Dept of Applied Geology 28092017.1.1

Department of Applied Geology UNIVERSITY OF MADRAS

Syllabus for M.Sc. and M.Phil. Applied Geology courses w.e.f. 2017-2018 Academic Year

M.Sc. in Applied Geology

Course Code Course Title C/E/S Credits I SEMESTER EAS C301 Physical Geology and Geomorphology C 4 EAS C302 Mineralogy and Instrumentation Techniques C 4 EAS C303 Mineralogy and Paleontology Practical C 4 EAS E301 Environmental Earth Science E 3 EAS E302 Stratigraphy of India E 3 EAS E303 Recent Trends in Paleontology E 3 UOM S001 Soft Skill-1 S 2 II SEMESTER EAS C304 Structural Geology and Geotectonics C 4 EAS C305 Applied Remote Sensing and GIS C 4 EAS C306 Field Mapping C 2 EAS C307 Structural Geology and Geotectonics Practical C 4 EAS C308 Petrology Practical C 4 EAS E304 Applied Petrology E 3 UOM S002 Soft Skill-2 S 2 III SEMESTER EAS C309 Exploration Geophysics C 4 EAS C310 Applied Hydrogeology C 4 EAS C311 Geophysics and Applied Hydrogeology Practical C 4 EAS E305 Disaster Management E 3 EAS E306 Economic Geology E 3 UOM S003 Soft Skill-3 S 2 UOM 1001 Internship I 2 IV SEMESTER EAS C312 Applied Geochemistry C 4 EAS C313 Engineering and Mining Geology C 4 Engineering, Mining Geology and Geochemistry EAS C314 C 4 Practical

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EAS C315 Geological Field Tour C 2 EAS C316 Dissertation C 4 EAS E 307 Oceanography E 3 UOM S004 Soft Skill-4 S 2 ELECTIVES OFFERED TO OTHER DEPARTMENT STUDENTS EAS E308 Remote Sensing and GIS E 3 EAS E309 Climatology E 3 EAS E310 Environmental Geology E 3 EAS E311 Geological Oceanography E 3

I – SEMESTER

EAS C 301 Physical Geology and Geomorphology C 3 1 0 4 Dr. M. Jayaprakash

Objective : Our planet is full of mysteries, wonder, contradictions, and beauty. As citizens of this planet, it is our responsibility to understand what makes the Earth. This course will help you develop an understanding of the processes that shape our planet and will hopefully give you a renewed appreciation for our natural wonders. You will learn about issues that will affect us all in times to come, including geologic hazards, global warming, and planetary exploration.

Unit 1 : Landform evolution: Basic geomorphic concepts of landform evolution; Exogenic processes – Weathering and geologic controls in weathering, mechanical weathering and products; Chemical weathering processes and products; Weathering and landform alteration. Soil formation and types; Soil profile, horizons and soil types.

Unit 2: Physical Geology – History of the Universe and Solar System – Geologic time and the evolution of the planet over 4.6 billion years - The dynamic earth, changing continental surfaces, Materials of the Earth’s crust, surface features, earth's internal structure, plate tectonics, geologic structures, the rock cycle, and surface/subsurface processes.

Unit 3 : Fluvial system and processes – Drainage basin, basin and stream characteristics, drainage types and patterns, erosion, transportation and deposition by running water, erosional landforms, depositional landforms; Fluvial landforms in arid areas - eolian processes – erosion by wind and erosional landforms, depositional landforms such as sand dunes and loess, types of dunes and mechanics of dune formation; Glacial processes, types of glaciers and glacial landforms.

Unit 4 : Endogenetic landforms – Internal heat source, concept of plate tectonics and evolution of landforms, earthquakes and related landscape alterations, volcanic landforms, mountain building, rift valley formations; oceanic landforms. Page 2 of 43

Unit 5 : Coastal geomorphic processes– Classification of coasts; Wave formation and wave dynamics, tides and tide formation; Erosional landforms, depositional landforms, estuaries and lagoons. Geomorphology of India.

Selected Text Books and Reference Books :

1. Craig, R.G. and Craft, J.L. (1980) Applied Geomorphology . George Allen &Unwin.

2. Holmes, D.L. (1981) Principles of Physical Geology .ELBS Edition.

3. Pethick, J. (1984) An Introduction to Coastal Geomorphology . Arnold, London.

4. Strahler, A.N. (1952) Physical Geology . John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York.

5. Thornbury, W.D. (1969) Principles of Geomorphology .Wiley Eastern Ltd.

Mineralogy and Instrumentation EAS C 302 C 3 1 0 4 Dr. N. Rajeshwara Rao Techniques

Objective : Understanding the concepts of Mineralogy is essential to comprehend the concepts of Petrology. With a fascinating plethora of colorful minerals and crystals, this discipline requires good knowledge of Chemistry, and poses several intriguing questions, leading to sustained interest in this subject. The main objective of this course is to inculcate the fundamental aspects of Mineralogy in such a way as to stimulate the minds of the post- graduate students.

Unit 1 : Introduction to crystallography – Crystal systems – Symmetry elements – Isometric, Tetragonal, Orthorhombic, Hexagonal, Monoclinic and Triclinic systems – Normal classes.

Unit 2 : Stereographic projections – Axial ratio – Zones and zonal symbols – Tautozonal faces – Equation of the normal – Napier’s Theorem – Tangent relations – Sine ratio – Cosine ratio.

Unit 3 : Description and composition of the following mineral groups: Quartz, Feldspars, Feldspathoids, Micas, Garnets, Olivine, Pyroxenes, Amphiboles, Zeolites and Carbonate minerals.

Unit 4 : Introduction to Optical Mineralogy – Properties of light – Transmissivity and Reflectivity – Polarization – Extinction – Dichroism – Pleochroism – Interference colors – Refringence and Birefringence – Order of interference – Conoscopy – Interference figures.

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Unit 5 : Spot tests – Paper chromatography – Nephelometry – Turbidimetry – Spectroscopy – Flame photometry – X-ray spectroscopy – UV spectroscopy – Mass spectroscopy – Accelerated mass spectroscopy.

Selected Text Books and Reference Books :

1. Donald Bloss F. (1971) Crystallography and Crystal Chemistry – An Introduction published by Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc., New York.

2. William M. Blackburn and William H. Dennen (1988) Principles of Mineralogy (Second Edition) published by WCB Publishers England.

3. Cornelis Klein and Cornelius S. Hurlbut, Jr. (1993) Manual of Mineralogy published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Singapore.

4. Paul F. Kerr (1967) Optical Mineralogy, John Wiley & Sons, New York.

Mineralogy and Paleontology Dr. N. Rajeshwara Rao EAS C 303 C 0 2 2 4 Practical and Guest faculty

Mineralogy : Location of fundamental poles on stereographic projections – Location of faces – Determination of zones and zonal symbols – Determination of axial ratio using tangent relations. Determination of inter-polar distances in Isometric, Tetragonal, Orthorhomic and Hexagonal systems using Equation of Normal – Fundamentals of spherical geometry – Determination of axial ratio using Napier’s Theorem. Determination of axial ratio using Sine Ratio – Determination of axial ratio using Cotangent Relation. Mineral calculations – Determination of dominant garnet – Determination of feldspars – Thin section studies.

Palaeontology : Identification of important fossils belonging to mollusks, brachiopods, trilobites and graptolites – Plant fossils – Identification of common species of foraminifera and ostracods.

EAS E 301 Environmental Earth Science E 3 0 0 3 Dr. N. Rajeshwara Rao

Objective : To provide knowledge on various types of environment, their contamination and remedial measures to be taken as an individual and a group.

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Unit 1 : Concept of environment – Environmental monitoring – Water as a resource, Water pollution – Point and non-point pollution sources – Ground water pollution.

Unit 2: Air pollution – Natural and anthropogenic sources of air pollution – Primary and secondary air pollutants – Anthropogenic activities and air pollution – Indoor air quality – Biological sources of indoor pollution – Health effects – Air quality standards – Case histories – Air quality monitoring – Acid rain – Adverse effects of acid rain – Health effects – Mitigation measures – Roles and responsibilities.

