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Durham E-Theses Durham E-Theses Dimensions of the heterosexual bond: Culture, personality and cycle eects SHIMODA, REI How to cite: SHIMODA, REI (2014) Dimensions of the heterosexual bond: Culture, personality and cycle eects, Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/11066/ Use policy This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution Share Alike 3.0 (CC BY-SA) Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk Dimensions of the heterosexual bond: Culture, personality and cycle effects Rei Shimoda Abstract Romantic love, sexual desire, and adult attachment mechanisms were proposed to be universal adaptations which initiate and maintain a pair-bond relationship with a selected partner. The main goal of the thesis was to explore the functions of the pair-bond mechanisms from an evolutionary perspective and to test whether these proposed mechanisms showed the characteristics expected of psychological systems designed to initiate and maintain a pair-bond. The life history theory assumes that, as the available resources and lifespan are limited, decisions regarding resource allocation (e.g., energy) involve trade-offs among life history tasks (e.g., reproduction, parenting). The theory implies that individuals in different circumstances should deal with trade-offs differently, and this may be reflected in the experiences of pair-bond relationships. I first selected prospective items in order to construct self-report measurements of pair-bond relationships (Chapter Two). These items were administered to Occidental and Japanese participants. Their responses were entered in a series of factor analyses in order to confirm factor structure underlying pair-bond relationships, and to develop and refine measurements to assess relationships dimensions (Chapter Three). For both cultural groups, six factors were generated: a romantic love related factor (obsession); three attachment-related factors (care-receiving, care-giving, separation distress); and two sexual desire-related factors (partner- and other-directed sexual desire). The developed scales and/or some of the selected items were used to assess whether individuals differed in the intensity of relationship dimensions as a function of sex (Chapters Four and Five), age (Chapter Four), relationship stage (Chapter Four), cultural background (Chapter Four), personality (Chapter Five) and female conception probability (Chapter Six). Results showed that the intensity of relationship dimensions differed between sexes, different age groups, relationship stages, cultural backgrounds, personalities, and menstrual phases. In fact, culture had a major impact on pair-bond relationship dimensions. The strong cultural influence found on the relationship dimensions suggests that this should not be ignored by evolutionary psychologists. 1 Dimensions of the heterosexual bond: Culture, personality and cycle effects Rei Shimoda Submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Durham University Department of Psychology Department of Anthropology 2014 2 Table of Contents Abstract .......................................................................................................................... 1 List of Tables ................................................................................................................. 10 List of Figures ................................................................................................................ 14 Declarations ................................................................................................................... 15 Statement of Copyright .................................................................................................. 15 Acknowledgment ........................................................................................................... 16 Chapter One: Introduction Literature Review Romantic Love, Sexual Desire, and Adult Attachment ............................................. 17 Sexual desire .......................................................................................................... 17 Attraction and romantic love .................................................................................. 19 Adult attachment .................................................................................................... 21 The Evolution of Human Pair-Bond Relationships.................................................... 22 The Definition of ‘Pair-Bond’ .................................................................................... 24 Pair-bond and sexual monogamy ........................................................................... 24 Pair-bond and marital monogamy .......................................................................... 25 Life History Theory ................................................................................................... 25 Sex differences ....................................................................................................... 26 Individual differences............................................................................................. 28 Cultural differences ................................................................................................ 29 Overview of the Thesis .................................................................................................. 31 Chapter Two: Item Selection A Review of Romantic Love Study ............................................................................... 32 Item Selection ................................................................................................................ 35 Romantic Love ........................................................................................................... 35 Adult Attachment ....................................................................................................... 37 Sexual Desire ............................................................................................................. 40 Summary ........................................................................................................................ 42 Chapter Three: Scale Construction Method Participants ................................................................................................................. 44 Data Collection .......................................................................................................... 44 Measures .................................................................................................................... 46 3 Demographic measure ............................................................................................ 46 Romantic love scale ............................................................................................... 46 Adult attachment scale ........................................................................................... 47 Sexual desire scales ................................................................................................ 48 Back-translation of the questionnaire ..................................................................... 49 Overview of Statistical Analyses ............................................................................... 50 Identification of factor structures using principle axis factor analysis ................... 50 Refinement of measurements using confirmatory factor analysis ......................... 50 Reliability analysis ................................................................................................. 51 Criteria for running analysis................................................................................... 51 Construction of the common scales and the evaluation of multi-group measurement equivalence using multi-group CFA ............................................... 52 The Current Study Preliminary analysis ............................................................................................... 53 Main analyses ........................................................................................................ 53 Results Sample Reduction ...................................................................................................... 54 Japanese Group: Factor Analyses .............................................................................. 56 Principle axis factor analysis .................................................................................. 56 Confirmatory factor analysis .................................................................................. 58 Occidental Group: Factor Analyses ........................................................................... 59 Principle axis factor analysis .................................................................................. 59 Confirmatory factor analysis .................................................................................. 61 Construction of the Common Scales and the Evaluation of Measurement Equivalence using Multi-Group CFA ........................................................................ 63 Invariance analysis ................................................................................................. 66 Internal Consistency for the Common Scales ........................................................ 69 Discussion Dimensions of Pair-Bond Relationships ...................................................................
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