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CENSUS OF 1991

SERIES 6

GOA DISTRICT CENSUS HAND BOOK

PART XII-A AND XII-B

VILLAGE AND TOWN DIRECTORY

AND

VILLAGE AND TOWNWISE PRIMARY CENSUS ABSTRACT

NORTH DISTRICT

S. RAJENDRAN

DIRECTOR OF CENSUS OPERATIONS,

GOA 1991 CENSUS PUBLICATIONS OF GOA ( All the Census Publications of this State will bear Series No.6)

Central Government Publications

Part Administration Report. Part I-A Administration Report-Enumeration. (For Official use only). Part I-B Administration Report-Tabulation.

Part II General Population Tables Part II-A General Population Tables-A- Series. Part II-B Primary Census Abstract.

Part III General Economic Tables Part III-A B-Series tables '(B-1 to B-5, B-l0, B-II, B-13 to B -18 and B-20) Part III-B B-Series tables (B-2, B-3, B-6 to B-9, B-12 to B·24)

Part IV Social and Cultural Tables Part IV-A C-Series tables (Tables C-'l to C--6, C-8) Part IV -B C.-Series tables (Table C-7, C-9, C-lO)

Part V Migration Tables Part V-A D-Series tables (Tables D-l to D-ll, D-13, D-15 to D- 17) Part V-B D- Series tables (D - 12, D - 14) Part VI Fertility Tables F-Series tables (F-l to F-18) Part VII Tables on Houses and Household Amenities H-Series tables (H-I to H-6) Part VIII Special Tables on Scheduled Castes and Scheduled SC and ST series tables Tribes (SC-I to SC -14, ST -I to ST - 17) Part IX Town Directory, Survey report on towns and Vil­ Part IX-A Town Directory lages Part IX-B Survey Report on selected towns Part IX-C Survey Report on selected villages Part X Ethnographic notes and special studies on Sched­ uled Castes and Scheduled Tribes

Part XI Census Atlas

Publications of the Part XII District Census Handbook- one volume for each Part XII-A Village and Town Directory district Part XII-B Village and Town-wise Primary Census Abstract GOA

A ADMINISTRATIVE DIVISIONS' 1991 ~.

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MYANMAR (BURMA)

.. BAY OF BENGAL

ARABIAN SEA

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r <;' Pondlcherry .. PONDICHERRY .,. ,', \ .. .. Kawarattll. -:. s., ~ .. ~ 0 The odmlnlstrallv. he\dquorten of Chondl9arh, .. .. HGryana and Pun lab are at Ct\an4tqarh. ".\. , • I, .. <>, .. .. P - PONOICHERRY • _Q\...

N ID A o c I E A N n' .. ' .. '

...... 'i of ~ hIIp with lhe penl'llui9!l of Ihl SI,IMyor GOI1eriiOf Indill. The boundlry of Megh,tayl' shown 011 this rr.p IS as lnwpreted frOITl th.Norlh·Eul~,". Areas (Reorg.nisSliOfl) Act 1911, but has vet \2 be ~ .. r:!ied ...... 01 todlt IXteod into In. .lea 10 .. di,lencl 0' IWllv8 nautical miles ...... , ",_lppfOPfillebaN line. CONTENTS

Pages

FOREWORD ,...... ,...... ,...... ,...... ,...... ,...... iii - iv

PREFACE v - vi

IMPORTANT STATISTICS ,...... ,...... ,...... IX - X

ANALYTICAL NOTE : ...... ,...... ,...... ,...... ,...... ,......

I. Census concepts and definitions ' ...... ,...... ,...... ,...... ,...... I - 5

2. Brief history of ...... 6

3. Brief history and scope of the District Census Handbook ... ' ...... ,...... 7 - 8

4. Brief History of Census in Goa ...... ,...... ,...... ' ...... ,...... ,...... 9

5. Location and physiography ...... ,...... 10

6. Jurisdictional changes during the decade 1981-91 ...... II

7. Number of villages and towns in Goa ...... II

8. Natural and economic resources .... ,...... ,...... ,...... ,...... ,...... ,.. . 12 - 21

9. Major social and cultural events, etc. during the decade 1981-91 ...... 22 - 23

10. Places of religious, historical and archaelogical importance in the villages and places of tourist interest in towns ... 24 - 25

II. Brief analysis of data based on inset tables ...... 26 - 41

PART A: VILLAGE AND TOWN DIRECTORY

Section I - Village Directory

1. Abbreviations used in the Village Directory ...... 47 Land use concepts and definitions ...... ,...... ,...... 47 Fly-leaf ...... ,...... 48

2. C. D. Block Alphabetical list of villages ...... ,...... ,...... ,...... 49 Village Directory ... ,...... ,...... ,...... ,...... 50 - 51

3. C. D. Block Bardez Alphabetical list of villages ...... ' ...... ,...... 53 Village Directory ...... ,...... ,...... 54 - 55

4. C. D. Block Alphabetical list of villages ...... ,...... ,., ...... 57 Village Directory ...... ,...... ,... ,...... 58 - 59

5. C. D. Block Bicholim Alphabetical list of villages ...... ,...... ,...... ,...... ,. 61 Village Directory ...... ,...... 62 - 63

6. C. D. Block Satari Alphabetical list of villages ...... ,...... 65 - 66 Village Directory ...... ,...... 68 - 71

7. C. D. Block Panda Alphabetical list of villages ...... ,...... ' ...... 73 Village Directory ...... ,...... ,...... ' ...... 7475

8. Appendix I C. D. Blockwise abstract of educational, medical and other amenities ...... 76 - 79 (ii)

Pages 9. Appendix II Land utilization data in respect of non-municipal towns (census towns) ...... 80 10. Appendix III C. D. Blockwise list of villages where no amenity other than drinking water is available 81 I I. Appendix IV C. D. Blockwise list of villages according to the proportion of Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes to the total population by ranges ...... 82 - 84

Section II - Town Directory

I. Abbreviations used in the Town Directory ...... 87

Town Directory statement I-VI and IV A

2. Statement I Status and Growth History ...... 88 - 89

3. Statement II Physical aspects and location of towns, 1989 ...... 90·91

4. Statement III Municipal Finance, I 988-89 ...... 92 - 93

5. Statement IV Civic and Other Amenities, 1989 ...... 94 - 95

.6. Statement IV A Civic and Other Amenities in notified slums, 1989 ...... 96 - 97

7. Statement V Medical, Educational, Recreational and Cultural facjlities, 1989 ...... 98 - 99

8. Statement VI Trade, Commerce, Industry and Banking 1989 ...... 100 - 101

9. Appendix Towns showing their outgrowths with Population, 1991...... 102

PART B : PRIMARY CENSUS ABSTRACT

I. Fly-leaf 105

2. State Primary Census Abstract ...... 107 - 112

3. District Primary Census ~bstrGct ...... 113 - 125

4. Villageffown Primary Census Absttiict ...... 127 - 167

5. Appendix I Details of talukas covered under C. D. Blocks ...... 169

6. Appendix 2 Taluka Primary Census Abstract ...... :. 170 - 173

7. Appendix 3 Total SC & ST Population urban Blockwise ...... 174-178

8. Primary Census Abstract for Scheduled Castes ...... 179 - 190

9. Primary Census Abstract for Scheduled Tribes ...... 191 - 202

LIST OF MAPS

I. Position of Goa in India .. ~...... Frontispiece 2. Administrative Divisions of Goa., I 991 ...... Facing Page 3. District North Goa ...... 46 4. Taluka Tiswadi 49 5. Taluka Bardez 53 6. Taluka Pemem 57 7. Taluka Bicholim 61 8. Tauka Satari 65 9. Taluka Panda 73

Annexure Boundaries of wardJEnumeration Blocks in Urban areas ...... ,...... 203 - 221 FOREWORD

Publication of the District Census Handbooks(DCHs) was initiated after the 1951 Census and is continuing since then with some innovations Imodifications after each decennial Census. This is the most valuable district level publication brought out by the Census Organisation on hehalf of each State Govt.l administration. It inter-alia provides data/information on some of the basic demographic and socio-economic characteristics and on the availability of certain important civic amenities/faeilities in each village and Town of the respective districts. This publication has thus proved to br: of immense utility to the planners, administrators, academicians and researchers.

The scope of the DCH was initially confined to certain important Census tables on population, econom;c and socio-cultural aspects as also the Primary Census Abstract (PCA) of each Village and Town (ward-wise) of the district. The DCHs published after the 1961 Census contained a descriptive account of the district, administrative statistics, Census tables and Village and Town Directories including PCA. After the 1971 Census, two parts of the District Census Handbooks (Part-A comprising Village and Town Directories and Part-B comprising Village and Town peA) were released in all the States and Union Territories. The Third Part (e) of the District Census Handbooks comprising administrative statistics and district Census tables, which was also to be brought out,. could not be published in many States IUTs due to considerable delay in compilation of relevant material. In 1981, some new features alongwith the restructuring of the format of Village and Town Directory were introduced in the DeHs. These were published in two parts for each district after the 1981 Census. While Part-A comprised Village and Town Directories, the PCA of Villages and Towns (ward-wise) including Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe PCA upto tehsilltown level were provided in part -B. To illustrate, all the amenities except electricity, were brought together in the Village Directory and if an amenity was not available in the referrent Village, the distance in broad ranges from the nearest place having such amenity was given. Irfformation on some new items such as adult literacy centres, primary health sub-centres and community health workers in the Village were provided so as to meet some of the requirements of the Revised Minimum Needs Programme. Similarly, information on approach to the Village was also provided for the first time in the Village Directory so as to give an idea about the number of inaccessible Villages in each district. In case of Town Directories also, keeping in view the requirements of the Minimum Needs Programme, a Statement IV-A on slums was . provided so as to enable the planners to chalk out the programmes for providing better civic and other amenities in the slums. In this statement details on civic and other amenities were reported for the slums of class I and Class II towns. Apart from this, one column on the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes . population and another on adult literacy classes!centres were added in Statements IV and V respectively.

The manner of presentation of the DCHs for the 1991 Census is by and large the same as followed in 1981. However, the format of PCA has been restructured slightly in the 1991 Census for the benefit of data users. Nine-fold industrial classification of main workers has been given as against four-fold industrial classification presented in the 1981 Census. In addition to this, the sex-wise population in the 0-6 age-group has also been included in peA for the first time with a view to enabling data use;s to compute more realistic literacy rate as all children below 7 years of age have been treated as illiterate at the time of the 1991 Census. It is expected that the above mentioned modifications will help the planners in chalking out more effective developmental programmes. (iv) One of the most important innovations in the 1991 Census is the Community Development Block-level presentation of data in the Village Directory and PCA instead of the traditional TahsillJalukaiPS level presentation. It is expected that the presentation of Village Directory and PCA data at C. D. Block level will help the planners in formulation of micro-level developmfntaL ;llans, as the C. D. Block is the lowest administratitJe unit for developmental planning.

In order to facilitate the task of administrators, planners and researchers intending to use Village Directory /PCA data, either from the magnetic tapes/floppies or from the published records, both the computer and manual codes for each village have been provided for the 1991 Census alongwith the corresponding codes of 1981.

This publication is a joint venture of the State Govt. and the Census Organisation. The data have been collected and compiled under the direction of Shr; S. Rajendran, Director of Census Operations,- Goa on hehalf of the State Govt. which has borne the cost of printing. The task of planning, designing and coordination of the publication was initiated by Dr. K. P. Ittaman, former Deputy Registrar General (Social Studies) and Shri M. M. Dua, Joint Director. For the sake of uniformity in presentation of information/data and for preparation of analytical note depicting the salient features emaging from a Micro-level analysis of Census/ non Census data, a model District Census Handbook from each State Union Territory was thoroughly scrutinised in the Social Studies Division under the guidance of Shri M. K. Jain, the present Deputy Registrar General (S. S. ). This task was carried out by Shri A. K. Singh, Deputy DireCtor who was assisted by Shri N. S. Soam, Assistant Director and his staff Technical guidance in the preparation of the maps was initially provided by Dr. B. K. Roy, former Deputy Registrar General (Map) and later by Mrs. Minati Ghosh, the present Deputy Registrar General (Map).

I am thankful to all those who have contributed to this project.

A. R. NANDA REGISTRAR GENERAL, INDIA

New June 11, 1992 (v) PREFACE

The Registrar General, India in his foreword has given the historical background and scope of the District Census Handbooks (DCH). Though the DCH was first introduced at the 1951 Census in India, for Goa the first DCH was brought out only in 1971 Census - that being the first Census organised and conducted in Goa on the all-India pattern after its liberation from the erstwhile Portuguese rule. Considering the small size of the districts of Goa, Daman & Diu in the erstwhile Union Territory of Goa, Daman & Diu , a combined volume for all the three districts was brought out both in 1971 and 1981 Censuses. Consequent to the formation of the new state of Goa and the district of North Goa and South Goa in 1987, separate DCI-k' have been brought out for the districts of North Goa and South Goa in the 1991 Census. Thus, this volume is the third in the series for Goa and first as far as the North Goa district is concerned.

This publication containing grass root level statistical data on demographic characteristics and other amenities in villages and towns is an essential aid for district level planning and administration. Among the series of Census publications, the DCH is the only source which provides these basic data for each village and ward within a town. And as such, it has come to be recognised as the most important and widely used publication.

As already mentioned in the foreword, in this publication C. D. Block is the main unit of presentation rather than the traditional taluka. However, since in North Goa, the C. D.Block and taluka boundaries are co­ terminous excluding statutory towns there is no major difference in their presentation. The DCH of 1991 has two parts. While Part A contains the Village an.d Town Directory, Part B confines itself to the Primary Census Abstract. As in the earlier Censuses both Parts A and B are combined in this volume since the data presented therein are closely inter-related.