Unit 3 : Smog – Mechanism of smog formation – Health disorders – Photochemical smog – Ozone and PAN formation – Health effects – Catalytic converters – Greenhouse gases and effect – Processes of removal of greenhouse gases.

Unit 4 : Methods of waste disposal – Landfills – Trash compactors – Incineration – Recycling – Biological processing – Mulch and compost – Energy production – Waste reduction – Waste handling and transport – Waste management – Concept of waste hierarchy – Education and awareness.

Unit 5: Medical geology – Problems associated with fluoride, arsenic, asbestos, mercury, chromium, cadmium, zinc, copper and lead contamination – Alternate energy resources – Climate change.

Selected Text Books and Reference Books :

1. Montgomery, C.W. (1989) Environmental Geology . Brown Publishers, Dubuque, Iowa, USA. 2. Strahler, A.N. and Strahler, A.H. (1973) Environmental Geoscience – Interaction between Natural Systems and Man . Hamilton Publishing Co., Santa Barbara, California. 3. Kudesia, V.P. (1980) Water Pollution . Pragathi Prakasam, Meerut. 4. Black, W. (1972) Atmospheric Pollution . McGraw-Hill Co., New York. 5. Trivedy, R.K. and Goel, P.K. (1986) Chemical and Biological Methods for Pollution Studies. Environmental Publications, Karad, Maharashtra. 6. Fairbridge, R.W. (1972) Encyclopedia of Geochemistry and Environmental Science . John Wiley. 7. Keller, Edward A. (1996) Environmental Geology . New Jersey: Prentice-Hall.

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8. Murck, Barbara W., Skinner, B.J. and Porter, S.C. (1999) Environmental Geology . New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc.

EAS E 302 Stratigraphy of India E 3 0 0 3 Guest Faculty

Unit 1: Principles of Stratigraphy – Stratigraphic classification and nomenclature – Concept of rock Units- Time units and Time – rock Units – Lithostratigraphic Units – Biostratigraphic Units – Chronostratigraphic Units – Geologic time Units – Correlation – Physical and Paleontologic evidences – Homotaxis.

Unit 2: Nomenclature and the modern stratigraphic code. Radioisotopes and measuring geological time. Geological time-scale. Stratigraphic procedures of correlation of unfossiliferous rocks. Rise of the Himalaya and evolution of Siwalik basin. Deccan Volcanics. Quaternary Stratigraphy. Rock record, palaeoclimates and palaeogeography. Lithology, distribution, tectonics and economic impartance of the Precambrian rocks of India – Sargur Supergroup – Dharwar Supergroup – Sakoli Group – Sausar Group – Iron ore Group of Bihar and Orissa – Bundelkhand Group – Banded Gneiss complex – Aravalli Supergroup.

Unit 3: Indian stratigraphy: Physiographic subdivisions, structures and tectonic history of the Indian subcontinent. Study of the various geological formations of Precambrian, Paleozoic, Mesozoic, Tertiary and Quaternary Eras: distribution, geological succession, classification, correlation.

Unit 4: Cuddapah and Vindhyan Basins – Paleozoic rocks – Paleogeography, Climatic conditions and Coal bearing formations of Gondwana – Triassic of Spiti – Jurassic of Kutch – Trichinopoly Cretaceous – Bagh and Lameta Groups. Deccan traps – Classification and age – Ecocene, Oligocene and Miocene rocks – Siwalik Supergroup – Periods of glaciation – Karewas of Kashmir – Indo –Gangetic plains – Boundary Problems: – Precambrian – Cambrian, Permian – Triassic, Cretaceous – Tertiary. Unit 5: Gondwana Super Group - Distribution, succession, classification, flora and fauna, lower andupper age limit, structure of Gondwana basin, climate and paleogeography. Deccan Traps andassociated sedimentary formations. Age of Deccan traps. Himalayan orogeny. Glacial andinterglacial deposits.

Selected Text Books and Reference Books :

1. M.S.Krishnan 1982. Geology of India and Burma. CBS Publ. & Distributors, New Delhi. 2. C.O. Dunbar & J. Rodgers 1957. Principles of stratigraphy. John Wiley and Sons, New

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York. 3. Ravindra Kumar 1978. Historical Geology and Stratigraphy of India. 4. Weller,M., Stratigraphic Principles and Practice. 5. Dunbar,C.S. & Rodgers,J., Principles of Stratigraphy. 6. Wadia, D.N., Geology of India.

EAS E 303 Recent Trends in Paleontology E 3 0 0 3 Guest Faculty

Unit 1: Fossil record and geological time-scale. Evolutionary changes in molluscs and mammals in geological time. Principles of evolution. Use of species and genera of foraminifera and echinodermata in biostratigraphic correlation. different microfossil groups and their distribution in India. Functional morphology, evolution and significance of Plant Fossils, Fishes, Horse, Elephant and Man. Dinosaurs and their extinction. Taphonomy and environmental factors, Oxygen and Carbon isotope studies of fossils and paleoclimates – Palaeobiogeographic Provinces.

Unit 2: Origin and evolution of life – Phylogenetic and Ontogenic Analysis – Species Concept – Types of Fossils and Types of Species – Palingensis – Coenogensis – Proterogenesis - Thanatocoenosis – Biocoenosis – Sidocoenosis - Biomineralisation and Trace Fossils – Fossils and their uses – Biometrics – Major events in the history of Precambrian and Phanerozoic life.

Unit 3: Vertebrate paleontology : Succession of vertebrate life through geologic time. Broad classificationand study of some characteristic Indian vertebrate genera. Indian pre-Tertiary vertebrate - their distribution and paleogeographic implication; extinction of dinosaurs. Indian Tertiary vertebrate - Siwalik mammals; phylogeny - Equidae & Proboscidae. Indian fossil Hominoides and modern theories regarding human evolution.

Unit 4: Invertebrate paleontology : an overview. Morphology, classification, evolutionary trend, composition and structure of shells of selected groups of organisms - Porifera, Bryozoa, Mollusca, Brachiopoda. Geological history, geographical distribution and description of more important genera of Trilobita, Echinoides, Coelenterata and Graptoloidea.

Unit 5: Micropaleontology : Sampling methods and sample processing techniques. Types of microfossils. Calcareous Microfossils - Foraminifera - major morphologic groups; Benthic Foraminifera; depth biotopes, value in paleobathymetric determination. Larger foraminifera – their utility in Indian stratigraphy. Planktonic foraminifera and calcareous nannofossils. Ostracoda - outline morphology, paleoecology & geological history. Brief knowledge about pteropods, calpionellids and calcareous algae.

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Selected Text Books and Reference Books :

1. M.D. Brasier (1980). Microfossils. George Allen & Unwin, London, 193p. 2. G. Bignot (1985). Elements of Micropaleontology. Graham & Trotman, London, 212p. 3. E.N.K. Clarkson (1986). Invertebrate paleontology and evolution. George Allen & Unwin. 4. R.C. Moore, Lalicker & Fisher (1952). Invertebrate fossil. McGraw Hill Book Co., San Francisco. 5. D.M. Raup & Stanley (1985). Principles of paleontology. CBS Publ. & Distributors, New Delhi. 6. C.A. Arnold (1947). An Introduction to paleontology. McGraw Hill Book Co., San Francisco. 7. Hecker, R.R. – Introduction to palaeoecology

1. Prothero, D.R. – Bringing fossils to life-An introduction to palaeobiology

UOM S 001 Soft Skill-1 S 2 0 0 2 University of Madras

II – SEMESTER

EAS C 304 Structural Geology and Geotectonics C 3 1 0 4 Dr. S.G.D. Sridhar

Objective : To understand structural aspects of rocks and their origin.Structures help in knowing the stability and strength of an area, and localization of ores and minerals.

Unit 1 : Theory of stress and strain – Behavior of rocks under stress – Mohr’s circle – Various states of stress and their representation by Mohr’s circles – Different types of failure and sliding criteria – Geometry and mechanics of fracturing and conditions for re-activation of pre-existing discontinuities – Paleostress analysis – Common types of finite strain – Ellipsoids – L-, L-S-, and S-tectonic fabrics.

