavioral bonds as well as a whole range of adult dysfunctions,” system is an evolved, innate particularly with marital bonds and trouble parenting. regulator of proximity (hence of safety and safe exploration) From “Attachment Theory and Research: Implications for Psychodynamic Psychotherapy” http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-1-60761-792-1_24#page-1 Attachment Theory Distilled Attachment Theory Distilled ▷ When threats abate, behavioral systems other than attachment (e.g., ▷ Our attachment system is activated when we are distressed.
    [Show full text]
  • Attachment Theory and Research: Overview with Suggested Applications to Child Custody
    INVITED MONOGRAPH ATTACHMENT THEORY AND RESEARCH: OVERVIEW WITH SUGGESTED APPLICATIONS TO CHILD CUSTODY Mary Main, Erik Hesse, and Siegfried Hesse* The term “attachment” is now in common usage and, as the readers of this Special Issue are aware, is referenced in a rapidly increasing variety of contexts involving child custody (McIntosh & Chisholm, 2008). The aim of this article is to provide judges, lawyers, mediators and mental health professionals involved in custody assessment with an overview of the history of the field of attachment and its principal measures, together with a clear description of what the term “attachment” does—and does not—mean to attachment researchers and theoreticians. Implications for normative separations that do not involve custody- related assessment or the intervention of courts or mediators are also considered. With respect to contested custody cases, we consider the use of standardized attachment measures, and note that sufficient validation for most such measures in clinical contexts is still developing. We describe three measures taken from the research literature (the Strange Situation procedure, the Attachment Q-sort and theAdultAttachment Interview), each subjected to meta-analyses and widely regarded as “gold standard” methods in research.These three methods come closest at this point in time to meeting criteria for providing “scientific evidence” regarding an individual’s current attachment status. Limitations on widespread use include the need for substantiating meta-analyses on father-child relationships, and further validation across a wider spread of children’s ages. We are confident that these restrictions can be solved by new research. In the interim, we argue that increased familiarity with the above measures will assist custody evaluators both in standardizing their assessment procedures and their capacity to gain more from the observational data available to them.
    [Show full text]
  • Durham E-Theses
    Durham E-Theses Dimensions of the heterosexual bond: Culture, personality and cycle eects SHIMODA, REI How to cite: SHIMODA, REI (2014) Dimensions of the heterosexual bond: Culture, personality and cycle eects, Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/11066/ Use policy This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution Share Alike 3.0 (CC BY-SA) Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk Dimensions of the heterosexual bond: Culture, personality and cycle effects Rei Shimoda Abstract Romantic love, sexual desire, and adult attachment mechanisms were proposed to be universal adaptations which initiate and maintain a pair-bond relationship with a selected partner. The main goal of the thesis was to explore the functions of the pair-bond mechanisms from an evolutionary perspective and to test whether these proposed mechanisms showed the characteristics expected of psychological systems designed to initiate and maintain a pair-bond. The life history theory assumes that, as the available resources and lifespan are limited, decisions regarding resource allocation (e.g., energy) involve trade-offs among life history tasks (e.g., reproduction, parenting). The theory implies that individuals in different circumstances should deal with trade-offs differently, and this may be reflected in the experiences of pair-bond relationships. I first selected prospective items in order to construct self-report measurements of pair-bond relationships (Chapter Two). These items were administered to Occidental and Japanese participants.