Since the districts of North and South Goa were formed in August, 1987, district level data in respect of most of the sectors were not available. Further, Goa being a small state with only two districts, the analysis of different sectors under "natural' resources~has been generally confined to the state level with an emphasis to the district where possible.

The relevant non-census data for the Village and Tow~ Directory were primarily collected through the MamlatdarslMunicipalities and Village Panchayats. Much of the data so supplied have been cross checked with the data obtained from departments such as Education, Health, Land Survey, Electricity, Planning, Statistics and Evaluation, Post and Telegraph, etc. I take this opportunity to offer my grateful thanks to all these departments and the concerned officials for all their cooperation in furnishing the data.'

I am thankful to the Government of Goa for having agreed readily to bear the cost of publication of the District Census Handbooks and to undertake its printing in the Govt. Printing Press, . My thanks are due to Shri N. P. Gaunekar the then Director, Printing and Stationery and the present Director Shri W. V. R. Murthy, Govt. Printing Press, Panaji for the personal interest they have evinced in bringing O).1t this publication. The cooperation extended by Staff of Government Printing Press is praiseworthy.

This Handbook is the result of the hardwork and labour of several persons in my office. In particular, I wish to place on record my grateful appreciation of the contribution of S/Shri H. K. Ravinder, Dy., Director, S. P. Dessai, Asstt. Director, Smt. Mala D. Kamat, S/Shri D~ V. Nagappanvru: and'M. R:. Naik, Investigators. This is not to forget the contribution made by a whole band of able and dedicated officig1s in (vi) my office. This contribution is being acknowledged separately. The valuab"le help and assistance received from SIShri Manoj A. Kulgod, Scientist·-:Engineer and P. V. Peter, Scientific Assistant from the National In­ formatics Centre (NICNET), Goa Unit is gratefully acknowledged.

I would like to place on record my sincere gratitude to Shri A. R. Nanda, 1. A. S., Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India for the benefit I have derived by way of guidance and advice. Shri M. K. Jain, Dy. Registrar General (Social Studies) and Mrs. Minati Ghosh , Dy. Registrar General (Map) provided technical guidance in this work which is gratefully acknowledged.

S. RAJENDRAN Director of Census Operations, Goa, Panaji December 1, 1992 (vii) ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Village and Town Directory

1. Shri Posko R. Gaonkar, S. A.

2. Shri Ratnakant K. Pednekar, S. A.

Primary Census Abstract

1. Shri K. R. Lotlikar, S. A.

2. Shri Rajendra Naik, S. A.

3. Shri V. V. Karnble, S. A.

4. Smt. Chandralekha Naik, S. A.

Maps

1. Shri Victor Pereira, Artist

2. Shri Prasad Gaonkar, Draftman

Typing

1. Smt. Rosey Fernandes, Jr. Steno

2. Kum. Sushila Korgaonkar, Jr. Steno

(ix) IMPORTANT STATISTICS

Goa State No:th Goa District

I. POPULATION Total Persons 11,69,793 6,64,804 Males 5,94,790 3,38,620 Females 5,75,003 3,26,184

Rural Persons 6,90,041 4,39,200 Males 3,46,169 2,21,273 Females 3,43,872 2,17,927 Urban Persons 4,79,752 2,25,604 Males 2,48,621 1,17,347 Females 2,31,131 1,08,257

2. DECENNIAL POPULATION GROWTH 1981-1991

Absolute 1,62,044 96,783 Percentage 16.08 17.04

3. AREA (sq. Kms.) 3,702.0 1,736.0

4. DENSITY OF POPULATION (per sq. km.) 316 383

5. SEX RATIO (Number of females per 1000 males) 967 963

6. LITERACY RATE (%) (excluding children in the age group 0-6) Total Persons 75.51 77.67 Males 83.64 86.15 Females 67.09 68.86

Rural Persons 72.31 75.51 Males 81.71 85.38 Females 62.87 65.51

Urban Persons 80.10 81.86 Males 86.33 87.58 Females 73.38 75.Q2

7. PERCENTAGE OF URBAN POPULATION TO TOTAL POPULATION 41.01 33.94

8. DECENNIAL GROWTH OF URBAN POPULATION 1981-1991

Absolute 1,56,967 69.434 Percentage 48.63 44.46 9. PERCENTAGE. TO TOTAL POPULATION (i) Main Workers Persons 32.79 33.19 Males 48.28 48.75 Females 16.77 17.03

(ii) Mar~nal Workers Persons 2.49 2.86 Males 1.28 1.50 Females 3.75 4.29

(iii) Non-Workers Persons 64.72 63.95 Males 50.44 49.75 Females 79.48 78.68 (x)

Goa State North Goa District

10. BREAK UP OF MAIN WORKERS (Percentage among main workers)

i) Cultivators Persons 14.74 15.29 Males 12.26 12.61 Females 22.12 23.24. ii) Agricultural labourers Persons 9.20 8.58 Males 6.67 6.45 Females 16.72 14.91

(iii) Livestock, Forestry, Fishing, Hunting & Plantation, Orchards and Allied activities Persons 4.07 3.76 Males 4.69 4.28 Females 2.24 2.20 (iv) and quarrying Persons 4.28 4.36 Males 4.59 4.94 Females 3.37 2.63 v) Manufacturing, Processing servicing and repairs a) Household Industry Persons 2.32 2.31 Males 2.39 2.22 Females 2.11 2.58 b) Other than household Industry Persons 13.13 13.42 Males 15~01 14.82 Females 7.S3 9.27 vi) Construction Persons 6.53 7.27 Males 7.70 8.72 Females 3.02 2.97 vii) Trade & Commerce Persons 15.05 15.09 Males 16.01 16.15 Females 12.19 11.93 viii) Transport, Storage & Comunications Persons 8.37 6.54 Males 10.73 8.47 Females 1.34 0.80 ix) Other Services Persons 22.31 23-.38 Males 19.95 21.34 Females 29.36 29.47 II. PERCENTAGE OF SCHEDULJ;m CASTE POPULATION TO TOTAL POPULATION Persons 2.08 2.49 Males 2.08 2.49 Females 2.08 2.49 12. PERCENTAGE OF SCHEDULED TRIBE POPULATION TO TOTAL POPULATION Persons 0.03 0.02 Males 0.03 0.02 Females 0.03 0.02 13. NO. OF OCCUPIED RESIDENTIAL HOUSES 2,24,501 1,24,294

14. NUMBER OF VILLAGES Total 369 222 Inhabited 360 220 Uninhabited 9 2

15. NUMBER OF TOWNS Total 31 18 Municipal towns 13 6 Census towns 18 12

16. NUMBER OF URBAN AGGLOMERATIONSrrOWNS 26 15

17. NUMBER OF URBAN AGGLOMERATIONS 3 ANALYTICAL NOTE ANALYTICAL NOTE

1. CENSUS CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS Agricultural workers include cultivators, agricultural labourers and workers in Industrial Category III, namely, 1.1 Urban areas livestock, forestry, fishing, hunting and plantations, or­ chards and allied activities. Since the number of workers in It has been a tradition of the Indian Census to present the Industrial Category III was not available from the village dal,ll separately for rural and urban ar.as. The unit of classi­ Primary Census Abstract, a special tabulation had to be fication in this regard is 'village' for rural areas and 'town' undertaken to ascertain the population for the purpose of for urban areas. For the purpose of census, to distinguish be­ applying the test at (ii) (b). This demographic test was also tween a-rural and an , the practice was to first applied to those towns which had become census towns for decide the urban areas and then treat the remaining as rural the first time in the 1981 Census and those towns which were areas. In order to ensure comparability with the previous denotified by concerned authorities after the 1981 Census. censuses and provide the basis for analysis of urbanisation in This was done to find out whether these towns could be the country, the definition of an urban area as adopted at the considered for retention as census towns for the 1991 Cen­ 1981 Census was continued in the 1991 Census. The defini­ sus. The places which were treated as census towns for the tion of urban area adopted for the 1991 Census was as first time in the 1981 Census and did not satisfy the above follows: demographic criteria now, were declassified. The place$ which were continuing as census towns since 1971 or from earlier censuses were not considered for declassification. i) All places with a municipality, corporation, canton­ ment board or notifi~d town area committee, etc. In keeping with the age old tradition of the Indian ii) All other places which satisfied the following Census, the urban units have been categorised into the criteria: following six size classes based on their ~opulation.

a) a minimum population of 5,000 Size class Population b) at least 75 per cent of male working population engaged in non-agricultural occupations and I 1,00,000 & above c) a density of population of at least 400 persons per II 50,000 - 99,999 sq. km. III 20,000 - 49,999 Apart from these, the outgrowths (OGs) of cities and IV 10,000 - 19,999 towns h~lVe also been treated as urban, as explained later V 5,000 - 9,999 under Urban Agglomeration. VI Less than 5,000

As could be seen from the above definition there are two Urban areas with a population of 1,00,000 and more are distinct types of urban units viz. called cities and the others are termed merely as towns.

(a) The places which satisfied the requirements as per 1.2 Urban agglomeration (i) above which are referred to as statutory towns since by virtue of statutory notifications they are The concept of 'Urban agglomeration' was introduced urban areas. The nomenclature as per the relevant for the first time in the 1971 Census to obtain better feed " notification such as Municipal Corporation, Mu­ back in regard to urban contiguity, processes and trends of nicipal Council, Cantonment Board, Notified Area urbanisation and other related matters. This concept was Committee, etc. were adopted for these cities/towns. continued in 1981 and 1991 Censuses without any change or modification. An urban agglomeration forms a continuous (b) the places which satisfied the criteria laid down in urban spread and normally consists of a town and its (ii) above are referred to as Census Towns or non­ adjoining urban outgrowths, or two or more physically statutory towns. contiguous towns together with contiguous well recognised outgrowths, if any, of such towns. In several areas around a Demarcation of the urban areas was done in 1989 as a core city or statutory town fairly large well' recognised part of the preparatory work for the 1991 Cen~s. For iden­ railway colony, university campus, port area, military camp, tification of non-statutory towns, villages which as per the large residential colonies, etc. might have come up. Even 1981 Census had a population of 4,000 and above, a popula­ though such places are lying outside the statutory limits of tion density of 400 persons per sq. km. and having at least 75 the corporation, municipality or cantonment, etc., in Il10st of per cent of male working population engaged in non-agricul­ the cases they fall within the revenue limits of the viUa-&e,or tural activity were considered. To work out the proportion of villages which is or are contiguous ~o the town. It may not male working population referred to under (ii) (b) the data be realistic to treat such areas lying outside the statutory relating to main workers were taken into account. limits of a town as rural units, at the ~ame time each such -2- individual area by itself may not satisfy the prescribed An urban agglomeration has been treated as one continu­ eligibility tests to qualify to be. treated as independent urban ous urban spread for the purpose of classification of class of units. Such areas have been termed as outgrowths and town and analysis. reckoned alongwith the town. Thus outgrowths are urban app;ndages of the units to which they are contiguous. Each 1.3 Rural areas such Y2>gether with its outgrowth( s) is treated as an integrated urban area and is designated as an 'Urban agglomeration'. Areas which were not classified as urban 'according to An urban agglomeration may thus consists of (i) A city or a the definition given above were treated as rural areas. The town with a continuous outgrowth, the outgrowth being basic unit for rural areas is the revenue vmage which has outside the statutory limits but falling within the boundaries definite surveyed boundaries. In Goa, the concept of a of the adjoining village or villages or (ii) Two or more 'revenue village' was adopted only in 1971 when a list of adjoining towns with their outgrowths, if any, as in (i) above; revenue villages was published under the Goa, Daman & Diu or (iii) A city ad one or more adjoining towns with or Lahd Revenue Code 1968 (Act No.9 of 1969). While the without outgrowths all of which form a continuous spread. 1971 Census, for the first time, presented data for the revenue villages, for the earlier censuses data were presented for each It may be noted that geographical contiguity with the statutory limits of the core town has been the main factor in 'freguesia' the administrative jurisdiction under a 'Regidor' determining whether or not a nearby satellite town or an the lowest level administrative functionary under the erst­ outgrowth is to be included in tne agglomeration. Further while Portuguese regime. 'Freguesia' represented either a the ailministrative jurisdiction of the city or the towns group of villages (village was known as 'aldeia' in Portu­ concerned as well as of the outgrowth have been kept intact guese) or a village or part of the village. in the actual census operations. The data have been pooled at the tabulation stage and presented for the urban agglomeration as a whole and also severally for each of the 1.4 Census house constitutent units. A Census house is defined as a building or part of a There are three urban agglomerations in Goa in 199 I as building having a separate main entrance from the road or compared to two in 1971 and 1981 Censuses (Panaji Urban common courtyard or staircase, etc., used, or recognised as Agglomeration and Urban Agglomeration). a separate unit. It may be occupied or vacant. It may be used Urban Agglomeration was the new UA formed in for a residential or non-residential purpese or both. 1991. The constituent units of these three urban Agglomerations are as under: ' If a building has a number of flats or blocks which are District U. As. with their constituent units independent of one another having separate entrance of their own from the road or a common staircase or a common North Goa 1. Panaji Urban Agglomeration courtyard leading to a main gate, they are considered as a) Panaji Municipal Council separate census houses. In certain cases, however, it may be difficult to apply the definition of census houses strictly. For i) Cujira (Outgrowth) example, in an urban area a flat has five rooms each room ii) Durgavado (Outgrowth) having direct entrance to the common staircase o~ courtyard iii) Morambi 0 Grande (Outgrowth) which by definition has to be treated as five census houses. iv) Morambi 0 Pequen\) (Outgrowth) If all these five rooms are occupied by a single household it v) Murda (Outgrowth) is not realistic to treat them as five census houses.. In such vi) Panelim (Outgrowth) cases based on 'singleness' of use the entire flat is treated as vii) Renovadi (Outgrowth) one census house. b) Taleigao (Census Town) c) (Census Town) By definition, any structure with four walls, a roof and an d) (Census Town) entrance is considered as a census house. But it may happen that in some areas the very nature of construction of houses South Goa 2. Margao Urban Agglomeration is such that there may not be any walls, for ~xample, coni~al a) Margao Municipal Council roof almost touches the ground and ar(entrance 'is also i) Aquem (Outgrowth) provided and there will not be any wall as such. Such structure are also treated as buildings and census houses for b) Navelim (Census Town) census purposes. As per census definition, a hut in a slum 3. Mormugao Urban Agglomeration area is a census house as much as a bunglow or building in a posh locality. Schools, Colleges, offices, shops, business a) Mormugao Municipal Council houses, factories, temples, churches,jails, hospitals, etc., are b) (Census Town) all census houses. -3-