Unit 2 : Techniques of strain analysis – Particle paths and flow patterns – Progressive strain history and methods for its determination.Deformation mechanisms – Role of fluids in deformation processes – Geometry and analysis of brittle-ductile and ductile shear zones –

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Petrofabric analysis – Field and laboratory techniques – Point and percentage diagrams – Preparation of petrofabric diagrams of quartz, biotite and calcite – Symmetry of fabric – Symmetry of movement.

Unit 3 : Rotated minerals – Syn-, pre- and post-kinematic – Differential movement in rocks using rotated minerals – Oscillatory movements – Characteristics – Neotectonics – Indian and global evidences – Methods of study of neotectonics. Sheath folds – Geometry and mechanics of development of folds – Boudins – Foliation and lineation – Interference patterns and structural analysis in areas of superposed folding – Fault-related folding – Geometry and mechanics of faults – Gravity-induced structures.

Unit 4 :Major tectonic features and associated structures in extensional-, compressional-, and strike-slip terrains – Joints and unconformities – Penecontemporaneous deformational structures of sedimentary rocks. Plate tectonics – Concept and principles – Continental drift – Geological and geophysical evidences – Mechanics, objections and present status of plate tectonics.

Unit 5 : Gravity and magnetic anomalies at mid-oceanic ridges, deep sea trenches, continental shield areas and mountain chains – Geological and geophysical characteristics of plate boundaries – Geodynamic evolution of the Himalayas – Paleomagnetism – Sea floor spreading and plate tectonics – Island arcs, oceanic islands and volcanic arcs – Isostasy, orogeny and epeirogeny – Geodynamic of the Indian Plate.

Selected Text Books and Reference Books :

1. Beloussov, V.V. (1962) Basic Problems in Geotectonics . McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York. Badgeley, P.C. (1965) Structural and Tectonic Principles . Harper & Row Publishers, New York. 2. Twiss, R.J. and Moores, E.M. (1992) Structural Geology . W.H.Freeman & Co., New York. Suppe, J. (1985) Principles ofStructural Geology . Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey. 3. Billings, M.P. (1958) Structural Geology . 2 nd Edition. Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey. 4. Marshak, S. and Mitra, G. (1988) Basic Methods of Structural Geology . Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey.

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5. Hobbs, B.E., Means, W.D. and Williams, P.F. (1976) An Outline ofStructural Geology . John Wiley & Sons, New York. 6. Ollier, C. (1981) Tectonics and Landforms . Longman, London. 7. Seyfert, C.K. (Ed.) (1987) The Encyclopedia of Structural Geology and Plate Tectonics . Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., New York.

EAS C 305 Applied Remote Sensing and GIS C 3 1 0 4 Dr. R. R. Krishnamurthy

Objective : To provide in depth knowledge and exposure to Remote Sensing and GIS technology tools with particular reference to land and ocean applications.

Unit 1 : Fundamentals of remote sensing: History of remote sensing technology – Remote sensing system – Electromagnetic radiation – Spectral properties of terrestrial objects – Analysis of spectral reflectance curves – Types of satellites – Image acquisition – Multi-spectral scanners – Remote sensing resolution – Introduction to thermal remote sensing – Introduction to microwave remote sensing and new satellite sensors – Remote sensing in landform and land use mapping, structural mapping, coastal and ocean studies – Global and Indian space missions.

Unit 2 : Aerial photography: Introduction – Vertical and oblique photographs – Photoscale – Image displacement due to relief – Parallax in aerial photographs – Aerial photographic procedures – Camera and flight requirement – Flight planning – Filters – Compensation – Stereoscopy – Photomosaics. Photographical studies – Photo recognition elements and keys – Interpretation of lithology, structures and landforms from aerial photographs.

Unit 3 : Image processing in remote sensing: Digital data recording – Digital data format. Introduction to digital image processing – Pre-processing techniques – Image classification methods – Image enhancement techniques.

Unit 4 : Applications of remote sensing: Visual interpretation – Different sensors – Data and image interpretation key elements. Exercises on mapping of geology – Land use/land cover and geomorphology based on visual method – Preparation of base maps and transformation of thematic maps. Validation of remote sensing analysis output by ground truth – Accuracy, estimation and introduction to GPS technology.

Unit 5 : Fundamentals and application of GIS: Concept of GIS – GIS types – Data storage – Retrieval and analysis. GIS database organization and development – Combined use of remote

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sensing and GIS. Preparation of spatial decision support system (SDSS). Highlights on different applications using GIS tool with particular reference to Applied Geosciences and Ocean Science.

Selected Text Books and Reference Books :

1. Asrar, G. (1989) Theory and Applications of Optical Remote Sensing . John Wiley & Sons, New York. 2. Curran, P.J. (1984) Principles of Remote Sensing . Longman Group Ltd. 3. Lillesand, T.M., Kiefer, R.W. and Chipman, J.W. (2007) Remote Sensing and Image Interpretation. Wiley India, 763. 4. Paul R. Wolf. (1986) Elements of Photogrammetry , McGraw-Hill Book company. 628. 5. Victor C. Miller and Calvin F. Miller (1961) Photogeology , McGraw-Hill Book company, 248. 6. Sabins, F.F. (1998) Remote Sensing Principles and Interpretation . W.H.Freeman & Co. 7. Agarwal, C.S. and P.K. Garg (2000) Textbook on Remote Sensing In natural resources monitopring and management, Wheeler Publishing, 196. 8. Mather, P.M. (1999) Computer Processing of Remotely Sensed Images: An Introduction . John Wiley & Sons, New York. 9. Burrough, P.A. and McDonnell, R.A. (1998) Principles of Geographical Information Systems , Oxford University Press. 10. Lo, C.P. and Albert K. W. Yeung (2007) Concepts and Techniques of Geographic Information Systems, Prentice-Hall of India Pvt. Ltd., 492. 11. Chandra, A.M. and Ghosh, S.K. (2009) Remote Sensing and Geographical Information system, Narosa Publishing House, 298.

EAS C 306 Field Mapping C 0 2 2 4 All Faculty

Objective : To impart field knowledge with regard to disposition of rocks, minerals, ores and other geological processes including coastal landforms.

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Unit 1 : Use of clinometer compass for geographic directions, taking bearing and back bearing, strike and dip, reading of and locating oneself on toposheet – Use of GPS for co-ordinates and mapping of features (One day) – Geomorphological mapping (One day).

Unit 2 : Visit to igneous rock outcrops for mapping, collection of rock samples and field set-up studies (Two days) – Mapping of dikes and veins – Thin section studies of rocks (One day).

Unit 3 : Visit to sedimentary terrain for mapping of strata and collection of fossils (Two days).

Unit 4 : Visit to metamorphic terrain for mapping of rocks and metamorphic structures, collection of rock samples (Two days) – Thin section studies (One day).

Unit 5 : Geophysical investigations – Field measurements using gravity, magnetic and electrical methods (Two days).

EAS C 307 Structural Geology and Geotectonics Practical C 4 0 0 4 Dr. S.G.D. Sridhar

Geotectonics : Determination of attitude of beds – Geometrical, graphical and trigonometric projections – Tabular and nomograph methods – Reconstruction of parallel fold and fault – Preparation and analysis of structure contour map – Isopachs – Construction of perpendicular and vertical sections of plunging fold – Geochronology – Pi and beta diagrams – Structural complex – Interpretation of geological maps involving normally dipping beds, bore well data, symmetrical and asymmetrical folds, isoclinal folds, recumbent fold, plunging fold, strike fault and step fault.

Selected Text books and Reference books:

1. Brian Simpson (1968) Geological Maps. Pergamon Press Limited, Oxford.

2. Lisle, R.J. (1988) Geological Structures and Maps . Pergamon Press, Oxford.

3. Gass, J.G., Butcher, N.E., Clark, P., Francis, P.W., Jackson, D.E., McCurry, P., Skipsey, E., Smith, P.J., Stevenson, J., Thorpe, R.S., Turner, C., Wilson, R.C.L., Wright, J.B. (1972). Field Relations – A Second Level Course in Science. The Open University Press, London.

