Ecological Status and Management of Dr. Salim Ali Bird Sanctuary and Estuarine Areas of Chorao Island: a Desk Review CMPA Technical Report Series No
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1 Ecological Status and Management of Dr. Salim Ali Bird Sanctuary and Estuarine Areas of Chorao Island: A Desk Review CMPA Technical Report Series No. 03 Ecological Status and Management of Dr. Salim Ali Bird Sanctuary and Estuarine Areas of Chorao Island: A Desk Review Authors Dr. Fraddry D’Souza, Asha Giriyan, Kavita Patil Published by Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH Indo-German Biodiversity Programme (IGBP), GIZ-India, A-2/18, Safdarjung Enclave, New Delhi - 110029, India E-mail: [email protected] Web: www.giz.de March 2015 Responsible Dr. Konrad Uebelhör, Director, GIZ Photo Credit Dr. Aaron Savio Lobo, Adviser, CMPA Design and layout Commons Collective, Bangalore [email protected] Disclaimer The views expressed in this document are solely those of the authors and may not in any circumstances be regarded as stating an official position of the Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change (MoEFCC), Government of India, nor the German Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation, Building and Nuclear Safety (BMUB) or the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH. The designation of geographical entities and presentation of material in this document do not imply the expression or opinion whatsoever on the part of MoEFCC, BMUB, or GIZ concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Reference herein to any specific organization, consulting firm, service provider or process followed does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation or favouring by MoEFCC, BMUB or GIZ. Citation D’Souza Fraddry, A. Giriyan, and K Patil. 2015. Ecological Status and Management of Dr. Salim Ali Bird Sanctuary and Estuarine Areas of Chorao Island: A Desk Review. CMPA Technical Series No. 03. Indo-German Biodiversity Programme, GIZ- India. New Delhi. Ecological Status and Management of Dr. Salim Ali Bird Sanctuary and Estuarine Areas of Chorao Island: A Desk Review Fraddry D’Souza, Asha Giriyan, Kavita Patil (The Energy and Resources Institute - TERI) March 2015 CMPA Technical Report Series 03 Indo-German Biodiversity Programme Conservation and Sustainable Management of Coastal and Marine Protected Areas Ecological Status and Management of Dr. Salim Ali Bird Sanctuary and Estuarine Areas of Chorao Island: A Desk Review P a g e s P LIST OF ACRONYMS vii Chapters EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ix INTRODUCTION 01 Mangrove Ecosystem and its Ecological and Economic Importance ....................................... 02 1 Khazan Ecosystem and its Ecological and Economic Importance ............................................ 04 ECOLOGICAL STATUS OF MANGROVE ECOSYSTEM OF CHORAO ISLAND 07 Distribution of Mangroves ....................................................................................................... 07 Physico-chemical and Geochemical Characteristics ................................................................ 08 2 iii Biodiversity of Mangrove Ecosystems ..................................................................................... 10 Mangroves and Associated Species ......................................................................................... 12 Succession of Species in Mangrove Establishment .................................................................. 12 Algae and Seaweeds ................................................................................................................ 13 Seagrass ................................................................................................................................... 14 Microorganisms ....................................................................................................................... 14 Zooplankton ............................................................................................................................. 15 Benthic Meiofauna .................................................................................................................. 15 Benthic Macrofauna ................................................................................................................ 16 Fishes ....................................................................................................................................... 18 Reptiles and Amphibians ......................................................................................................... 19 Mammals ................................................................................................................................. 19 Birds ......................................................................................................................................... 19 Status of Chorao Island Vertebrate Species ............................................................................. 19 MANAGEMENT OF MANGROVE FOREST 22 Legislation, Policies and Regulation for Mangroves ................................................................ 22 3 Mangrove Forest Management at Chorao ............................................................................... 23 Strategies Practiced for Management of Mangroves at Chorao (2013 - 24) ........................... 24 Ecological Status and Management of Dr. Salim Ali Bird Sanctuary and Estuarine Areas of Chorao Island: A Desk Review MANAGEMENT OF KHAZAN LANDS 28 Indigenous Practices of Managing Khazan Ecosystems ........................................................... 30 4 Role of Religious Culture ........................................................................................................... 31 Current State of the Natural Environment ............................................................................... 31 THREATS AND GAPS IN MANAGEMENT OF MANGROVES AND KHAZANS 33 Mangroves – Man-made Hazards ............................................................................................ 33 5 Natural Threats for Mangroves ................................................................................................ 34 Factors Affecting Khazan Ecosystems ................................... .................................................. 34 Ecological Factors ..................................................................................................................... 34 Socio-Economic Factors .............. ............................................................................................ 34 iv Institutional Factors ................................................................................................................. 35 Gaps in Management of Mangroves and Khazans .................................................................. 37 PARTICIPATORY MANAGEMENT OF MANGROVES AND KHAZAN ECOSYSTEM 38 Approach for Participatory Management ................................................................................ 40 6 Diagnosis of Ecosystem ............................................................................................................ 40 Mapping of Stakeholders and Policy Frameworks ................................................................... 40 Development of a Database .................................................................................................... 42 Establishment of Institutions and Community Participation ................................................... 42 BIBLIOGRAPHY 44 LIST OF ANNEXURES Annexure 1 Macrofauna Species Reported by Gaonkar et al, 2013 (Mandovi Estuary) ... 47 Annexure 2 Macrofauna Species Reported by Parulekar et al, 1980 ................................ 49 Annexure 3 List of Resident Bird Species that are Found in Chorao Island ....................... 51 Annexure 4 List of Migratory Bird Species that are Found in Chorao Island ..................... 53 Annexure 5 List of Vertebrate Species of Chorao Island and Their Global Status ............. 55 Ecological Status and Management of Dr. Salim Ali Bird Sanctuary and Estuarine Areas of Chorao Island: A Desk Review LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1 Map of Chorao Island Showing Dr. Salim Ali Bird Sanctuary .......................... 02 Figure 2 Map Showing Habitat of Different Estuarine Ecosystem of Chorao Island .... 03 Figure 3 Components of The Khazan Ecosystem and their Interactions ...................... 04 Figure 4 Temporal Changes in Mangrove Distribution at Chorao (1973 – 2011).......... 08 Figure 5 Mangrove Species Distribution in Chorao Island ........................................... 13 Figure 6 Profile of Distribution of Mangrove Species along Mandovi Estuary of Goa 14 Figure 7 Marsh Crocodile Corcodylus Palustris in Chorao Island ................................. 20 Figure 8 Zonation Map of Dr. Salim Ali Bird Sanctuary, Chorao Island......................... 25 Figure 9 Dynamics of Khazan Ecosystem Management ............................................... 29 Figure 10 Flow Diagram of Factors Responsible for Khazan Ecosystem Degradation .... 36 Figure 11 Basic Principles for Planning Community-Based Participatory v Resource Management .................................................................................. 39 Figure 12 Participatory Process Flow Diagram for Estuarine Ecosystem of Chorao Island ................................................................................................. 41 LIST OF TABLES Table 1 Different Ecosystem Services Provided by Khazans ....................................... 06 Table 2 Physical and