1.5 Household It may be mentioned that scheduled castes ~re found only among , and Buddhists. However, scheduled A 'household' is defined as a group of persons who com­ tribes are found in any religion. monly live together and take their meals from a common kitchen unless the exigencies of work prevented any of them 1. 7 Literate from doing so. A household may consist of persons related by blood or unrelated persons or having a mix of .both. In the Census, a person was deemed as literate ifhe or she Examples of unrelated households are boarding houses, could read and write with understanding in any language. A messes, hostels, residential hotels, rescue homes, jails, person who could merely read but could not write, was not ashrams, etc. These are called 'Institutional Households'. considered a literate. Ability merely tosign one's name was There may be one member household, two member house­ not adequate to qualify a person as being able to write with hold or multi-member household. For census purposes, each understanding. It was not necessary that a person who was one of these types is regarded as a household. literate should have received any formal education or should have passed any minimum educational standard. If a group of persons who are unrelated to each other live in a census house but do not have their meals from a common In the last few Censuses of India, children below five kitchen, then they would not constitute an institutional years of age were treated as illiterates. Since ability to read household. Each such person is treated as a separate house­ and write with understanding is not ordinarily achieved until hold. one had schooling or had at least some time to develop these skills, it was felt by the Ministry of Human Resources 1.6 Schedulelastes and scheduled tri~es Development and the Planning Commission that the popula­ tion aged seven years and above be classified as literate or Articles 341 and 342 of the Constitution empower the illiterate. In view of this, in the 1991 Census the question on President of India after consulting the head of the particular literacy was canvassed only for population aged seven years state to notify by an order the castes, races or tribes or parts and above. Thus, all children of the age of six years or less of or groups within castes, races or tribes which for the were treated as illiterate even if the child was going to school purpose of the Constitution of India be deemed to be sched­ and might have picked up reading and. writing a few words. uled castes and scheduled tribes in relation to that state. Thus scheduled castes and scheduled tribes are defined as 1.8 Workers and non-workers those groups which are listed in the scheduled castes/sched­ uled tribes order in force in the particular state. In the case The Census ofIndia has been attempting in every Census of Goa, the scheduled castes and scheduled trib'es order was to measure the economic activity of the people and providing issued in 1968 for the first time and there has been no data on their number, characteristics, occupation and distri­ amendment to this order till date. The list of scheduled bution among the various branches of the economy. Though castes and scheduled tribes in Goa are as under: there has been variation in the concepts adopted from time to tim.:-. the concepts and definitions used in the 1981 Census Scheduled castes have been continued without any changes in 1991 Census for the purpose of comparability of data. It may be mentioned Name Synonym that from 1961 Census onwards the concept of work was measured in terms of time or the labour force concept. In the 1. Bhangi Hadi earlier censuses, however, they were based on income or 2. Chambhar dependency concepts. 3. 4. Mahyavanshi Vankar In case of Goa, the population censuses upto 1950 were 5. Mang conducted by the erstwhile Portuguese regime and as such the procedure for recording the economic data was different Scheduled tribes from that of the Indian Census. Infact, till 1921 no efforts were made to collect the economic data keeping in view the Name Synonym concepts of workers. In 1900, 1910, and 1921 Censuses the population were divided on the basis of professions and no 1. Dhodia attempts were made to classify the population into economi­ cally 'active' and 'inactive'. In 1931 Census for the first time 2. Dubla Halpati, Talavia efforts were made to classify the population into working and 3. Naikda Nayaka non-working groups and 'actual earners' were classified into 4. Siddi the different occupations. While in the 1950 Census only 5. Varli those persons who were getting 'income' were treated as -4- workers, in the 1941 Census actual workers, who were not VI - Construction getting incom~ were also treated as workers. The 1960 census being the last census conducted by the erstwhile VII Trade and Commerce regime was tabulated by the Office of the Registrar General, India following the all-India pattern to the extent possible. VIII Transport, storage and communication and The concept followed for the.collection of data in the field for 1960 Census was the same that was followed in the 1950 IX - Other services Census by the Portuguese regime. The DCH of 1961 and 1971 Censuses provided data on For the purpose of 1991 Census, 'Work' was defined as nine fold categories of workers but that was not continued in participation in any economically productive activity, such 1981 Census. In 1981, workers by the following four broad participation may be physical or mental in nature. Work categories only were presented. The corresponding indus­ involves not only actual work but also effective supervision trial groupings are given within brackets. and direction of work. It also includes unpaid work on farm or in family enterprises. In the Census, details of work were Cultivators (I) collected with reference to the last year i. e. one year preced­ Agricultural labourers (II) ing the date of enumeration. The economic questions of the Manufacturing, processing and repairs in household 1991 Census as in the preceding census, first divided the industry [V (a)] population into those who had worked any time during the Other workers [III, IV, V (b), VI to IX] year preceding the census and those who had not worked at all during the year. The later were termed as non-workers. The various categories of workers adopted for 1991 Having netted all workers - on the basis of the liberal Census are briefly defined below: definition of work - irrespective of the amount of time they have spent on work, they were divided into two categories Category I - Cultivator: A person was considered VIZ. working as cultivator, if he or she was engaged either as i) Main workers:. i. e. who had worked in some eco­ employer, single worker or family worker in cultivation of nomic activity for major part of the year. i. e. for a land owned or held from Government or held from private period of six months (l83 days) or more and persons or institutions for payment in money, kind or share. Cultivation included supervision or direction of culti,:ation. ii) Marginal workers: i. e. those who had worked for less than 6 months during the last year. Thus, in the A person who had given out his/her land to another census, the population was divided into three mutu'­ person or persons for cultivation for money, kind or share of ally exclusive groups viz. Main workers, marginal crop and who does not even supervise or direct cultivation of workers and non-workers. land was not treated as cultivator. Similarly, a person working in another person's land for wages in cash or kind or For both the categories of workers details on the sector a combination of both (agricultural labourer) was not treated of economy in which they had worked (i. e. nature of indus­ as cultivator. try, trade or service) their occupation (i. e. actual work done) and employment status (i. e. employer, employee, SIngle Cultivation involves ploughing, sowing, and harvesting and production of cereals and millet crops such as paddy, worker and family worker) were also obtained. The Primary wheatjowar, bajra, ragi, etc., and other crops such as sugar­ Census Abstract given in this report presents data on main cane, groundnuts, etc., and pulses, raw cotton jute and Kin­ workers, marginal workers and non-workers. It also presents dered jibre crops, etc. and does not include fruit growing, sexwise distribution of main workers by the nine fold indus­ vegetable growing, flowers, or keeping orchards or groves or trial groupings listed below upto the village level or ward of those working on plantation like tea, coffee, rubber, cin­ a town. chona, coconut, betel nuts and other medicinal plants.