4. Thomas, J.A.G. (1977) An Introduction to Geological Maps. 2 nd Edition. George Allen & Unwin (Publishers) Limited, London

5. Bhattacharya, D.S., and Bagchi, T.C. (1973) Elements of Geological Map Reading and Interpretation with Exercises. Orient Longman Limited, Calcutta.

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6. Gokhale, N.W. (2006) A Manual of Problems in Structural Geology. CBS Publishers & Distributors, New Delhi.

EAS C 308 Petrology Practical C 4 0 0 4 Dr. N. Rajeshwara Rao & Guest Faculty

Unit 1: Megascopic and microscopic study (textural and mineralogical) of the following igneous rocks: Granite, Syenite, Gabbro, Basalt, Peridotite, Pyroxenite, Dunite. Lamprophyres, Dolerite, Phonolite, Rhyolite, Trachyte, Andesite, Pitchstone, Anorthosite, Aplite, Pegmatite. Introduction to modal analyses of Granite, Basalt and Gabbro.

Unit 2: Megascopic and microscopic study (textural and mineralogical) of the following metamorphic rocks: Low grade metamorphic rocks: serpentinites, albite-epidote-chlorite- quartz schist, slate, talc-tremolite-calcite-quartz schist. Medium to high grade metamorphic rocks: Gneisses, amphibolite, hornfels, garnetiferous schists, sillimanite-kyanite-bearing rocks, Granulites, eclogite, diopside-forsterite marble. Laboratory exercises in graphic plots for petrochemistry and interpretation of paragenetic diagrams.

Unit 3: Megascopic and microscopic study (textural and mineralogical) of the following Sedimentary rocks: Sand stone, Lime stone, Conglomerate, Arkose, mud rocks.

Unit 4: Harker’s, Larsen’s variation diagrams – Peacock’s Alkali-Lime Index – Niggli’s variation diagram – Preparation of Thin section. 10.

Selected Text books and Reference books:

1. Yardley, B W D. 1990. An introduction to metamorphic petrology. ELBS publication. 2. Best, M.G. 2002. Igneous and metamorphic petrology. Wiley publication. 3. Vernon R. H. and Clarke G. L. 2008. Principles of metamorphic Petrology. Cambridge publication. 4. John D. Winter 2001. An Introduction to Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology.

EAS E 304 Applied Petrology E 3 0 0 3 Dr. N. Rajeshwara Rao & Guest Faculty

Unit 1: Forms, textures and structures of igneous rocks. Petrology and geotectonic evolution of granites, basalts, andesites and alkaline rocks. Petrology of gabbros, kimberlites, anorthosites and carbonatites. Origin of primary basic magmas. Classification of igneous rocks. Nature of Magmas – Page 13 of 43

Generation of magmas. Factors affecting their evolution and their relation to plate tectonics– Magmatic differentiation and Assimilation. Variation diagrams

Unit 2: Silicate melt equilibria, binary and pernery phase diagrams. Experimental Petrology - Phase equilibrium of binary and ternary silicate systems and its petrological implications – Effect of Pressure on silicate systems – Trace elements in magmatic crystallization – Trace element modelling. Petrogenesis of major igneous rocks with Indian occurrences – Basalts, Mafic–Ultramafic associations – Anorthosites – Granite – Alkaline rocks – Carbonatites – Lamprophyres and Kimberlite.

Unit 3: Basic Concepts of Metamorphic Petrology – Types of metamorphism – agents of metamorphism – Zones and grades. Facies concept of metamorphism. Graphical Representation of metamorphic paragenesis Petrogenesis of important metamorphic rocks – charnockite – eclogite – amphibolite – migmatites – Khondalites – metamorphic belts Textures and structures of metamorphic rocks. Regional and contact metamorphism of pelitic and impure calcareous rocks. Mineral assemblages and P/T conditions. Experimental and thermodynamic appraisal of metamorphic reactions. Characteristics of different grades and facies of metamorphism. Metasomatism and granitization, migmatites. Plate tectonics and metamorphic zones. Paired metamorphic belts.

Unit 4: Earth Surface System: Liberation and flux of sediments, Processes of transport and generation of sedimentary structures, Control on the sedimentary record, Cyclic Sediments, – Classification of sedimentary rocks – Definition, measurements and interpretation of grain size. Evolution of Sedimentary Basins: Classification and definition of Sedimentary basins, Tectonics and Sedimentation – Plate tectonic concepts – Sedimentary basins of India – Paleocurrent and Basin analysis – Provenance and Diagenesis of sediments.

Unit 5: Sedimentary environments and facies, Continental alluvial – fluvial, lacustrine, desert – Eolian and Glacial sedimentary systems; Shallow Coastal Facies, Marine and Continental Evaporates; Shallow water Carbonates; Deep sea basins; Volcanoclasts Petrography of rocks of Clastic, Chemical and Biochemical origin, Clastic Petrofacies, Paleoclimate and Paleoenvironment analyses; Application of trace elements, Rare-earth elements and Stable isotope geochemistry to sedimentological problems.

Selected Text books and Reference books:

1. Anthony Hall, 1996, Igneous Petrology, Second Edition, Longman Group Ltd., UK. Best., 1986, Igneous Petrology., CBS Publ. 2. Bose, M.K., 1997, Igneous Petrology., World Press.

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3. Bucher, K and Frey, M., 1994, Petrogenesis of Metamorphic Rocks, Springer – Verlag. 4. Kretz, R., 1994, Metamorphic Crysatllization, John Wiley. 5. Marjorie Wilson, 1989, Igneous Petrogenesis, Unwin Hyman, UK. 6. McBirney, A.R., 1993, Igneous Petrology, Jones & Barlet Publ. 7. Perchuk, L.L., and Kushiro, I (eds)., 1991, Physical Chemistry of Magmas., Springer – Verlag. 8. Philpotts, A., 1992, Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology, Prentice Hall. 9. Turner,F.J., 1980, Metamorphic Petrology, McGraw Hill., New York. 10. William, Turner and Gilbert., 1965, Petrography, UFS, Bombay 11. Yardley, B.W., 1989, An introduction to Metamorphic Petrology., Longman Newyork.

UOM S 002 Soft Skill -2 S 2 0 0 2 University of Madras

III – SEMESTER

Dr. R. R. Krishnamurthy & EAS C 309 Exploration Geophysics C 3 1 0 4 Guest Faculty

Objective : To provide a comprehensive background on the principles of various geophysical exploration techniques used for exploring hidden ore minerals, oil and natural gas resources, their relative advantages and disadvantages.

Unit 1 : Introduction – Physical basis of geophysical exploration, various surface and sub-surface methods and their classification. Physical properties of rocks and minerals exploited in exploration and factors that control them. Geophysical anomaly, Radioactivity of rocks and ores, radioactive minerals and ores. Radiation measuring devices – Ionization chambers, gas filled (Geiger Mϋller) counters, scintillation counters, radiometers and γ ray spectrometers. Field radiometric methods – Air-borne surveys, automobile surveys, foot surveys. Processing and interpretation of field data. Application of radiometric methods.

Unit 2: Gravity Prospecting: Gravity prospecting – Principles, the Earth’s gravitational field and units, its variation, Newton’s Law – Geoid, spheroid and normal gravity field, figure of earth. Order of anomalies produced by geological discontinuities, absolute and relative measurement of gravity, gravimeters and their operation in the field. Field procedure, reduction and correction of gravity field data, separation of regional and residuals, upward and downward Page 15 of 43

continuation, interpretation of gravity data obtained over spherical and cylindrical objects, sheet, dike and faults – Applications of gravity methods.

Unit 3 : Magnetic prospecting – Definitions, basic theory, magnetic field, main field, external field and local anomalies, rock susceptibilities, natural remnant magnetism and paleomagnetism, principles of magnetic prospecting, magnetic elements and magnetic anomalies. Magnetometers – Proton precession magnetometer – Field procedure for ground magnetic surveys, smoothening of data, interpretation of data, qualitative and quantitative interpretation of field data over simple geometrical structures – Applications of magnetic prospecting methods. Radiometric prospecting – Fundamentals of radioactivity, rate of radioactive decay, successive disintegration and radioactive equilibrium, natural radioactive elements, radioactive series. Nature of radioactive emission – α, β particles and γ rays, artificial radioactivity.