    [Show full text]
  • Compulsory Monogamy and Polyamorous Existence Elizabeth Emens
    University of Chicago Law School Chicago Unbound Public Law and Legal Theory Working Papers Working Papers 2004 Monogamy's Law: Compulsory Monogamy and Polyamorous Existence Elizabeth Emens Follow this and additional works at: https://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/ public_law_and_legal_theory Part of the Law Commons Chicago Unbound includes both works in progress and final versions of articles. Please be aware that a more recent version of this article may be available on Chicago Unbound, SSRN or elsewhere. Recommended Citation Elizabeth Emens, "Monogamy's Law: Compulsory Monogamy and Polyamorous Existence" (University of Chicago Public Law & Legal Theory Working Paper No. 58, 2004). This Working Paper is brought to you for free and open access by the Working Papers at Chicago Unbound. It has been accepted for inclusion in Public Law and Legal Theory Working Papers by an authorized administrator of Chicago Unbound. For more information, please contact [email protected]. CHICAGO PUBLIC LAW AND LEGAL THEORY WORKING PAPER NO. 58 MONOGAMY’S LAW: COMPULSORY MONOGAMY AND POLYAMOROUS EXISTENCE Elizabeth F. Emens THE LAW SCHOOL THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO February 2003 This paper can be downloaded without charge at http://www.law.uchicago.edu/academics/publiclaw/index.html and at The Social Science Research Network Electronic Paper Collection: http://ssrn.com/abstract_id=506242 1 MONOGAMY’S LAW: COMPULSORY MONOGAMY AND POLYAMOROUS EXISTENCE 29 N.Y.U. REVIEW OF LAW & SOCIAL CHANGE (forthcoming 2004) Elizabeth F. Emens† Work-in-progress: Please do not cite or quote without the author’s permission. I. INTRODUCTION II. COMPULSORY MONOGAMY A. MONOGAMY’S MANDATE 1. THE WESTERN ROMANCE TRADITION 2.
    [Show full text]
  • Kinship, Networks, and Exchange
    Kinship, Networks, and Exchange Edited by Thomas Schweizer University of Cologne Douglas R. White University of California, Irvine CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS WEALTH TRANSFERS OCCASIONED BY MARRIAGE: A COMPARATIVE RECONSIDERATION Duran Bell INTRODUCTION The theory of marriage payments has been oriented toward explaining why various categories of practice take place under particular ecological and technological conditions (Bossen 1988; Goody 1973; Spiro 1975; Harrel and Dickey 1985; Kressel 1977; Schlegel and Eloul 1988; Tambiah 1989; and others). This effort has been productive of a wide range of important analytical findings. However, the results of this chapter suggest that some of that work should be reconsidered by reference to a more systematic and scientifically established set of analytical categories. The attempt here is to observe wealth transfers associated with marriage in all forms of society and to reexamine those transfers on the basis of a set of theoretical understandings that have, heretofore, remained only inchoate in theliterature. The principal theoretical issue is the importance of identifying individuals as incumbents of person- categories within socially constructed collectivities. The prevailing analytical perspective tends to present reciprocity as the elementary unit of social action, as is well illustrated by the influential work of Sahlins (1972), and it presents the individual as the elementary social actor. This perspective is related to a view of human action that has deep roots in post-Enlightenment thought, but it constitutes, I believe, a serious disability for the advancement of our understanding of a broad range of social processes. The presentation here makes no attempt to construct a case against the individualist-reciprocity paradigm.
    [Show full text]
  • Attachment Orientations and Relationship Maintenance in College Friendships Samuel Chung Washington University in St
    Washington University in St. Louis Washington University Open Scholarship Arts & Sciences Electronic Theses and Dissertations Arts & Sciences Spring 5-2018 Attachment Orientations and Relationship Maintenance in College Friendships Samuel Chung Washington University in St. Louis Follow this and additional works at: https://openscholarship.wustl.edu/art_sci_etds Part of the Personality and Social Contexts Commons Recommended Citation Chung, Samuel, "Attachment Orientations and Relationship Maintenance in College Friendships" (2018). Arts & Sciences Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 1280. https://openscholarship.wustl.edu/art_sci_etds/1280 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Arts & Sciences at Washington University Open Scholarship. It has been accepted for inclusion in Arts & Sciences Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Washington University Open Scholarship. For more information, please contact [email protected]. WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY IN ST. LOUIS Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences Attachment Orientations and Relationship Maintenance in College Friendships by Samuel Chung A thesis presented to The Graduate School of Washington University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts May 2018 St. Louis, Missouri © 2018, Samuel Chung Table of Contents List of Figures ................................................................................................................................ iv List of Tables .................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]