I Culti vators As may be seen from the above description of cultivators, II Agricultural labourers the Census defines only growing of certain specified crops as cultivation. According to the National Industrial III Livestock, forestry, fishing hunting, planta­ Classification 1987 (NIC - 87) agricultural production tion, orchards and allied activities (Division 00) includes growing of vegetables, floriculture IV - Mining and quarrying and horticulture including tree nurseries and growing of V - Manufacturing, processing, servicing and re­ f )dder crops. Thus the Census definition of cultivators do pairs not include all those engaged in agricultural production (i. e. a) in household industry Division 00 of NIC - 87). It excludes workers engaged in agricultural production covered under groups 006 to 009. b) in other than household industry This limitation has to be kept in view while using the census -5- data. However, the number of workers in categories I , II & astrologer, etc., or merely trade or business, even if such III (Cultivators, agricultural labourers and in livestock, professions, trade or services are run at home by members of forestry, fishing, hunting, plantations, orchards and allied the household. activities) put together will correspond to the total workers Category V (b): include persons engaged in manufac­ under' Agriculture, hunting, forestry, and fishing, (Section turing, processing, servicing and repairs in other than house­ 0). Later when detailed three digit level classification of hold industry. workers based on NIC - 87 are published one would be able to get an idea of workers engaged in Division 00 - Category VI: include persons engaged in construction Agricultural Production. and maintenance of buildings, roads, railbeds, bridges, ports, harbours, runways and telecommunication lines, dams, ca­ Category II - Agricultural Labourer: A person who nals, tanks, wells, tubewells, power plants, industrial plants, works in another person's land for wages in money, kind or etc. It also covers activities allied to construction such as share was regarded as an agricultural labourer. An agricul­ plumbing, drainage, air conditioning, electrical installation, tural labourer has no right of lease or contract on land on timber works, painting, etc. which he or she works and has no risk in cultivation. Category VII: includes persons engaged in wholesale and retail trade and restaurants and hotels. It also covers fi­ Category Includes workers in livestock, forestry, III: nancing, insurance, real estate and business services. fishing, hunting and plantations, orchards and allied activi­ ties. Category VIII: includes persons engaged in land trans­ port (road, rail etc.,), water transport, air transport, services Category IV : includes workers in mining and quarry­ incidental to transport, storage and warehousing, communi­ ing, extraction of crude petroleum, production of natural gas, cation, etc. etc. Category IX: includes persons engaged in generation, Category V (a): includes persons engaged in manufac­ transmission and distribution of electricity, gas and non­ conventional energy. It also includes collection, purification turing, processing, servicing and repairs in household in­ and di~tribution of water. It also covers those engaged in dusrtry. services such as public administration, (Central, State, local bodies, quasi-govt. bodies etc.) defence, sanitary, education, Household Industry is defined as an industry conducted scientific research, health and medical, recreation and cul­ by the head of the househo,ld at home or within the village in tural, personal etc. rural areas and only within the precincts of the house where the household lives in urban areas. The larger proportion of The correspondence between the categories of workers workers in household industry consists of members of the III to IX shown in the Primary Census Abstract and the household including the head. The industry is not run on the National Industrial Classification, 1987 (NIC - 157) are given scale of a registered factory which would qualify or has to be below: registered under the Indian Factories Act. Category in 1991 Census Corresponding NIC - 87 The main criterion of a household Industry is the partici­ Section/Division/Group pation of one or more members of a household. This criterion III Livestock, forestry, fishing, Section 0 excluding groups will apply in urban areas also. Even if the industry is not hunting, etc. 000 to 005 actually located at home in rural areas, there is greater possibility of the members of the household participating IV Mining and Quarrying Section I even if it is located anywhere within the village limits. In the Va) Manufacturing, processing, urban areas where organised industry takes greater pro Section 2, 3 and Division 97 servicing and repairs in minence the ,household industry should be confined to the household industry precincts of the house where the participants live. In urban areas even if the members of the household by themselves Vb) Manufacturing, processing, -do- run aJt industry but at a place away from the precincts of their servicing and repairs in other than household industry home, it is not considered as a household industry. It should be located within the precincts of the house where the VI Construction Section 5 members live in the case of urban areas. VII Trade and Commerce I Sections 6 & 8 Household Industry relates to production, processing, VIII Transport, Storage & Com- servicing, repairing or making and selling (but not merely Section 7 munication selling) of goods. It does not include professions such as a pleader, doctor, barber, musician, dancer, waterman, dhobi, IX Other services Sections 4, 9 and X -6- Non-workers: or similar institution is recorded for the kind of work he/she was doing before he/she was admitted into the hospital or As mentioned earlier, all those who had not done any institution. But for long term (6 months or more) inmates of work at all during last year were treated as non-workers. For penal or charitable or mental institutions, the person's previ­ the purpose of census, non-workers were categorised into ous work is not recorded. seven groups viz. those engaged in (1) household duties (2) students (3) dependents (4) retired persons or rentier~ (5) Other non-workers (0): This covers all non-workers beggars etc. (6) inmates of institutions and (7) other non­ 'Who may not come under any of the above six categories but workers. The definition of these seven categories are given who are looking for work. A boy or girl who has completed below. education or has stopped studying and is looking for work comes under this category. A person who is merely spending Household duties (H): This category covers all persons his/her time at home as a dependent and is not doing any work who are engaged in unpaid household duties and who do no and is not seeking any work is not considered as other non­ other work or have not done any work at all during the last worker. A person irrespective of age and whether educated one year. or not ifhe/she reports that he/she is not engaged in any other activity but is seeking work come under this category. Student (ST): This category covers all full-time stu­ dents including children attending school. If a student par­ The break-up of non-workers by the above categories ticipates in sQme economically productive work say by help­ will be available only after the computerised tables are ready ing sometimes as an unpaid family worker in family cultiva­ and will be presented under General Economic Tables (B­ tion or in household industry, trade or business, he or she is Series) at district and state level. treated as a worker. 2 Brief History of North Goa District: Dependents (D) : This category includes all dependents such as infants or children not attending school or a person The name 'Goa' seems to have been derived from permanently disabled from work because of illness or old Gomanta which is referred to in the Bhismaparva of the great age. It includes even able bodied persons who cannot be epic Mahabharata and also the Harivamsa and Skandapu­ categorised in any other category of non-workers but are rana. It is referred to in old inscription variously as Goman­ dependent on others. However, if a person who is dependent ehala, Gomanta, Gopakpura and Gove. The Madras glossary on others for subsistence is seeking work, he or she was connects it with the 'go' (Cow) in the sense of categorised as 'other non-worker'. Persons who are depend­ 'Cowherds' country. ents in the general sense but also doing household work, studying or looking for work were categorised as 'H' 'ST' or Before the advent of the Portuguese early in the 16th '0' rather than as 'D'. Century, the state covered very extensive areas which in-. eluded towards the north, part of the Sindhudurg di~trict of then known as Kudal and Rajapur mahals upto Retired persons or rentiers (R): A person who has the river Karepatan. The Southern limits extended towards retired from service and is doing no other work i. e. not Ankola and comprised the ancient mahals of Supa, Halyal employed again in some work or not engaged in some other and Karwar now forming part of the Uttar district of work such as cultivation, business, trade, etc. or a person who . Towards the east it covered a large portion of is a rentier or living on agricultural or non-agricultural Belgaum district of Karnataka. royalty, rent or dividend, or any other person of independent means for securing which he/she does not have to work come The earliest known historical record of Goa belongs to under this category. the 4th Century A. D. The Bhojas from Aparant or referred to in the rock cut edicts of the Emperor Ashoka (3rd Beggars etc., (B): This category covers beggars, va­ Century B. C.) seems to have held their sway over Goa before grants, or cases such as persons without indication of source the Christian era, later on it was under the rule of Satavahanas of income and those with unspecified sources of subsistance of Kolhapur in the first century of the Christian era. The who are not engaged in a~y economically productive work. Bhojas continued to rule over Goa from their capital at Chandrapur modern Chandor upto the 7th century A. D. Inmates of Institutions (I): This covers convicts in Thereafter Silaharas who hailed from Goa itself ruled over jails or inmates of a penal, mental or charitable institutions, the territory as feudatories of the Rashtrakutas of the Deccan even if such persons are compelled to do some work such as from 750 to 1010 A. D. carpentry, carpet weaving, vegetable growing, etc. in such institutions. But an undertrial prisoner enumerated in a jail In the beginning of the 11 th century the Kadambas of is recorded for the work he/she was doing before he/she was Goa extended their authority over the whole of Goa van­ apprehended. Similarly, a person temporarily in a hospital quishing the Silaharas. In the 13th century the territory -7- passed under the rule of the Yadavas of Devagiri and the The Southern part of Goa has been named as south Goa Kadambas ruled as their feudatories. The Kadambas at Goa district which comprises the remaining five talukas of Goa seems to have become independent by the early part of the state. 14th century A. D. When Yadavas were defeated at the hands of the Delhi Sultans. Goa became a part of the Vijaynagar 3 BRIEF HISTORY AND SCOPE OF THE DISTRICT kingdom by the 14th century. In 1469 Goa passed under the CENSUS HANDBOOK Bahamani's Sultan of Gulbarga when Mahmud Gawan, a general of Muhammed III (1463-1482) conquered the The District Census handbook was first introduced at the Konkan area. With the breakup of the Bahamani dynasty, it 1951 Census to meet the ever increasing demand for micro­ became a part of the kingdom of the Adil-Shahis of Bijapur level data by administrators, planners, demographers and in 1488. other census data users. This publication containing grass root level statistical data on demographic characteristics, In 1510 , a Portuguese general, civic and other amenities in villages and towns, is an essen­ after a futile attempt at holding the city of Goa (), tial aid for district level planning and administration. Among succeeded in driving out the forces of Ismail Adil Shah the series of census publications, the District Census Hand­ (1510-1534) the Sultan ofBijapur. By the middle of the 16th hook is the only source which provides these basic data for century, the Portuguese successfully established their rule in each village and ward within a town. It has come to be rec­ four talukas which are known as '' (Old ognised as the most important and widely used pUblication. Conquests). By the end of the 18th century the Portuguese It has become a tradition to bring out this publication at the were successful in annexing the remaining seven talukas of earliest after the census count. In fact, the District Census Goa known as '' (New Conquests). Handbook is brought out by the Census Department on behalf of the State Government. The cost of this publication The 19th century was noted for bloodshed and political is borne by the State Government. ' uprising in Goa. The liberation of Dadra & Nagar Haveli in 1954 gave a further fillip to Goan freedom movement. The The scope of the District Census Handbook since 1951 tried again and again to persuade the has greatly enlarged. At every succeeding census there has Portuguese Government to withdraw peacefully, but the been an endeavour to enhance the utility of this publication latter did not respond favourably. This adamant attitude of with the main objectiye of presenting a comprehensive and the Portuguese ultimately, forced the Government ofIndia to intelligible portrait of the district. The District Census send an army to liberate Goa. This historic event which Handbook of 1991 Census has two parts viz. Part A - marked the end of about 450 years of Portuguese rule took Village and Town Directory and Part B - Village and Town place on December, 19, 1961 and Goa became free and a part Primary Census Abstract. The Village Directory of Part A and parcel of India on that day. Goa was a district of the then presents for each village particulars about area, total popula­ Union Territory of Goa, until May, 30, 1987 tion, number of households, ~menities available such as when Goa attained statehood. For detailed , educational and medical institutions, drinking water supply, the Gazettearofthe Union Territory of Goa, Daman & Diu­ post and telegraph facilities, days of the market, communica­ District Gazettear Part I - Goa, Gazettear Department, tion facilities, approach to village, nearest town and its Government of Goa, 1979 may be referred to. distance from the village, power supply, land use pattern etc. The Town Directory presents for each town the status and Consequent upon the formation of new state of Goa, it growth history of population, physical aspects and location, was divided into two districts viz: North Goa and South Goa municipal finance, civic and other amenities and population under Government Notification No. 16/15/87-Rd dated of Scheduie1caste and SchedultJTribe etc. Part B presents August, 3, 1987 with their headquarters at Panaji and Margao Primary Census Abstract for general population. It contains respectively. The northern part of Goa has been named as data for each village and ward level data for each town such North Goa district comprising six talukas under three subdi­ as area, number of occupied residential houses, number of visions as under: households, total popUlation, Schedulet~ste/Schedul~ribe population, literates, main workers by ninefold industrial Name of Sub-divisions Name of talukas categories, marginal workers, etc. Similar information is also provided in the PCA for SchcdtiiMCastes and ScheduleJ Bardez Tribes at C. D. Block (UA) town level. Bicholim Satari The 1971 Census beipg the first census organised and Pernem conducted in Goa on the

The district has a hilly terrain especially on its eastern The climate is warm and humid. From June to Septem­ side where lies the southern ends of the Sahyadri range. The ber heavy rainfall is received frpm the south-west 'most important mountain peaks are Sonsogad, Katlanchi, which ranges between 2-500 to 4300 millimetres. The year Mauli, Vaguyri, Morlengad and Morpila in Satari taluka and round temperature ranges from 22°C to 32°C. Siddhannath in . The mountains after skirting a The district administration is headed by the Collector considerable portion of the North eastern and South eastern with the headquarters at Panaji. He is assisted by an Addi­ boundries branch off Westwards across the territory with tional Collector and Deputy Collectors. The district is many spurs and ridges. The terrain is intersected by a divided into three sub-divisions viz. (i) Mapusa consisting of number of rivers flowing westwards and meet the Arabian Bardez, Bicholim, Satari and Pernem talukas (ii) Panaji sea. Th~se rivers provide a network of internal waterways. covering Tiswadi taluka and (iii) Ponda covering the taluka The important rivers are Mandovi, Zuvari, Terekhol and of Ponda. for the purpose of revenue administration each Chapora which are navigable and as such most vital for the taluka is in charge of a Mamlatdar. Further, for developmen­ economy of this district. Inland waterways play an important tal activities each taluka constitutes a separates C. D. Block role in transporting of mineral ores from the mining sites under a Block Development Officer. Thus; in North Goa such as Cotambi, Surla, Piligao, Sirigao and to the District there are three sub-divisions, six talukas and six ': Mormugao harbour for export. community development blocks. The taluka and C. D. Block boundaries are coterminus excluding the statutory towns in The coast is full of creaks and estuaries formed by these North-Goa. rivers which provide a good shelter for the fishing crafts. Estuaries of these rivers are rich in marine fauna. The 35 There are 220 inhabited villages and 18 towns in North Goa as per the 1991 Census. There are two uninhabited kms.long coastal line of North Goa is endowed with some of villages in Satari taluka four villages in this talukas are the loveliest beaches in the world which have earned interna- -11- submerged due to the construction of Anjunem dam. Among towns and 18 census towns in Goa in the 1991 Census.In aU, 28 the 18 towns, six are municipal towns one each in taluka and the revenue villages have been included in 13 muni~ipal towns remaining 12 are census towns with civic status of a panchayat. excluding part of some villages which have also been included in some of the municipal towns. Thus 46 revenue villages There are 118 village panchayats in North Goa, a panchayat includung census towns form part of the urban areas. The comprising of one village Of a'group of villages. remaining 383 revenue villages form the rural areas in the State as a whole. The following statement shows the number of 6. JURISDICTIONAL CHANGES DURING THE villages and towns by districts and talukas. DECADE 1981-91 Number of villages and towns as per the 1991 Census The state of Goa, prior to the attainment of statehood in May, 1987, was one of the three districts in the erstwhile Union StatelDist.! No. of No. of villages/towns No. of Territory of Goa, Daman & Diu. The state was divided into two ITaluka villages as as per the 1991 Census villages districts viz. North Goa and South Goa in August, 1987. North per the wholly Goa district has been divided into three sub-divisions viz. (i) Govt. Villages Statutory included Mapusa comprising of the talukas of Bardez, Bicholim, Satari Notification Census in the and Pernem, (ii) Panaji comprising of Tiswadi taluka and (iii) Towns to wns Ponda comprising of Ponda taluka. During the decade 1981 - 91, there have been no changes in the boundaries of the talukaslC. D. 2 3 4 5 Blocks of North Goa.However, in the case of towns, during this period, two new municipalities have been constituted and GOA 429 383 31 46 the boundaries of some of the towns have been altered. Pernem and which were census towns in the 1981 Census have North Goa 257 233 18 24 been notified as Municipal towns in 1989. The jurisdicational changes occurred during the period 1981 - 91 in respect of the Tiswadi 39 33 6 6 towns are listed below: Bardez 46 37 7 9 Name of the town Changes notified Pernem 27 27 1~ Bicholim A part of Sarvona village has been added to Bicholim town Bicholim 31 27 2 4 as per Govt. Notification No. 3-52/83-LAWD (Bicholim)/g Satari 82 78 4 dated 5-3-1985. Ponda 32 31 2. Ponda A part of Curti village in­ cluded in Ponda town was South Goa 172 150 13 22 transferred back to Curti village as per Govt. notifica­ Salcete 50 42 6 8 tion No. 3-52/83-LA WD (ponda), 6 dated 5-3-1985. Mormugao 17 12 3 5

3. Valpoi Villages of Nanus and Veluz Sanguem 53 52 have been included in Valpoi town as per Govt. Notification Quepem 42 36 2 6 No. 3-52/83 - LAWD (Valpoi)/ 13 dated 9-5-1989. 10 8 2