Unit 4 : Electrical methods – Electrical properties of earth materials – Conduction in rocks, conduction in water-bearing rocks, description of geoelectric sections, classification of electrical methods. Resistivity method – Ohm’s Law, resistivity, factors affecting resistivity, effect of homogenous earth, various configuration for resistivity methods, configuration factor, response over a layered earth. AC and DC type resistivity meters, field procedure for electrical profiling and sounding, logarithmic curve matching, advantages of plotting the data on a logarithmic graph paper. Interpretation of profiling and sounding field data, use of modelling in electrical methods, introduction to self-potential, induced polarization methods .

Unit 5 : Seismic methods – Fundamentals of elasticity – Young’s modulus, Bulk modulus, Poisson’s ratio, elastic waves, laws of reflection and refraction, Huygen’s principle, Fermat’s principle, Principle of superposition, Seismic wave theory – Helmhotz’s theorem and seismic wave propagation – Body and surface waves – Primary, Secondary, Rayleigh and Love waves – Seismic energy sources – Detectors – Seismic noises and noise profile analysis – Reduction to a datum and weathering corrections - Short period, long period, broad band and strong motion – Seismic instruments – Seismic channel – Details of geophones – Filters, Amplifier and reproducible and non-reproducible recording – Seismic timer field layout – Arc shooting – Fan shooting – Profile shooting – Data processing – Corrections applied to seismic field data , Simple interpretation of field data – Seismic refraction and reflection data processing – Applications.

Selected Text Books and Reference Books :

1. Ramachandra Rao, M.B. (1975) Outlines of Geophysical Prospecting – A Manual for Geologists . Prasaranga, University of Mysore, Mysore.

2. Dobrin, M.B. (1984) An Introduction to Geophysical Prospecting . McGraw-Hill, New Delhi. Page 16 of 43

3. Telford, W.M., Geldart, L.P., Sheriff, R.E. and Keys, D.A. (1976) Applied Geophysics . Oxford-IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.

4. Parasnis, D.S. (1975) Principles of Applied Geophysics . Chapman and Hall, London.

5. Sharma, P.V. (1997) Environmental and Engineering Geophysics . Cambridge University Press.

6. Sharma, P.V. (1986) Geophysical Methods in Geology . Elsevier Publishers, Amsterdam.

7. Stanislav, M. (1984) Introduction toApplied Geophysics . Reidel Publishers.

8. Bhimasankaram, V.L.S. (1990) Exploration Geophysics – An Outline . Published by The Association of Exploration Geophysicists, Osmania University, Hyderabad.

9. Keller, G.V. and Frischknecht, F.C. (1982) Electrical Methods inGeophysical Prospecting . Pergamon Press, New York.

10. Rama Rao, B.S. and Murthy, I.V.R. (1978) Gravity and Magnetic Methods of Prospecting . Arnold Heinemann Publishers, New Delhi.

11. Bhimasankaram, V.L.S. and Gaur, V.K. (1977) Lectures on Exploration Geophysics for Geologists . Osmania University Press, Hyderabad.

12. Radhakrishna Murthy, I.V. and Mishra, D.C. (1989) Interpretation of Gravity and Magnetic Anomalies in Space and Frequency Domains . Osmania University Press, Hyderabad.

EAS C 310 Applied Hydrogeology C 4 0 0 4 Dr. S.G.D. Sridhar

Objective : To provide a sound knowledge in ground water geology.

Unit 1 : Scope and application of geohydrology – Ground water and hydrologic cycle – Components such as precipitation, evapotranspiration, infiltration, surface runoff and subsurface distribution and movement of ground water and their estimation for the purpose of assessing water availability – Lithological, stratigraphical and structural controls in occurrence and movement of ground water - Water-bearing properties of rock formations

Unit 2 : Porosity, permeability, compressibility of rocks, specific yield, hydraulic conductivity and storativity. Darcy’s experiment, fluid pressure and hydraulic head – Barometric and tidal Page 17 of 43

efficiency of aquifers – Types of aquifers: confined, semi-confined and unconfined aquifers and their characteristics – Springs - Types of ground water flow – Derivation of equations for steady and unsteady flow.

Unit 3 : Well hydraulics – Cone of depression, radius of influence, drawdown and specific capacity – Theims-, Theis-, Hantush- and Newman’s equations for various types of ground water flow conditions – Partial penetration and multiple well pumping cases – Flow in bounded aquifers – Tracer tests and slug tests - Water balance studies and ground water budgeting – Ground water levels and water level maps – Safe yield and conjunctive uses – Artificial recharge and methods.

Unit 4 : Types of water wells – Drilling techniques – Rotary and percussion drills – Well design and construction. Water well development methods – Collector wells and infiltration galleries – Types of pumps – Chemical quality of ground water – Source of impurities, physical and chemical properties, and their estimation – Graphical presentation of water analyses - Ground water contamination and pollution – Urban, agricultural and industrial contamination, remedial measures.

Unit 5 : Sea water intrusion in coastal aquifers, hydrodynamic equilibrium of fresh and saline water – Methods of controlling sea water intrusion – Exploration for ground water – Geological methods, Remote Sensing techniques, geomorphological inputs, gravity, magnetic, seismic and electrical methods of exploration – Basics of ground water modeling – Physical, analog and mathematical models, finite difference modeling – Ground water regimes in India – Hydrostratigraphic units – Hydrogeology of arid zones of India – Hydrogeology of wetlands.

Selected Textbooks and Reference Books :

1. Todd, D.K. (1980) Groundwater Hydrology .John Wiley & Sons, New York.

2. Davies and DeWeist (1966) Geohydrology . John Wiley & Sons, New York.

3. Freeze, R.A. and Cherry, J.A. (1979) Groundwater . Prentice-Hall.

4. Karanth, K.R. (1987) Groundwater Assessment, Development and Management . Tata McGraw-Hill.

5. Garg, S.P. Groundwater and Tube Wells . Oxford-IBH.

6. Singh, V.P. (1994) Elementary Hydrology . Prentice-Hall.

7. Pitchaiah, S. (Ed.) Groundwater . Scientific Publishers.

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8. Rudkavi, A.J. and Collander, R.A.(1976) Analysis of Groundwater Flow . Edward Arnold.

Dr. S.G.D. Sridhar and EAS C 311 Geophysics and Hydrogeology Practical C 0 2 2 4 Guest faculty

Geophysics : Computation of gravity response over a sphere – Exercises on drift correction, separation of regional and residual of gravity data – Contouring of gravity data – Calibration of magnetometer – Interpretation of field magnetic data over a dike – Interpretation of seismic refraction data obtained over 2- and 3-layered earth – Computation of configuration constant – Interpretation of vertical electrical sounding data obtained over 2- and 3-layered earth using the S-line, curve matching and auxiliary point chart method – Field demonstration of resistivity, seismic SP and magnetic prospecting techniques.

Hydrogeology : Water-bearing properties of rock formations – Porosity, permeability, compressibility of rocks, specific yield, hydraulic conductivity and storativity, and their estimation - Estimation of aquifer parameters by pumping tests – Step drawdown test and estimation of well losses and well efficiency - Graphical presentation of water analyses.

Selected Text books and Reference Books:

1. Ramachandra Rao, M.B. (1975) Outlines of Geophysical Prospecting – A Manual for Geologists . Prasaranga, University of Mysore, Mysore.

2. Sharma, P.V. (1986) Geophysical Methods in Geology . Elsevier Publishers, Amsterdam.

3. Stanislav, M. (1984) Introduction toApplied Geophysics . Reidel Publishers.

4. Bhimasankaram, V.L.S. (1990) Exploration Geophysics – An Outline . Published by The Association of Exploration Geophysicists, Osmania University, Hyderabad.

5. Todd, D.K. (1980) Groundwater Hydrology .John Wiley & Sons, New York.

6. Davies and DeWeist (1966) Geohydrology . John Wiley & Sons, New York.

7. Karanth, K.R. (1987) Groundwater Assessment, Development and Management . Tata McGraw-Hill.

EAS E 305 Disaster Management E 2 1 0 3 Dr. R. R. Krishnamurthy Page 19 of 43

Objective : To provide in depth knowledge on the inter-disciplinary nature of natural hazards, the evolution of theories and thoughts in natural hazards, the geophysical causes of natural hazards, human and environmental impacts, and response to natural as well as man-made disasters and issues, mitigation, recovery and challenges in developing countries.

Unit 1 : General introduction to natural hazards and disasters: Physical and geodynamic characteristics of earthquakes, tsunamis and storm surges, tropical cyclones, monsoonal floods, landslides. Droughts - different types – monitoring and management and wildfires – Worldwide trends in natural catastrophes and occurrence.

Unit 2 : Global Climate Change: Global warming and environmental change – Threat of sea level changes on global coasts - Impact on natural resources, environment – Social impact of disasters – Gender, food security, poverty and Climate Change Adaptation.

Unit 3: Assessment: Hazard-prone areas identification – Application of remote sensing and GIS tools – Hazard mapping – Risk modeling – Risk zonation and case studies.

Unit 4 : Preparedness: Risk reduction concepts – Pre- and post-disaster comparison and analysis – Understanding the disaster cycle – Stakeholders’ participation and preparation of comprehensive management plans – Community-based disaster risk management – Participatory risk assessment – Coastal regulations – Coastal management in tsunami reconstruction – National and international scenarios.

Unit 5 : Mitigation and recovery: Inter-relationship between mitigation and recovery – Process for developing hazards mitigation plan, implementation of comprehensive mitigation strategies – Disaster recovery planning – Disaster emergency preparedness and on recovery and reconstruction – Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) approaches - Early warning systems.

Selected Text Books and Reference Books :

1. UN-ISDR (2006) Catalogue on Field Library for Disaster Reduction.

2. WBI Natural Disaster Risk Management Program CDs.

3. UNCRD (2004) Sustainable Community Based Disaster Management (CBDM) Practices in Asia, Users Guide.

4. Shaw, R. and Rouhban, B. (2005) Disaster Reduction and Human Security. UNESCO & Kyoto University.

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5. Babar, Md. (Ed.) (2007) Environmental Changes and Natural Disasters. New Delhi Publishing Agency.

6. Introduction to International Disaster Management by D. P. Coppola (2007).

7. Handbook of Disaster Research Eds. H. Rodriguez et al., (2006).

8. Rajib Shaw and Krishnamurthy, R.R. (2008) Disaster Management – The Global Challenges and Local Solutions, Universities Press, Hyderabad, pp. 560.

9. EU & UN-ISDR Training modules on School Safety, Community Based Coastal Zone Management and Community Based Information System (2008).

Dr. N. Rajeshwara Rao & EAS E 306 Economic Geology E 3 0 0 3 Guest Faculty

Unit 1: Indian mineral deposits and mineral economics

Occurrence and distribution in India of metalliferous deposits — base metals, iron, manganese, aluminium, chromium, nickel, gold, silver, molybdenum. Indian deposits of non-metals — mica, asbestos, barytes, gypsum, graphite, apatite and beryl. Gemstones, refractory minerals, abrasives and minerals used in glass, fertilizer, paint, ceramic and cement industries. Building stones. Phosphorite deposits. Placer deposits, rare earth minerals.

Strategic, critical and essential minerals. India’s status in mineral production. Changing patterns of mineral consumption. National Mineral Policy. Mineral Concession Rules. Marine mineral resources and Law of Sea.

Unit 2: Ore genesis

Ore deposits and ore minerals. Magmatic processes of mineralisation. Porphyry, skarn and hydrothermal mineralisation. Fluid inclusion studies. Mineralisation associated with — (i) ultramafic, mafic and acidic rocks, (ii) greenstone belts, (iii) komatiites, anorthosites and kimberlites and (iv) submarine volcanism. Magma-related mineralisation through geological time. Stratiform and stratabound ores. Ores and metamorphism — cause and effect relations.

Unit 3: Mineralogy and geochemistry of radioactive minerals

Origin and Mineralogy and geochemistry of radioactive minerals. Instrumental techniques of detection and measurement of radioactivity. Radioactive methods for prospecting and assaying of mineral deposits. Distribution of radioactive minerals in India. Radioactive methods in

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petroleum exploration — well logging techniques. Nuclear waste disposal — geological constraints.

Unit 4: Coal Geology

Definition, origin of coal. Stratigraphy of coal measures. Fundamentals of coal petrology, peat, lignite, bituminous and anthracite coal. Microscopic constituents of coal. Industrial application of coal petrology. Indian coal deposits. Diagenesis of organic materials.

Unit 5: Petroleum Geology

Origin, migration and entrapment of natural hydorcarbons. Characters of source and reservoir rocks. Structural, stratigraphic and mixed traps. Techniques of exploration. Geographical and geological distributions of onshore and offshore petroliferous basins of India.

Selected Text Books and Reference Books :

1. Krishnaswamy, S. (1979) India’s Mineral Resources. Oxford-IBH Publishers, New Delhi. 2. Bateman, A. M. and Jensen, M. L. (1981) Economic Mineral Deposits. John Wiley & Sons, New York. 3. Gokhale, K. V. G. K. and Rao, T. G. (1972) Ore Deposits of India. Thomson Press, Ltd., New Delhi. 4. Stanton, R. L. (1972) Ore Petrology. McGraw Hill Book Co., New York. 5. Sinha, R. K. and Sharma, N. L. (1981) Mineral Economics. Oxford-IBH Publishers, New Delhi. 6. Banerjee, P. K. and Ghosh, S. (1997) Elements of Prospecting for Non-Fuel Mineral Deposits. Allied Publishers Ltd., New Delhi. 7. Chatterjee, K. K. (1993) An Introduction to Mineral Economics. Wiley Eastern Ltd., New Delhi. 8. Evans, A. M. (1997) An Introduction to Economic Geology and Its Environmental Impact. Blackwell Science Ltd., London.

UOM S 003 Soft Skill-3 S 2 0 0 2 University of Madras UOM I 001 Internship I 0 0 2 2 Industries / Organizations

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IV – SEMESTER

EAS C 312 Applied Geochemistry C 4 0 0 4 Dr. M. Jayaprakash

Objective : To understand the basic principles of Geochemistry and their applications in prospecting for mineral, water, oil and natural gas resources.

Unit 1 : Origins:Big Bang, properties of nuclei, and the synthesis of the elements-Meteorites and the origin of the solar system - Nature, age and composition of the Sun.

Unit 2 : Classifications: Goldschmidt’s classification – Geochemical tracers – Cosmic abundance of elements – Patterns of geochemical distribution – Normal background value – Geochemical anomaly – Primary geochemical differentiation of the Earth.

Unit 3 : Geochemical cycles:Origin of the oceans and atmosphere -Chemical weathering, major element cycles, and biogeochemical cycles on the modern Earth

Unit 4 : Isotope geochemistry: Radioactive decay schemes and their application to Geochronology and petrogeneis – Stable and short lived isotopes and their application to earth system processes.

Unit 5 :Environmental Geochemistry:Major events in atmospheric history (rise of atmospheric O2, regulation of the atmospheric CO 2 concentration - Linked changes of climate and the biosphere - The global carbon cycle - Marine Sediments: a record of environmental global history.

Selected Textbooks and Reference Books :

1. Mason, B. and Moore, B. (1982) Principles of Geochemistry . John Wiley & Sons, New York.

2. Hawkes, H.A. and Webb, J.S. (1962) Geochemistry in Mineral Exploration . Harper & Row, New York.

3. Levinson, H.A. (1976) Introduction to Exploration Geochemistry .

4. Ginzburg, I.I. and Sokoloff, V.P. (1960) Principles of Geochemical Prospecting .

5. Krauskopf, K.B. (1967) Introduction to Geochemistry . McGraw-Hill Publishers, New York. Page 23 of 43

6. Fairbridge, R.W. (1972) Encyclopedia of Geochemistry and Environmental Science . John Wiley.

EAS C 313 Engineering and Mining Geology C 4 0 0 4 Dr. N. Rajeshwara Rao

Objective : To train the students in geotechnical investigations and make them understand the various mining methods adopted in addition to estimation of ore reserves.