Four of the inhabited villages in Satari taluka (as per 1981 census) viz. Anjunem, Gululem, Ponsuli and Quelaudem have The above statement shows as to how the 46 revenue been submerged due to the construction of Anjunem dam. villages forming part of 31 towns are distributed by talukas. It may also be mentioned that some of the municipal towns include more than one revenue village and also a part of a 7. NUMBER OF VILLAGES AND TOWNS IN GOA revenue village. In case of Pernem, only a part of the Pernem As per the Notification No. RDILND1213/69 - 711II dated revenue village has been notified as Pernem town. The remain­ 15/211971 of the then Government of Goa, Daman & Diu, there ing part has been treated as Pernem village. Wherever a part of are in all 429 revenue villages in Goa. There are 13 municipal a revenue village has been included in the municipal town, the -12-

remaining part has been retained as the revenue village. The Name of Town Revenue villages included following list shows the revenue villages either wholly or partly in the town included in the Municipal Councils/Census Towns. 11. Quepem (M. Cl.) 15. Quepem List of revenue villages wholly or partly included in Municipal 16. Cusmane Councils/Census towns, 1991 17. Deao 18. Amona Name of Town Revenue villages included Sirvoi (Part) in the town 12. Curchorem-Cacora (M. Cl.) 19. Curchorem 20. Cacora North Goa District 13. Canacona (M. Cl.) 21. Chauri 22. Nagorcem-Palolem 1. Panaji (M. Cl.) 1. Panaji 2. (C. T.) 2. Bambolim 3. Chimbel (C. T.) 3. Chimbel Nine of the villages are found to be uninhabited in 1991 4. Taleigao (C. T.) 4. Taleigao Census. An uninhabited village is a unit of area recognised for 5. Calapor (C.T.) 5. Calapor revenue purposes as a village but which did not have a human 6. Jua (c. T.) ·6. Jua dwelling. The list of the uninhabited villages is given below: 7. Mapusa (M. Cl.) 7. Mapusa 8. Corlim List of uninhabited villages 9. 8. (C. T.) 10. Siolim North Goa District 9. (C. T.) 11. Calangute 10. (C.T.) 12. Guirim I. Satari 1. Zarani 11. (C. T.) 13. Cando lim 2. Pendral 12. (C. T.) 14. Reis Magos 13. Penha de Franca (C. T.) 15. Penha de Franca 14. Pernem (M. Cl.) Pernem (Part) 15. Bicholim (M. C.l) 16. Bicholim 1. Mormugao 1. Sao Jorge Island 17. Bordem 2. Sanguem 2. Antoriem 18. Lamgao 3. Sarvona (part) 4. 16. Pale (C. T.) 19. Pale 5. Sigonem 17. Valpoi (M. Cl.) 20. Valpoi 6. Dongurli 21. Massordem 3. Canacona 7. Anjadip (Angediva) 22. Nanus 23. Veluz In all six villages in Goa have been submerged due to con­ 18. Ponda (M. CI.) 24. Ponda struction of dams. They are as follows: South Goa District North Goa 1. Margao (M. Cl.) 1. Margao 2. (M. Cl.) 2. Cuncolim 1. Anjunem (Satari) 3. Talvorda 2. Gululem 4. Veroda 3. Ponsuli 3. Raia (C. T.) 5. Raia 4. Quelaudem " 4. Navelim (C. T.) 6. Navelim 5. Benaulim (C. T.) 7. Benaulim South Goa 6. (C. T.) 8. Chinchinim 7. Mormugao (M. Cl.) 9. Mormugao Port 1. Curdi (Sanguem) 10. Vasco da Gama 2. Salauli 11. Vadem 8. NATURAL AND ECONOMIC RESOURCES 8. Chicalim (C. T.) 12. Chicalim 9. (C. T.) 13. Cortalim Goa is endowed with rich natural resources such as forests, 10. Sanguem (M. Cl.) 14. Sanguem navigable rivers, valuable mineral ore deposits like iron, manga­ Cotarli (Part) nese, ferro-manganese etc., fertile agricultural land, assured -13- rainfall of about 2500 mms., considerable marine and inland 8.1. State Income fishing potential, beautiful and dust free coast line and an As per the available estimates the Net State Domestic important natural harbour. Prior to the liberation, Goa had a low Product (NSDP) at current prices has increased from Rs. 27/­ profile of socio-economic development under the alien rule. The crores in 1960 to Rs. 315/- crores in 1980 - 81 and to Rs. 851/­ economy was essentially trade oriented and most of the domestic crores in 1989 -90 (quick estimat~s) recording an average annual demands were met by imports. The available natural resources growth rate of about 11.66 per cent during the period 1980 - 81 were neither tapped nor developed to subserve the economic to 1989 - 90 for Goa. At 1980 - 81 prices, the estimates of NSDP needs except mining and that too, during the last decade or so of for 1989 - 90 stood at Rs. 451 crores, the average annual growth its rule i. e. during the fifties. Almost all the sectors of production being 4.05 per cent. Per capita income at current prices has like agriculture, animal husbandry, forestry, fishing, industry, increased from Rs. 3145 in 1980 - 81 to Rs. 6939 in 1989 - 90 the etc. were totally neglected. But in the post liberation period, Goa average annual percentage rise being 13.40. A broad secterwise witnessed a sea change in its socio-economic development. study reveals that in 1989 - 90 at current prices tertiary sector There was a sudden spurt in development in almost all the fields . contributed 49.4 per cent as compared to 41. 8 per cent in such as agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, fishing, 1980 - 81. The contribution from the primary sector, however, industry, trade, transport, education, health, etc. The era of decreased from 28.5 per cent in 1980 - 81 to 21.3 per cent in planned economic development was ushered in Goa only in 1989 - 90. The contribution from secondary sector registered a 1962-63. Though Goa started on the development track a marginal decrease from 29.7 to 29.3 per cent over the above decade later as compared to the rest of the country, it has by and period. large, performed well and is already ahead of most of the states in respect of several indicators of economic progress. Goa from 8.2 Land Use Pattern a backward state in 1961, has emerged as one of the developed Until the end of the last century the erstwhile Portuguese states with very high per capita income, literacy rate, better Government did not have a full-fledged agency to carry out a health standards, better quality of life, better standard of living detailed holding-wise survey. It was only in the year 1898 that etc. The state had already achieved the various welfare targets the a Survey Department was first established to survey the lands of nations has set itself for the year 2000. It has the highest per Comunidades in selected talukas. In 1904, this Department em­ capita income, highest life expectancy at birth and has a higher barked upon a measurement survey of all lands and completed literacy rate. The infant mortality rate and the net reproduction the same in the talukas ofTiswadi, Ponda and Bicholim. There­ rate are almost the lowest in Goa. The economy has advanced after, between 1911 and 1940 it intermittently continued the from agriculture and mining to that of industries during the last survey of parts of the Bardez, Pernem and Satari talukas. After the liberation these data alongwith the data of .photographic three decades and is now poised to the next stage of evolution survey carried out in 1960 in respect of unsiirved area were viz. high technology industries, information and service era. reclassified in accordance with the land use classification fol­ lowed in the rest of the country. This reclassified data was then taken as portraying the position prevailing just before liberation i. e. in 1960. A complete cadastral survey was taken up in 1965 The economic resources and the progress made in different and completed in 1977. The talukawise land use pattern of north sectors of the Goa economy with special reference to North G0;} Goa as per the State Survey Department based on the cadastral district are briefly dealt below. survey is given in Table - 1..

TABLE-I

Land use pattern, 1977 (In Hectares)

Net cultivable area Talukal Forest Culturabie Area not Total District Irrigated Un irrigated Total waste including available geographical gauchar & for. cultivation area groves

2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Tiswadi Neg. 259 10440 10699 689 9967 21355 Bardez 4 522 12914 13436 4743 8215 26398

~mem 1387 723 13311 14034 4229 5518 25168 Bicholim 206 899 11492 12391 3909 7373 23879 Satari 20246 611 21299 21910 3859 3498 49513 Ponda 3976 1814 12490 14304 4550 6448 29278 North Goa 25819 4828 81946 86774 21979 41019 175591

Source: Directorate of Land Survey, Goa. -14-- Though the total geographical area of Goa state as per the of plot to plot inspection have not yet been instituted in Goa, The Surveyor General of India and the State Survey Department land use and crop pattern figures presented in this publication tally being 3702 sq, kms, at the district level there is a slight may, therefore, be used with due caution, difference, While as per the State Survey Department it is 1756 sq, kms, for North Goa, it is 1736 sq, kms, as per the Surveyor 8.3. Agriculture General of India, North Goa constitutes about 47 per cent of the total geographical area of Goa State, According to the cadastral Agriculture is one of the important economic activities of survey figures about 15 per cent of the total area of North Goa the people of Goa, About 24 per cent of the main workers and was occupied by forests and 49 per cent formed net cultivated majority of the marginal workers are engaged in the agricultural area, of which area irrigated contributed less than 3 per cent. sector and agriculture (proper) contributes about 14 per cent of About 13 per cent of the total area was classified as cultivable the total net domestic product for Goa for the year 1989-90 Quick waste and the remaining 23 per cent was not available for Estimates, cultivation, Prior to liberation agriculture was almost neglected and no Talukawise Satari alone accounts for about 28 per cent of the planned/systematic efforts were made by the erstwhile total area of North Goa, while Tiswadi accounts for only Irbout Portuguese regime towards the development of agriculture in 12 per cent. The district's major forest areas lie in the talukas of Goa, It was only after liberation that remarkable achievements Satari and Ponda, As much as 78 per cent of the land covered have been made through various measures such as use of high under forests in North Goa was in Satari taluka, Ponda and yielding varieties, fertilizers, scientific methods of cultivation, Pernem share 15 and 5 per cent respectively, improved agricultural implements for ploughing, crushing, levelling, etc" appropriate plant protection measures, As per the Cadastral survey 86,774 Ha, or 49 per cent of the irrigation, credit and marketing facilities, etc" so as. to boost total area was net cultivated area, About 25 per cent of this area agricultural production and to make agricultural activity a was in Satari taluka, Tiswadi being the smallest taluka had the remunerative proposition, least cultivated area accounting for 12 per cent of the total net culti vated area in the district. There has been a three fold increase in foodgrain production in Goa during the last three decades" It has risen from 0.50 lakh tonnes in 1960-61 to 1.52lakh tonnes in 1990-91. There has been As regards cultivable waste there were large chunks of such a similar trend in the productin of plantation and horticultural land in the talukas ofBardez, Ponda and Pernem, More than two­ crops as well. The production of cashewnut and coconut has fifths of the land classified as cultivable waste in North Goa, lie increased from 3,500 tonnes and 70 million nuts in 1961 to in the talukas of Bardez and Ponda, 12,125 tonnes and 107,7 million nuts in 1990-91. Similarly Mango production in 1990-91 was 35,000 tonnes as against The area not available for cultivation was 41,019 Ha, in 14,000 tonnes in 1980-81. In 1961 only 81.5 Ha, was under North Goa of which nearly one-fourth was in Tiswadi taluka vegetable cultivation, Due to improvement in irrigation facili­ followed by Bardez containing about one-fifth, which covers ties, etc., the area under vegetable cultivation has increased in barren uncultivable land and land put to non-agriculture uses 1990-91 to 7300 Ba, accounting for more than 5 per cent of the such as buildings, roads, and areas under water. total gross cropped area,

It is needless to mention that since the cadastral survey data pertain to the year 1977, it does not depict the present land use The average yield of most of the field crops however, is com­ pattern, Many changes have taken place since then, which have paratively low in the state and is mainly ~ue to low percentage of largely affected the cultivated and cultivable waste land, While area irrigated to total cultivated area (about 11 % as compared to the cadastral survey results are outdated being more than 15 years national average of 33%) and the uneconomic size of holdings old, the official estimates of a~ea under principal crops, etc, used (56% of the operational holdings are less than 0,5 Ba,), The in our note on agriculture are based on the data compiled by the present foodgrain production in the state is not adequate to meet Directorate of Agriculture, The latter figures are also not the requirements of the local population as also the floating accurate since they are based on some rough estimates and are popUlation, The foodgrain requirement for a population of 11.69 lakh is 1.71 lakh tonnes as against the total foodgrain not avaiJ..able at the village kvel. Thus in absence of uptodate production of I .52lakh tonnes in Goa, Considering the fact that village level data, the figures based on cadastral survey have nearby one million tourists visit Goa every year the actual been presented in the village directory which relate to the year shortfall works out to nearly 45,000 tonnes in respect of rice, 1977, Eventhough Goa was liberated three decades ago and the 13,000 tonnes in respect of wheat and nearly 40,000 tonnes in cadastral survey work was taken up in 1965 and completed in respect of vegetables. This gap is currently met by way of public 1977, the "primary reporting system" for collecting and report­ distribution system in respect of rice and wheat and import of ing uptodate data on land utilization and crop pattern on the bases vegetables from Belgaum and other neighb_ouring areas, ~15- The scope for expansion of cropped area being marginal at 'mango, jackfruit, breadfruit, papaya, banana, piheapple, chick­ present further improvement in the performance in the agricul­ oos, guavas, lemon, pomogranate and vegetables such as brin­ ture sector has to be brought about by way of encrease in jals, ladys finger, radish, cucumber, lentils, gerkins, pumpkin, productivity and the yield level as also by diversification of drumsticks, different varieties of gourd such as ridge gourd, agriculture through cultivation of horticulture crops and increas­ snake gourd, bitter gourd, etc., are widely grown. Sugarcane, ing the irrigated area facilitating multiple cropping. The Eighth sweet potatoes, onions and chillies are also produced wherever Plan for Goa lays emphasis on accelerated agriculture and irrigation facilities are available. agriculture related and rural development so that the available land, water and human resources are put to optimum use in a As per the State Directorate of Agriculture 91,239 Ha. was profitable and sustained manner so that the present shortfall covered under various crops in North Goa during 1990-91 which between production and the requirement could be reduced. accounts for 60 per cent of the gross cropped area in Goa. Out of this, 13,597 Ha. cultivated more than once. The net cultivated In the district of North Goa, the soils and climatic conditions area being 77,642 Ha. accounts for 44 per cent of the total are favourable for the growth of a wide variety of tropical crops. geographical area of North Goa and forms 59 per cent of the net The agricultural crops that are currently grown include paddy, cropped area of Goa State. Only about 10.7 per cent of the net ragi, 'pacol' udid, tur, etc. Coconut and cashewnut are important cultivated area i.e. 8314 Ha. in North Goa was irrigated. The among the tree crops. The common fruit trees are cashew, cropping pattern for 1990-91 may be seen in Table - 2.

TABLE-2

Cropping Pattern 1990 • 91

(Area in Ha.)

TalukaiDistrict

Area Under Tiswadi Bardez Pernem Bicholim Satari Ponda North Goa

2 3 4 5 6 7 8

I. Paddy 6572 6478 4355 4189 3189 4987 29770 2. Other Cereals/pulses 525 1248 2558 519 585 1006 6441 3. Sugarcane 82 28 374 20 504 4. Coconut 1612 2820 1463 1414 792 2323 10424 5. Arecanut 4 2 I 54 282 861 1204 6. Cashewnut 4044 6056 6952 7123 8540 3087 35802 7. Vegetables 862 2803 ·782 428 84 468 5427 8. Garden crops 277 205 67 167 387 '564 1667 9. Gross cropped area 13896 19612 16260 13922 14233 13316 91239 10. Area sown more than once 1873 3375 2891 1695 1032 2731 13597 II. Net cropped area 12023 16237 13369 12227 13201 10585 77642

Source: Directorate of Agriculture, Goa.