Unit 1 : Engineering geology: Engineering properties of rocks, soft sediments and soils – Geological investigations pertaining to bridges, buildings, dams, highways and airfields – Types of reservoirs – Geological investigations of reservoir sites.

Unit 2 : Problems pertaining to tunneling in hard and soft grounds – Geological investigations preceding tunneling – Geological investigations pertaining to harbors, docks, coastal erosion – Shoreline engineering – Construction of retaining walls – Problems and solutions.

Unit 3 : Mining geology: Terminology used in metal mines – Terminology used in coal mines – Prospecting and exploration – Alluvial mining methods – Quarrying – Opencast mining – Mine supports – Mine atmosphere.

Unit 4 : Methods of underground metal mining: Without artificial supports – With artificial supports – Cut and fill methods – Shrinkage stoping – Caving methods.

Unit 5 : Coal mining: Longwall advancing – Longwall retreating – Board and Pillar method – Horizon mining.

Selected Text Books and Reference Books :

1. Krynine, D.P. and Judd, W.R. (1957) Principles of Engineering and Geotechniques . McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York.

2. Legget, H.F. (1962) Geology and Engineering . McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York.

3. Blyth, F.G.H. (1963) A Geology for Engineers . 4 th Edition. The ELBS & Edward Arnold (Publishers) Ltd., London.

4. Legget, H.F. and Hatheway, A.W. (1988) Geology and Engineering . 3 rd Edition. McGraw- Hill Book Co., New York.

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5. Zaruba, Q. and Menci, V. (1976) Engineering Geology . Elsevier Scientific Publishing Co., Amsterdam.

6. Arogyaswamy, R.N.P. (1980) Courses in Mining Geology . 2 nd Edition. Oxford and & IBH Publishing Co., New Delhi.

7. Arogyaswamy, R.N.P. (1996) Courses in Mining Geology . 4 th Edition. Oxford and & IBH Publishing Co., New Delhi.

8. Peters, W.C. (1978) Exploration and Mining Geology . 2 nd Edition. John Wiley & Sons, New York.

9. McKinstry, H.E. (1960) Mining Geology . Asia Publishing House.

10. Young, C.J. (1940) Elements of Mining . McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York.

11. Banerjee, P.K. and Ghosh, S. (1997) Elements of Prospecting for Non-Fuel Mineral Deposits . Allied Publishers Ltd., New Delhi.

Engineering Geology, Mining C 0 2 2 4 Dr. N. Rajeshwara Rao EAS C 314 Geology and Geochemistry Dr. M. Jayaprakash and Practical Guest faculty

Engineering Geology : Determination of specific gravity, porosity, void ratio, moisture content, degree of saturation, Atterberg limits, and unit weights. Granulometric curves – Uniformity co- efficient – Dry and wet density curves – Mohr’s stress circle – Ultimate and safe bearing capacity of cohesive and non-cohesive soils.

Mining Geology : Assaying – Determination of average grade – Determination of average width – Uniform sampling – Variable sampling – Influence of interval. Drilling: Core and sludge recovery – Estimation of ore reserves – Determination of coal pillar size – Determination of ideal shaft location.

Geochemistry : Analysis of rocks/minerals/ores – Analysis of water – Elemental analysis – Flame photometry – Spectrophotometry –Analysis of trace elements using AAS – ICPMS – radioactive dating methods

EAS C 315 Geological Field Tour C 0 0 2 2 All Faculty

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Objective: To have a field knowledge on mining. To acquire knowledge on research.

Field Tour: Visit to one opencast mine and one underground mine. Visit to atleast two institutes where the students can acquire knowledge on research.

EAS C 316 Dissertation C 0 0 4 4 All Faculty

EAS E 307 Oceanography E 3 0 0 3 Dr. M. Jayaprakash

Objective : To provide students the basic as well as applied aspects of Oceanography including the linkages between geology and ocean science and technology.

Unit 1: Concept of Oceonography:Origin of continents – Ocean basin-Islands – Trenches – Lagoons -Reefs and geosynclines - Continental shelves, slope, Margin, abyssal: their structure and topography-Geological time scale - Historical development of marine geology, global tectonics and sea floor spreading-Ocean floor morphology -Submarine canyons - Submarine volcanism – Near shore geological processes – Sea level changes with special mention to Quaternary.

Unit 2: Contemporary processes in the coastal zone: Sedimentation – origin - Physical properties of sediments - Classification of marine sediments: Lithogenous, biogenous, chemogenous and cosmogenous -Distribution and transport of sediment – Determination of age of sediments - Sedimentary environments and their classification - Geological samplers: Grabs, snappers, corers, box corer, boomerangs, submersibles, vibrocorer and rock drills.

Unit 3: Physical oceanography: Temperature-salinity diagrams – Mixing processes in oceans – Important water masses – Waves and their characteristics – Principles of wave forecasting – Tides and their causes – Prediction of tides by the Harmonic method – Tidal currents in shallow seas, estuaries and rivers – Effects of stratification – Effect of bottom friction – Littoral currents – Movement of beach material – Rip currents – Beach stability – Ocean beach nourishment – Estuaries, their classification and nomenclature – Estuarine circulation and mixing – Sedimentation in estuaries – Salinity intrusion in estuaries – Effect of stratification – Coastal pollution.

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dioxide-carbonate system – Alkalinity and control of pH – Abiotic and biotic controls of trace elements in the oceans – Biological pump and controls on atmospheric composition – Biogeochemical processes in aerobic and anerobic environments – Water column denitrification and emission of greenhouse gases. Unit 5: Biological Oceanography: Classification of the marine environments and marine organisms – Physio-chemical factors affecting marine life: Light, temperature, salinity, pressure, nutrients, dissolved gases, adaptation and biological processes – Primary and secondary productivity – Factors controlling phyto- and zooplankton abundance and diversity – Nekton and fisheries oceanography – Benthic organisms – Coastal marine communities and community ecology – Estuaries, coral reefs and mangrove communities – Ocean acidification – Deep sea ecology, including hydrothermal vent communities – Human impacts on marine communities – Impacts of climate change on marine biodiversity – Impact of pollution on marine environments, including fisheries.

Selected text Books and Reference Books :

1. Strahler, A.N. and Strahler, A.H. (1987) Modern Physical Geography . 3 rd Edition. John Wiley & Sons, New York. 2. Strahler, A.N. (1974) Physical Geography . 4 th Edition.John Wiley & Sons, New York. 3. Duff, D. (1993) Holmes ’ Principles ofPhysical Geology . 4 th Edition. Chapman & Hall, London. 4. Kennett, J.P. (1982) Marine Geology . Prentice Hall, London. 5. Seibold, E. and Berger, W.H. (1982) The Sea Floor . Springer-Verlag, Berlin. 6. Pipkin, B.W., Gorsline, D.S., Cassey, R.E. and Hammond, D.E. (1972) Laboratory Exercises in Oceanography . W.H.Freeman & Co., New York.

UOM S 004 Soft Skill-4 S 2 0 0 2 University of Madras

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ELECTIVES OFFERED TO OTHER DEPARMENT STUDENTS

EAS E 308 Remote Sensing and GIS E 3 0 0 3 Dr. R.R. Krishnamurthy

Objective : To provide an exposure to Remote Sensing and GIS technology tools with particular reference to geological applications.

Unit 1 : Aerial photography: Introduction – Vertical and oblique photographs – Aerial photographic procedures – Camera and flight requirement – Flight planning – Filters – Compensation – Stereoscopy – Photomosaics. Photographical studies – Photo recognition elements and keys – Interpretation of lithology, structures and landforms from aerial photographs.

Unit 2 : Fundamentals of remote sensing: History of remote sensing technology – Remote sensing system – Electromagnetic radiation – Spectral properties of terrestrial objects – Analysis of spectral reflectance curves. Types of satellites and sensors: Image acquisition – Multi-spectral scanners – Remote sensing resolution – Introduction to thermal remote sensing – Introduction to microwave remote sensing.

Unit 4 : Applications of remote sensing: Visual interpretation – Different sensors – Data and image interpretation key elements – preparation of thematic maps.