Rice is the staple food of and paddy is the principal There are two paddy seasons Kharif or 'sorrod' and rabi agriculture crop in North Goa. The gross area under this crop in or 'vaigan'. While the monsoon crops during June to 1990·91 was about 29,770 Ha. accounting for nearly 33 percent September are called Kharif crops, the winter crops during of he total gross cropped area in the district. About 56 per cent November to March are called rabi crops. of the total area under paddy in Goa is in North Goa. Though paddy is grown in all the talukas of North Goa, Tiswadi, The total production of paddy in North Goa is estimated to Bardez and Ponda are predominantly paddy growing areas. As be 1,17,746 tonnes corresponding to 78,496 tonnes of rice. The much as 47 per cent of the gross cropped area in Tiswadi was average yield of paddylHa. for North Goa is 3.991 tonnes. under paddy followed by Ponda (38 per cent) and Bardez (33 per cent). Out of the total area under paddy in North Goa, the Ragi is cultivated mostly on waste land during Kharif talukas of Tiswadi and Bardez account for about 44 per cent season. During 1990-91, area under this crop was 1720 Ha. and each contributing 22 per cent. production was 1784 tennes. -16- Cashewnut is an important cash crop and is by far the 8.4 Irrrigation single largest crop in North Goa. About 39% or 35,802 Ha. of the cultivated area in North Goa is under cashewnuts. This accounts Goa is endowed with adequate water resources estimated at for almost three-fourths of the total area under cashewnuts in the 8,570 million cubic metres (M.C.M). With the topographical, state. Cashew is grown in all the talukas of North Goa but are geographical and other constraints, the level of utilization of concentreted more in the talukas ofSatari, Bicholim and Pernem. surface water resources for irrigation is expected to be 1,125 M. C. M. and that for domestic and industrial water supply 80 M. C. The proportion of area under cashew to the cultivated area in M. and 100M. C. M. respectively. In addition, about 16M. C. M. these three talukas ranges between 43 to 6O'per cent. Goa has a of ground water is also available for use. distinction of utilizing the cashew apple most profitably for brewing liqour from its juice. 'Cashew feni' and 'Urrak' are As per State Irrigation Department estimates, the potential popular country liqours in Goa extracted from cashew juice. The of different types of irrigation schemes area-wise is as follows: production of cashewnuts is estimatesd to be 8,987 tonnes in I )190-91. The average yield of cashewnuts/tree is estimated to be A. SUiface water: 1.2 kg. and the yield of cashew apple tree is about 10 kgs. Though there are individual trees in every garden known for their yield 1. Minor Irrigation 25,500 Ha. potential around 20 to 30 kgs. of cashewnuts/tree, the average yield is so low because of majority of the trees are of poor genetic 2. Medium Irrigation 25,360 Ha. background for yield. 3. Major IrrigatioI) 31,400Ha. Coconut cultivation is concentrated in the coastal and river­ ine tracts. The two important local varieties of coconut are B. Groud Water: 7,400 Ha. Benaulim and Calangute. As compared to Calangute, Benaulim Total 89,660 Ha. variety is superior in stability of yield and kernel quality. The area under coconut in North Goa is estimated to be 10,424 Ha. Source: Draft Eigh4,Five Year Plan. and the total production of nuts is estimated to be around 47.17 million nuts. The average yield of nuts/tree was highest in Bardez Like agriculture, irrigation was also a neglected sector in the (60) and the lowest yield was recorded in Bicholim (11). The erstwhile regime. According to the available statistic, the arCG coastal talukas have sandy and silty loam soils with a high water ilTigated on the eve of liberation was only 7,860 Ha. which table hence the yield of coconuts is higher in the costal talukas of accounted for only 5.8% of the net area sown. There were no Bardez and Tiswadi compared to interior talukas of Bicholim major or medium irrigation projects in Goa then. There were and Satari. It is reported that only 15% of the coconut garden only two minor irrigation schemes viz. Paroda (South Goa) and have irrigation facilities. Irrigation alone can give an increase in Khandepar (North Goa) cantls consisting of pickup weirs yield of about 25 to 30 per cent. Regular fertilizer application acros~ the river Kushavati and Khandepar respectively and nearly doubles the yield along the coast. The yield per tree is minor canal systems having a command area of about 600 Ha. comparatively low in Goa partly due to tapping of coconut palms for both together. There were in addition small tanks scattered for toddy. Just like cashew feni, coconut feni is also a popular all over Goa irrigating small patches of land. Although the State country liquor extracted from toddy. was endowed with adgquate water resources, their utilizatPn was far below the desired level. Irrigation being a prime input for agriculture, the Govt. of Goa, since liberation has taken up a Cultivation of sugarcane was started only in 1969-70 when number of measures for harnessing/exploitation of the available the Government declared its intention to set up a sugar factory in water resources for providing irrigation facilities as per the state Goa. The area under sugercane hal', been steadily increasing from Irrigation Department, the irrigation potential created under year to year. During 1990-91 area under sugarcane in Goa was minor irrigation schemes such as wells, tanks, lift irrigation 1828 Ha. out of which 84,000 tonnes of cane was prod uced for schemes, bandharas etc., upto the end of March, 1991 under crushing. Only 504 Ha. accounting for about 28 per cent was different sectors is given below: under sugarcane in North Goa. While three-fourths of this area is in Satari taluka no sugarcane is grown in Tiswadi and Bardez. M. I. Schemes Irrigation potantial created It may be noted that paddy, cashewnut, coconut and other In hectares (CCA) cereals and pulses are the four most important crops in North Goa which together account for almost 90 per cent of the cropped 1. IrrigationDept. 16298 area. Talukawise, this proportion ranges between 85% (Bardez) and 95% (Bicholim) in N. Goa. 2. Western Ghat Development Programme 1,047 Groundnut, the only oilseed crop cultivated in Goa, is a late 3. Rural Development Agency 1,593 introduction in the state and is grown mainly in rabi season. During 1990-91, area under this crop was 522 Ha. and production Total 18,938 was 883 tonnes in North Goa. Source: Draft EightWive Years Plan. -17- The major part of the irrigation potential is expected to be The Government of Goa has set up a after Command Area created by major and medium irrigation working out to' 56,760 Development Authority in Sept., 1980 to look and coordinate the Ha. out of the total of 89,660 Ha. Details of some of the projects development of the command areas of irrigation projects with the already taken up towards achieving the creation of the above responsibility to devise ways and means to ensure full potential are briefly discussed below: utilization of irrigation potential created.

The Anjunem Irrigation Project across the river Gulelim 8.5 Tenancy (Costi Nadi) in Satari taluka of North Goa was taken up in 1978 and completed in 1988-89. The entire project potential of 2, 100 Prior to liberation, there was no comprehensive legislation Ha. cultivable command area (CCA) in Satari and Bicholim in Goa to deal with matters connected with land. Only small talukas has been already created with an annual intensity of pieces of legislation in the form of "Decrees" and "Legislative irrigation potential of 4625 Ha. However, the utilization during Diplomas" were formulated from time to time. In the erstwhile 1990-91 was only 1044 Ha. (CCA) with annual irrigation of2297 regime, land was primarily held by three agencies viz. Ha. The full potential is likely to be utilized by 1992-93. Government, Village "Comunidades" and private individuals and institutions such as temples and churches. The land laws The Salaulim Irrigation Project is a major irrigation project existing then gave the Government direct control over its own . approved in 1971 to provide irrigation facilities to 14,360 Ha. in lands and indirect control over Comunidade lands but very little Sanguem, Quepem and Salcete talukas of South Goa District. control over the private lands. The Salauli dam has been now completed and the irrigation potential created under the project upto 1990-91 was 5570 After liberation, the erstwhile Union Terrtory of Goa, Daman Ha.(CCA) with an annual irrigation potential of 8244 Ha. out and Diu appointed a commission under the Chairmanship of which 4632 Ha. with an annual irrigation of 6856 Ha. was Shri A. L. Dias in February, 1963 to recommend measures for utilized. the al1 round development of agricultural economy. A second committee to examine the problems in broader perspective was Tillari Irrigation Project is a joint venture of the constituted in 196G under the chairmanship of Shri P. B. Venkat Governments of Goa and Maharashtra. The Government of Subramanian which was later reconstituted in 1969 under the Maharashtra will construct the head works and the common chairmanship of Shri Antony D'Souza. Based on the recommen­ length of main canals in Maharashtra state and the Government dations of the above committees several important legislative of Goa will construct the canals distribution system etc., within and executive measures were taken by the Government. These Goa state. The total irrigable area under the project is 23654 Ha. are briefly dealt below: (CCA) out of which 16978 Ha. is in Goa and 6676 Ha. is in Maharashtra. Besides, Goa state will receive 55.48 M.Cum. Agricultural Tenancy Act: The Goa, Daman & Diu of water for domestic and industrial purposes. The total Agricultur~! Tenancy Act of 1964 was the major step taken by estimated cost of the project is Rs. 231 crores out of which Goa's the Government towards protecting the tenants in Goa. Under share is Rs. 169 crores. The Govcmment otMaharashtra has the Act, all tenants of paddy fields were declared protected made sufficient headway in the execution of this project. The tenants. The Act conferred heritable permanent tenancy right on construction of the pick-up weir has been completed and the two the tenants. The Agircultural Tenancy Rules framed under this canals in its territory are also in progress. In Goa state also the Act, came into force from March, 11, 1965. construction of the canal distribution system has been taken up. Though the project is expected to be completed by 1997, limited Under the fjfth Amendment to the Agricultural Tenancy flow of water of 2.83 M. Cum. will be availble for Goa in October, 1994 from the Right Bank Main CanaL The talukas of Act, passed by the Goa Legislature in October, 1976, th~ Gov­ Perncm and Bicholim are expected to benefit from this project. ernment had sought to make some important amendments. The amendments also provide that on the tillers' day every tenant The Mandovi Irrigation Project located at N anode village in would be deemed to have purchased flOm his land 10fd the land Satari taluka is expected to bring under irrigation 5,902 Ha. held by him as a tenant and such land would vest in him free from (CCA) with an annual irrigation of 13,110 Ha. of land in Satari all encumbrances subsisting on the said day. But the said Act was and Bicholim talukas of North Goa. Though the project has been challenged in the then Judicial Commissioner's Court and sub­ cleared by the Planning Commisssion and the Department of sequently in the Supreme Court ofIndia. However, in July, 1991 Environment, the clearance under the Forest (Conservation) the Supreme Court ofIndia has disposed off the case in favonr of Act, 1980 is awaited. The estimated cost of project is Rs. 40 the tenants. crores. Goa, Damar. & Diu Land Revenue Code, 1968: In order to Investigations for other medium projects namely Uguem, Siridao and Khandepar in North Goa and Kushawati in South bring the Land Revenue Administration in this state on par with Goa are being carried out. The medium projects at Uguem, that prevailing in other states, the Siridao, Khandepar and Kushavati are capable of irrigatitl~ passed the Land Revenue Code Bill in 1968. The Code attempts 2,355 Ha., 2,000 Ha., 7,000 Ha. and 6,000 Ha. respectively. to regularise the relationship between the State and landlords -18- without disturbing the ownership rights. This has been brought Almost 55 per cent of the total livestock in North Goa into effect from March I, 1971. consists of bovine popUlation - 39 per cent being cattle and 16 Mamlatdar's Court Act, l~o6: This Act has been enforced per cent buffaloes. Pigs accounted for about 19 per cent, while in Goa from April 6, 1966. Under this Act, speedy remedy is dogs accounted for 20 per cent: available to agriculturists or 'Mundkar's in disputes relating to agricultural lands, easements, etc. The talukawise distribution of livestock is more or less even 8.6 Animal Husbandry in North Goa except for Bardez which had the highest (25%), followed by Pernem (18 %). The lowest populations were in the Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Services, though formed talukas of Bicholim and Satari being about 12 per cent each. an important sector of the Goan rural economy, it was the most Table - 4 shows the talukawise distribution of livestock in neglected sector during the erstwhile Portuguese regime. After the liberation, several schemes were taken up for quantative and 1987. qualitative improvement of livestock and poultry. Full-fledged veterinary hospitals one each at Panaji and Margao, II TABLE-4 veterinary dispensaries in North Goa and 12 at South Goa have been set up over the years in addition to two Mobile Talukawise distribution of livestock, 1987 Ambulatory Sevices one each in the districts of North and South Goa. The Livestock Farm at Dhat in South Goa has been TalukalDistrict Total Percentage expanded in the successive years of the plan period. A. Cattle Livestock Distribution Breeding Farm was established at Copardem in Satari in order to produt:e qualitative cross-breed heifers for distribution to 1 2 3 farmers, Under Key Village Scheme, one centre and 52 sub~centres - 29 in North Goa and the remaining 23 in South Tiswadi 25,967 16.3 Goa - are functioning at various villages with semen bank at Bardez 40,025 25.1 Curti (Ponda). As a result of these measures the annual produc­ tion of milk which was negligible in 1961 had gone up to 27,000 Pernem 29,443 '18.4 tonnes in 1990-91. The availability of milk per day in the state Bicholim 19,056 11.9 at present is 90 thousand Iitres of which 68 thousand Iitres is Satari 19,356 12.1 produced locally and the rest is procured from the neighbouring states. The setting up of a dairy plant at Curti (Ponda) opened up Ponda 25,937 16.2 a suitable market for rural milk producers and ensured a regular North Goa 1,59,784 100.0 supply of wholesome milk to the urban population. To meet the growing demand for meat products, Goa meat Complex was set Source: Directorate of Planning, Statistics & Evaluation Goa. up at Usgao (Ponda) in 1982. A piggery farm has been also established at Curti (Ponda). Table - 5 given below shows that among the talukas of In the district of North Goa the totallivesiock was 1,59,784 North Goa, the density of livestock per sq. km. of area was the of which 1,51,667 or 95 per cent were in the rural areas and the highest in Bardez and the lowest in Satari. The availability of ' remaining 8,117 or 5 per cent were in the urban areas. The livestock per one lakh human popUlation was highest in Pernem distribution oflivestock in North Goa categorywise as per 1987 . Livestock Census is given in Table 3 below. and the lowest in TiswadL

TABLE-3 TABLE-5

Distribution of livestock by category, 1987. Density and Dumber of livestock per one Iakh human popUlation, 1987. Category No. of animals Percentage to total livestock TalukalDistrict Density of livestock No. of livestock per sq. km. per lakh human 1 2 3 population Cattle 61,815 38.7 2 3 Buffaloes 25,470 15.9

Sheep 195 0.1 Tiswadi 122 17051 : Goats 10,504 6.6 Bardez 152 22,542 Pernem 117 42,964 Horses & Ponies 4 Neg. Bicholim 80 22,291 Pigs 29,993 18.8 Satari 39 41,121 Dogs 31,803 19.9 Ponda 89 20,836 Total 1,59,784 100.0 North Goa 91 24,379

Source: Directorate of Planning, Statistics and Evaluation. Goa. Source: Directorate of Planning, Statistics & Evaluation, Goa. -19- The total number of poultry in North Goa as per 1987 National Institute of Oceanography is around 70,000 tonnes per Livestock Census was 4,30814 which accounted for more than annum. At present fishing is restricted to 16 kms. of the coast 70 per cent of total poultry in Goa. Table - 6 shows the line. Now that local fisherman have started utilising vessels of talukawise poultry population in 1987. larger length around 38' to 52' which enable them to go for fishing beyond 16 kms. It is expected that by the end of the Eighth Plan the local marine fish catch would be around 65,000 tonnes. TABLE-6 As per the livestock census, 1987, North Goa with 1685 Talukawise poultry population, 1987. fishing crafts accounted for more than three-fourths of the fishing crafts in Goa. Of these 619 or 37% were mechanised. TalukalDistrict Poultry Percentage Among the talukas in North Goa the highest number of fishing population . distribution crafts was in Bardez (695 or 41 %) followed by Tiswadi (691 or 41 %). These two coastal taluka toghether accounted for 82% of 2 3 the total fishing crafts in North Goa.

Tiswadi 60,129 14.0 8.8 Forestry Bardez 1,15,065 26.7 Pernem 23,674 5.5 In Goa, forests are largely confined to the Western Ghat hill BichoHm 24,036 5.6 slope. Almost 90% of the Government forest area is in the Satari 12,975 3.0 talukas of Sanguem, Satari and Canacona. Only about 28% of Ponda 1,94,935 45.2 the total forest area is in North Goa and remaining 72 per cent is North Goa 4,30,814 100.0 in South Goa. Less than 15% of the total land area of North Goa is under forests. The major forest area of North Goa lie in the Source: Directorate of Planning, Statistics & Evaluation, Goa. talukas of Satari and Panda. Almost 78% of the forest cover in North is in Satari taluka followed by Ponda (15%) and Pemem 8.7 Fisheries (5%). The coastal talukas ofTiswadi and Bardez have no forests worth the name. With a coast line extending over 100 kms. and inland waterways over 250 kms. Goa is endoved with rich marine and During the erst~hile Portuguese regime very little attention inland fishing potential. Fish is the staple food for the people of was paid to the development of forest. The Indian forest Act was Goa. Apart from being an esteemed item of daily diet of about extended to Goa in 1965 and all the forest were treated as reservd. 95 percent of the Goan population, it is the major source of Under the successi ve Five Year Plan several Schemes have been protein for the local people. Fishing like agriculture is one of the implemented for conservation, development, and protection of oldest occupations of the Goan people and an important means of livelihood particularly of those. living in the coastal areas. forests, against illegal cutting and poaching, raising and mainte­ Prior to liberation fishing was done, mainly by non-mechanised nance of valuable species of industrial and economic importance fishing crafts. The planned development of fishing industry in such as timber, rubber, cashew, etc., forest roads, afforestation, Goa was initiated only after the liberation. In fact, Goa is the first etc. Commercial harvesting of timber in Government forests State in India where diversified fishing methods were introduced have been totally banned since 1980. For regulating felling of as early as 1964. 'Purse-seine' and 'Trolling line' fishing trees in private areas, Goa, Daman & Diu preservation of trees techniques have been commercialised. Necessary fisheries Act notified in 1984 has been strictly enforced. Since 1962 infrastructure such as construction of jetties, ramps, approach roads, cold-storage complexes, ice factories, fish drying plat­ Forest Department has raised plantations of various economic form, etc. for the fullest exploitation of fisheries resources and species such as teak, eucalyptus, cashew, rubber, etc. over 300 improvement of the economic lot offisherman have been under­ sq. kms. area. taken over the years. Cold storage complexes have been set up at Panaji and Chapora (Bardez) in North Goa and Canacona in Apart from protecting and preserving the existing forests it South Goa. Fishing jetties have been constructed at Panaji in is proposed to bring all other available cultivable waste lands and North Goa, Cortalim (SaIcete), Talpona (Canacona) and Cut­ degraded area under forests so that at least 40% of the total land bona (Salcete) in South Goa. While the jettey at Malim (Bardez) area would be under forest cover by the end of the century. is likely to be completed shortly, the one at Chapora (Bardez) is Necessary steps have been already initiated in this direction and under construction. Fish landing ramps have been provided at Marvel, Caranzalem and Odxel in Tiswadi taluka, Orda and private areas from comunidades and other agencies have been at Candolim (Bardez) and Keri at Pernem. already acquired and brought under tree cover. Nearly 2,400 hectares area outside Government forest has been covered under Due to the various measures undertaken, fish catch in Goa plantations by the State Forest Department. has increased from 17,000 tonnes in 1960 to 55,000 tonnes in 1991. Almost 80% of the total catch comprises palagic resources Prior to liberation there was no ban on killing of wild like mackerels, sardine, etc. and the remaining 20% from inland animals, as a result of which most of the wild life had disappeared and demersal resources in sea. Prawns constitutes 8 to 1Oper cent from Goan forests. After liberation, killing of wildlife has of the total catch. The fisheries potential as assessed by the been totally banned in Goa. More then one-third of the total -20- Government forests have been constituted into four wild life Goa iron has been 100% export-Oriented right from the be­ sanctuaries for conservation of natural living resources, to re­ ginning. In 1990-91 iron ore accounted for a foreign exchange store degraded habitat and deplated flora and fauna and to ofRs. 308.72 crores as compared toRs. 18.31 crores in 1961-62. rehabilitate endangered and threatened species. Three out of the four sanctuaries namely Bondla in Ponda taluka, Cotigao in Mining industry employs 8,500 persons directly whilst and Molem in are located in an equal number of persons is employed in transport and other the Western Ghat Region. They provide shelter to 40 species allied activities relating to mining industry. About 4,000 goods of mammals, 180 of birds and about 24 species of reptiles. vehicles are used for transport of ore. Besides 133 barges with Varities ofJocal as well as migratory birds frequently visit 'Salim an average freight carrying capacity of 807 tonnes are used for Ali Bird Sanctuary' at Chorao (Tiswadi Taluka). ore transport.