Unit 5 : Fundamentals and application of GIS: Concept of GIS – GIS types – Data storage – Retrieval and analysis. GIS database organization and development – Combined use of remote sensing and GIS - Preparation of spatial decision support system (SDSS) - Introduction to GPS technology

Selected Text Books and Reference Books :

1. Asrar, G. (1989) Theory and Applications of Optical Remote Sensing . John Wiley & Sons, New York.

2. Curran, P.J. (1984) Principles of Remote Sensing . Longman Group Ltd.

3. Lillesand, T.M., Kiefer, R.W. and Chipman, J.W. (2007) Remote Sensing and Image Interpretation. Wiley India, 763.

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4. Paul R. Wolf. (1986) Elements of Photogrammetry , McGraw-Hill Book company. 628.

5. Victor C. Miller and Calvin F. Miller (1961) Photogeology , McGraw-Hill Book company, 248.

6. Sabins, F.F. (1998) Remote Sensing Principles and Interpretation . W.H.Freeman & Co.

7. Agarwal, C.S. and P.K. Garg (2000) Textbook on Remote Sensing In natural resources monitopring and management, Wheeler Publishing, 196.

8. Chandra, A.M. and Ghosh, S.K. (2009) Remote Sensing and Geographical Information system , Narosa Publishing House, 298.

9. Burrough, P.A. and McDonnell, R.A. (1998) Principles of Geographical Information Systems , Oxford University Press.

EAS E 309 Climatology C 3 0 0 3 Dr. S.G.D. Sridhar

Objective : To provide knowledge on atmosphere and its relation to Geology and climate.

Unit 1: Climate and the Atmosphere: Scope – Nature and origin – Composition – Vertical thermal structure. Energy and Temperature: Solar source – Radiation and Head Budgets – Variability of Insolation – Sunshine and Insolation – Air temperature – Horizontal distribution of temperature – Vertical distribution of temperature. Climatic classification: Koeppen’s classification – Climatic regions – Time scales.

Unit 2 : Climates dominated by Equatorial and Tropical air masses: Rainy tropics – Monsoon tropics – Wet and Dry tropics – Tropical Arid and Semiarid climates. Climates dominated by Tropical and Polar Air Masses: Dry Summer ubtropics – Humid subtropics – Marine climate – Mid-latitude Arid and Semiarid climates – Humid Continental Warm Summer climate – Humid Continental Cool Summer climate.

Unit 3 : Climates dominated by Polar and Arctic Air Masses, Highland and Ocean Climates: Taiga climate – Tundra climate – Polar climate – Highland climates – Ocean climates. Climatic change: Proxy evidence and Geochronology – Climate during recorded history – Climate trends since the advent of instruments – Climatic cycles – Theories of climatic change – Forecasting climate. Climate and Water Resources: The global hydrologic system – The water budget at the Earth’s surface – Evapotranspiration – Soil moisture and groundwater – Runoff and floods – Climatic

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causes of floods – Climatic causes of floods – Runoff forcasting – Snow surveying – Water resources management.

Unit 4 : Climate and the Biosphere: Climatic factors in plant growth – World patterns of vegetation – Vertical differentiation of vegetation – Climate and forestry – Forest-fire weather – Climate as a factor in soil formation – Spatial patterns of soils – Climate and soil erosion – Marine life – Effects of winds and currents on fisheries.

Unit 5 : Climate and Housing: Climatic aspects of site – Climate conditioning – Building orientation – Climate conditioning through design – Airconditioning – Heating – Cooling. Modification of Weather and Climate: Modifying climate – City climates – Inadvertent modification of Macroclimates – Planned modification – Cloud modification – Modification of storms – Fog dispersal – Implications of Weather and Climate modification.

Selected Text Books and Reference Books :

1. Montgomery, C.W. (1989) Environmental Geology . Brown Publishers, Dubuque, Iowa, USA.

2. Strahler, A.N. and Strahler, A.H. (1973) Environmental Geoscience – Interaction between Natural Systems and Man . Hamilton Publishing Co., Santa Barbara, California.

3. Kudesia, V.P. (1980) Water Pollution . Pragathi Prakasam, Meerut.

4. Kothandaraman, H. (1997) Principles of Environmental Chemistry . BI Publications Pvt. Ltd., Chennai.

5. Black, W. (1972) Atmospheric Pollution . McGraw-Hill Co., New York.

6. Trivedy, R.K. and Goel, P.K. (1986) Chemical and Biological Methods for Pollution Studies. Environmental Publications, Karad, Maharashtra.

7. Fairbridge, R.W. (1972) Encyclopedia of Geochemistry and Environmental Science . John Wiley.

8. Datta, M. and Singh, N.P. et al . (Eds.) (2008) Climate Change and Food Security . New Delhi Publishing Agency.

9. Shyam, S., Verma, H.N. and Bhargava, S.K. (2006) Air Pollution and its Impacts on Plant Growth . New Delhi Publishing Agency.

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EAS E 310 Environmental Geology E 3 0 0 3 Dr. N. Rajeshwara Rao

Objective : To provide knowledge on various types of environment, their contamination and remedial measures to be taken as an individual and a group.

Unit 1 : Concept of environment – Environmental monitoring – Water as a resource – Types of aquifer – Problems associated with over withdrawal of ground water – Effects of urbanization and industrialization on ground water resources.

Unit 2 : Water pollution – Point and non-point pollution sources – Ground water pollution – Soil as a resource – Soil formation – Soil components – Soil profiles and horizons – Impact of urbanization on soil erosion – Soil pollution – Health effects – Remediation measures. Air pollution – Natural and anthropogenic sources of air pollution – Primary and secondary air pollutants – Anthropogenic activities and air pollution – Indoor air quality – Biological sources of indoor pollution – Health effects – Air quality standards – Case histories – Air quality monitoring – Acid rain – Adverse effects of acid rain – Health effects – Mitigation measures – Roles and responsibilities.

Unit 5 : Medical geology – Problems associated with fluoride, arsenic, asbestos, mercury, chromium, cadmium, zinc, copper and lead contamination – Alternate energy resources – Climate change.

Selected Text Books and Reference Books :

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4. Black, W. (1972) Atmospheric Pollution . McGraw-Hill Co., New York. 5. Trivedy, R.K. and Goel, P.K. (1986) Chemical and Biological Methods for Pollution Studies. Environmental Publications, Karad, Maharashtra. 6. Fairbridge, R.W. (1972) Encyclopedia of Geochemistry and Environmental Science . John Wiley. 7. Keller, Edward A. (1996) Environmental Geology . New Jersey: Prentice-Hall. 8. Murck, Barbara W., Skinner, B.J. and Porter, S.C. (1999) Environmental Geology . New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc.

EAS E 311 Geological Oceanography E 3 0 0 3 Dr. M. Jayaprakash

Objective : To provide students the basic as well as applied aspects of Oceanography including the linkages between applied geology and ocean science and technology.

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Unit 4: Chemical oceanography: Composition of sea water – Classification of elements based on their distribution – Major and minor constituents – Behavior of elements – Chemical exchanges across interfaces and residence times in sea water – Chemical and biological interactions – Ionic interactions – Cycling and ocean-atmosphere of important biogenic dissolved gases – Carbon dioxide-carbonate system – Alkalinity and control of pH – Abiotic and biotic controls of trace elements in the oceans – Biological pump and controls on atmospheric composition – Biogeochemical processes in aerobic and anerobic environments – Water column denitrification and emission of greenhouse gases.

Unit 5 : Biological Oceanography: Classification of the marine environments and marine organisms – Physio-chemical factors affecting marine life: Light, temperature, salinity, pressure, nutrients, dissolved gases, adaptation and biological processes – Primary and secondary productivity – Factors controlling phyto- and zooplankton abundance and diversity – Nekton and fisheries oceanography – Benthic organisms – Coastal marine communities and community ecology – Estuaries, coral reefs and mangrove communities – Ocean acidification – Deep sea ecology, including hydrothermal vent communities – Human impacts on marine communities – Impacts of climate change on marine biodiversity – Impact of pollution on marine environments, including fisheries.

Selected text Books and Reference Books :

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