8.9 Minerals and Mining 8.10 Energy

Goa is endowed with abundant mineral resources. Mining Prior to liberation electricity was generated in Goa from was the backbone of the Goan economy. Prior to liberation diesel engines and the total power demand was meagre 2.2 MW mining constituted a major activity contributing 17.9 per cent of catering to 5096 consumers. Since liberation, the achievement the Net State Domestic Product (NSDP) in 1960. Though after in the power sector has been remarkable. liberation mineral production has almost remained steady, the contribution of mining to NSDP has decreased to one-sixth of its Almost all the villages and towns have been electrified. In 1960 level (from 17.9% to 3.0% at constant prices in 1989-90 as so far as electrification of households is concerned, 99 per cent per the quick estimates) which shows that Goa's economy is no has been covered. The number of consumers as on 31-3-1991 more dependent on mining for its principal income. was 2,41,OJ 8 with 345 high tension industrial consumers and 4485 pumpset connections. The per capita consumption of In Goa, 65,000 Ha. of land is covered by mining leases of electricity was 406 KWH as against 13 KWH in 1961-62. The which about 39% is in North Goa and the rest in South Goa. In total power demand was around 120 MW in 1990-91. North Goa the maximum area undermining is in Bicholim taluka (43%), followed by Satari (29%). Though in terms of area San­ Goa has no power generation of its own and depends upon guem taluka in South Goa tops the list in Goa, from the point of National Thermal Power corporation (NTPC) for its power de­ view of mineral production Bicholim taluka contributed about mand. It has allocation from Korba and Vindyachal (NTPC) 60% of the value of mineral produce in Goa. stations of Western Grid and Ramagundam (NTPC) station of Southern Grid. The present demand is 120 MW as against the Mining activity on a commercial scale started in Goa at the availability of 240 MW from Korba and Vindyachal NTPC end of the second world war when 52,000 tonnes of ore was stations and 100 MW from Ramagundam NTPC stations. The exported through Mormugao Port. During 1991 the mineral total share of Goa from NTPC is 34 MW. The state does not have production was 13.5 million tonnes though the highest point was any direct transmission links with NTPC sources. The power is reached in 1976 when almost 15 million tonnes of ore was wheeled through Maharashtra State Electricity Board (MSEB) produced in Goa. The bulk of the ore consists of iron ore, the rest being manganese ore and bauxite. The mineral production and Karnataka State Electricity Board Systems. The Maharash­ during 1981 to 1991 are given in Table-7. tra State Electricity Board is not able to wheel beyond 100 MW with existing network through 220 KVSIC inter-state line from TABLE-7 Kolhapur to Ponda from the Western Grid. Similaily there are constraints ( Maximum of 55 MW ) in wheeling power from the Mineral production during 1981·91. Southen Grid through 110 KV D/C inter state line from Hubli to (In '000' Tonnes) Ponda. The single 220/11033 KV receiving Sub-Station of Goa is located at Ponda. In order to meet the projected load growth of Year Iron ore Manganese Ferro Manganese/ Bauxite All Goa, necessary measures to augment I upgrade the exisiting Ore Ferrogeneious Mineral tranmission system to improve the capacity to receive the allo­ Manganese Ore cated share of power from NTPC sources and to transmit load centres have been already undertaken. A 220 KV double cifcuit 4 5 1) 2 3 line from Nazari (Karnataka) to Ponda has been commissioned in June' 92. 1981 11,951 4 113 30 12,098 1982 12,433 5 70 9 12,517 A mini hyrdo electric project of capacity 3x300 KW has 1983 10,383 4 43 21 10,451 been taken up at Anjunem ( Satari ). The project is likely to be 1984 11,794 6 68 16 11,884 commissioned by May 1994. 1985 11,412 3 57 6 11,478 1986 12,654 4 43 15 12,716 8.11 Industry 1987 13,601 4 29 6 13,640 Before liberation Goa has only about fifty small scale 1988 12,557 5 15 8 12,585 manufacturing units consisting of fruits and fish canning, a 1989 9,731 7 25 23 9,786 carbon dioxide plant, a match factory, a rnangalore tile factory, 1990 13,554 II 44 7 13,616 a tyre retreading unit and few laundry soap makings units. 1991 13,433 15 36 3 13,487 Most of the consumer needs of the local population were met by imports rather than local production. The Goan Source: Goa Mineral Ore Exporters Association. economy then was essentially a trading economy. Lack of -21- adequate infrastuctural facilities such as electric power, number one in rank among the various locations for the proposed potable water, transport and c~mmu~icatio~ network, etc. free Port. A free Port as envisaged could trigger significant were instrumental for a low profIle of Industnal development manufacturing activities in addition to entrepot trade. Besides during the erstwhile regime. In 1960, the contribution of the , a new activity of bunkering and repair of ships will rise manufacturing sector to the State domestic product (SDP) was in Goa resulting in generation of sizable employment and sub­ only 1.99 croress accounting for 7.3 per cent of the total SDP. stantial revenues in foreign exchange. The era of planned industrial development was ushered in Goa only after liberation. Apart from building up the necessary 8.12 Transport and communications infrastructural facilities, to encourage the en trepreneurs to set up industrail units, incentives such as financial assistance on liberal terms, supply of machinery on hire purchase, supply of Transport sector plays a vital role in the economy of Goa, power at concessional rates, exemption from sale tax, etc. were directly influencing mining, industry, construction, trade and provided by the Government. Goa with the exception of Panaj commerce, tourism and other services. Transport and commu­ Municipal area was declared as an industrially backward area nications contributed almost 17.5 per cent of the Net State by the Government of India and as a result industries were Domestic Products (NSDP) at constant (J 980-81) prices in eligible for concessions such as capital subsidy, concessional J 989-90 (Quick estimates) as compared to 8.2 per cent in 1980- fall; of interest on term loans, income tax concessions, etc. 81. While Railways and communications accounted for only 0.1 Though the first decade after liberation did not witness the and 0.8 percent respectively of the NSDP in 1989-90, transport desired industrial growth mainly due to lack of adeqate by other means accounted for 16.6 per cent. infrastructural facilities and industrial culture, the various measures undertaken by the Government gave a strong push to The State of Goa has a fairly well developed network of industrilisation of Goa since 1973. The number of small scale transport and communication. It is served by railways, road­ industries which was 702 in 1973 shotupt04763 ason March '91 ways, inland waterways and airways as well as by post and with an investment of Rs. 61 crores and providing employment telegraph services, telephone, telex, etc. It has a very good to 30,073 persons. Thus for about every 250 inhabitants in Goa natural harbour at Mormugao in South Goa. Mandovi, Zuari, there was one unit as against I to 1,000 in highly industrialized Sal, Chapora and Talpona rivers provide inland waterways and state of Maharashtra. Further there were 42 large and medium are extensively used particularly ta transport minerals to the port. industries in the state as on March '91 with an investment of over 300 crores and providing employment to 9.120 persons. Even before liberation Goa was well endowed with road Thc contribution of manufacturing sector to the NSDP at current facilities. However, the roads were generally narrow and not as­ prices had gone up from Rs. 77 .76 crores in 1980-81 to Rs. 194. 35 crores in 1989-90 (Quick estimates). Manufacturing sector phalted. In 1961, the total length of raads including rural road~; accounted for 24.7 per cent of the total NSDP in 1980-81 The was only 2735 kms. most of which were not asphalted. The phe­ corresponding percentage in 1989-90 was however, 22.3. The nomenal risc of vehicular trafficfrom 8531 in 1961 to 1,25,965 countribution by the large scale sector in manufacturing was 58 in 1991 as also the demands of the growing population and the per cent. developmental activities, had necessitated better network of roads and bridges. Widening/improvement of some of the roads The first industrial Estate in Goa was established at Corlim to meet the standards of national and state highways was also (Tiswadi) in North Goa in 1967. As on March '91 there were 12 imperative accordingly, more than 30 bridges have been con­ industrial estates with 606 sheds and about ! ,000 plots. All stucted and the totallcngth of roads inclusive or rural roads has these industrial estates were established by the Goa, Daman & incrcased to 7,242 kms. in 1991. Thus Goa has 1956 krns. of Diu Industrial Development Corporation (GDDIDC). Although roads per every ) ,000 sq. kms. or area of 619 kms. per lakh most of the sheds have been alloted, the units have been estab­ population. all the villages in the state have been conneckd by lished in about 85 per cent of sheds have been allotted. Out of all weather roads. . 1,000 plots, about 900 plots have been alloted and activity of construction/running the unit being carried out in about 800 There are in all 39 big and small bridges in Goa of which 32 plots. were constructed after liberation. Another 10 bridges are under construction now. These include the new , the The Economic Development Corporation(EDC) was set recommissioning of the old Mandovi bridge (which had co­ up in Goa in 1975 to promote and finace industrial units both by lapsed in July 1986) Colvale and New Patto in North Goa district. way of sanctioning loans as also by way of equity participation All these bridges except Col vale are expected to be completed and to start units on its own. The EDC has set up six subsidiaries within a year or so. in North Goa Districts Viz (1) Goa TimeMovers Ltd.- assem­ bling wrist watches (2) Goa Electronices Ltd.- assembling T. V. sets (3) Goa Auto Accessories Ltd.- manufacturing of With the objective of providing safe, regular, reliable and automoble components (4) Goa Telecommunication & System comfortable road transport to the travelling public and to connect Ltd.-Manufacture of telecommunication equipments (5) Goa interior remote villages with urban centres, the Kadamba Trans­ Antibiotics & Pharmaceutiicls Ltd.- Manufacture of Pharma­ port Corporation (KTC), a wholly owned company of the Gov­ ceuticals (6) Goa Electricals and Fans Ltd.- Manufacture of ernment of Goa was established in October 1980 with an initial F'V1s. It has also started two joint ventures with TELCO fm strength of 10 buses. The KTC as on 3) -3-1991 had a fleet size manufacture of automobile components and with Crompton of 233 buses operating 180 bus routes. Kadamba Suburban Greaves Ltd.- to manufacture modems, terminals, etc. Transport Corporation Ltd. was established in October 1988 with a fleet size of 30 buses to meet the transportation demands The Government of India, in December, 1990, had set up a of major towns. Apart from KTC buses 1007 buses/minibuses committee to examine the desirability and feasibility of setting run by private operators are engaged in passenger transport up a free Port in the country under the Chairmanship of Mr. service. Besides these buses there were 521 taxies, 2451 motor­ Raunaq Sin~ The Committee has recommended Goa as the cycle taxies and 943 autorickshaws in Goa as on 31-3-i991. -22-- As regards railway transport at present there is a metre­ million tonnes of cargo it is placed number one among the iron guage line in South Goa extending from Mormugao Harbour to ore loading ports in the country and ranked within the first ten Castlerock in Karnataka State. During the Eight Plan period the leading iron ore loading ports in the world. conversion of the metre guage to broad guage from Mormugao to Miraj is likely to be taken up. Till the late fifties, Goa's export trade was restricted to a few agricultural commodities such as coconut, mangoes, arecanut The Konkan Railw~y Corporation Ltd., has been set up as a and fish. With the advent of mineral ores in the trade list, iron public sector company under the Ministry of Railways for ore is the most important commodity exported both in respect constructing a new railway line from Roha to . The of quantity as well as value. In 1990-91 more than 13 million 760 kms. line at an estimated cost of Rs. 1400 crores is likely to tonnes of iron ore worth of Rs. 308.72 crores were exported. be ready by October, 1994. The total railway length in Goa will Among the imports in the post-liberation period petroleum be 105 kms. passing through the talukas of Pernem, Bardez products and fertilizers are the most important commodities. Bicholim and Tiswadi in North Goa and Salcete, Quepem and Canaconain South Goa. Once this project is completed the travel time from Bombay to Goa will be reduced from 20 hrs. at present The other attendent services such as banking, insurance, to 10 hrs. and will also give a big boost to rail traffic both transport etc. also flourished in the wake of expanded trade and passenger and freight. commerce. As on March 31,1990, 36 banks with 305 banks branches were operating in Goa of which 178 were in North Goa Goahas about 555 kms. of inland waterways of which 256 District. The average population covered per branch office in kms. are navigable through rivers, Mandovi, Zuari and their Goa is the lowest in India being less than 4000 as against the tributaries. There are 19 routes on which regular ferry services national average of 14.000. ply apart from two launch services in Goa. Thirty ferry boats and two launches were in operation in 1991 which ferried more According to the Economic Census 1990, ther e were 60796 than 510 lakh pasengers. Besides 133 barges with an averages enterprises engaging 219296 persons in Goa. Of these 36,032 freight carrying capacity of807 tonnes were used for carrying~re enterprises (or 59 per cent) with 1,34,466 persons (or 61 per cent) by rivers to port. The cntire movement of iron ore in Goa is on were reported in North Goa. Thus there was one establishment waterways. for about every 19 persons in Goa and for 18 persons in North Goa. as much as 93 per cent the enterprises were non-agricul­ Goa has an international airport at in South Goa. tural enterprises in Goa and 94 per cent in North Goa District. The distance from Panaji to is 27 kms. The CHOGM meeting held in Goa in 1983 led to the upgradation of 9. MAJOR SOCIAL AND CULTURAL EVENTS ETC. the Daboli airport to an Intcrnational airport. DURING THE DECADE 1981-91.

There is one head post office each at Panaji in North Goa and The most important social, cultural and political events Margao in South Goa. 238 post offices of which 182 are located which took place in the state during the decade 1981-91 are in rural areas, 71 telgraph offices, 92 public call offices and 272 briefly narrated here under in a chronological order. telex installations. There were 19.401 telephone in use as on March '91. Goa has a telephone density of 16.6.per 1,000 9.1 The Kala Academy population as against about 5 telephone per 1,000 in India: The Kala Academy Complex at Campal Panaji was inaugu­ 8.13. Trade and Commerce rated by late Shri Rajiv Gandji, the former Prime Minister of India on December, 18, 1981. The Complex built in an area of As discussed earlier, Goa's economy prior to liberation was about 10,000 sq mts. was designed by the world famous Goan essentialy trade oriented relying almost entirely on imported Architect . The campus with a huge and massive consumer goods to meet domestic demands. Goa has a rich but elegent structure was made ready in phases and today all maritime tradition. The original port of Goa (now called Old facilities of the academy have been accomodated under a single Goa) was a flourising Trade centre of the East much before the roof. The Academy has 10 major components including an open advent of the Portuguese enjoying trade reletions with Japan air auditorium of 2500 seating capacity, an air-conditioned even in the days of Hideoyoshi Toyomi. When the Adil Shah of auditorium with 1000 seating capacity and two mini theatres. The campus accomodates a well equipped blackbox for record­ Bijapur dynasty was defeated by the Portuguese in 1510 this ing and also a studio for debates, an artgalary, workshop, library western port of India came under foreign rule. By the end of of music and books and guest houses for the residential artistes. the 16th century Goa had reached the zenith of its glory and Besides, there are 40 faculty rooms where 'riyaz' in true Indian was the..chief centre of the commerce and principal emporium of classical music and dance is held for budding talents. trade between East and West. With the advent of steamships for international meritime trade in the nineteenth century, Old Goa 9.2 The Kendra could po longer serve as a port for international trade. The construction of the new harbour at Mormugao was thus taken up The Doordarshan net work was extended to Goa with the in 1882. Today with an annual through put of more than 14 commissioning of a 1 KW Transmitter with a temporary mast -23- and coverage area of 30 kms. during Asiad 1982 at Altinho, the year 1985 '6, From Junc, 1986 the affiliation ·of these Panaji. The coverage area was extended t090 kms. with the com­ colleges was IL"!Sh;~d to the . The University missioing of a 10 KW. High Power Transmitter and a [15 M. has now, shifted to its own beautiful complex built on Taleigao high permanent Mast in 1986. plateau, at Talcigao a census town near Panaji.

The Programme Generating Facility having a studio was The University has provision for instruction in almost all commissioned in June 1990 originating half-an hour pro~ important faculties such as Arts, Humanities and Social science, gramme, five days a week i.e. Monday to Friday on the cultural Commerce, Law, Education, Engineering, Medicine, Dentistry, and developmental activities of Goa. The programmes produced Architecture and Fine Arts,. both at the Post-graduation and are both studio based and field based. graduate level. Besides the course in above faculties, the University has facilities for Post-graduate programme of 9.3 The Commonwealth Heads of Government Meet Education and training leading, to the degree of Master in (CHOGM) Management studies, M. Sc. in Marine, Bio-technology and Master in Computer Applications. The University has also In November 1983 Goa made is debut as the venue of the started M. phil. programme to begin 'with in English, , international meet-a place of retreat for the Commonwealth Mathematics and Physics from the academic year 1988-89. Heads of Government. Though VVIPs in India seldom miss including Goa in tf[r itinerary, this particular event of CHOGM 9.6 Visit by the Pope was distinctly a feather in Goa's cap since it was for the first time that Goa was visited by a galaxy of world leaders. The Retreat His Holiness Pope John Paul II, the religious head of the was held at the Taj Holiday Village, Sinquerim at Candolim (Fort Roman was the first Pope to visit Goa in Aguada Group) in North Goa. February, 1986. A Papal Mass was held at CampaJ ground, Panaji on February 6, 1986 which was attended by lakhs of 9.4 The Exposition of the relics of St. Francis Xavier devotees from Goa and other neighouring states.

The expositon of the relics of St. Francis Xavier, who was 9.7 Visit by Mother Tereza ! the patron saint of Goa is held once in 10 years for veneration at Old Goa. St. Francis Xavier was born on April 7, 1506 in Spain. Mother Tereza visited Goa and gave the message of peace He was ordained priest in 1537, Xavier came to Goa in 1542 and on August, 28, 1986. went about nursing the sick and instructing the native Christains. In the same year Xavier left Goa and again returned to Goa in 9.8 Silver Jubilee year of Goa's Liberation 1547 and taught for a time at St. Paul's College. In 1552, he left Goa for the East. He went to the Island of Sane ian but was unable Goa (the foriner Union Territory of Goa, Daman & Diu) to enter China. Depressed and frustrated Xavier fell ill soon after celebrated its silver jubilee year (1961-86) of its liberation in and died on December 3, 1555. December, 1986 with wider perception, rich experience and nu­ merous achievements in all fields of human endeavour. The The relics of this famous St. Francis Xavier preserved in a Silver Jubilee gave the people of Goa an occasion to look back, silver casket is enshrined and venerated in a massive structure of consolidate and plan the path for the future. the famous Basilica of Born Jusus, popularly known as the church of St. Francis Xavier. So far, there have been fourteen 9.9 Statehood for Goa expositions of the sacred relics of St. Francis Xavier. The~ were in i782, 1859,1878, 1890, 1900, 1910, 1922, 1931,J942, 1952, Goa aUained statehood on May 30, 1987 under the Goa 1961,1964,1974, and 1984. The recent (l4th) exposition of the Daman & Diu reorganisation act, 1987. (Act No. 78 of 1987). 429 years old body of St. Francis Xavier was held during With the constitution (fifty- sixth amendment) Act., 1987, Goa . November-December, 1984 at the majestic at Old was included in the I Schedule of the Constitution ofIndia, as the Goa. Lakhs of people including foreigners and persons from twenty-fifth state of India. It is youngest state 0'[ the Indian, outside Goa visited this place at the time of the Exposition. Union.

9.S The Goa University 9.10 The Official Language

The Goa University Act as passed by the Goa Legislative The Goa Daman & Diu official language Act 1987 (Act 5 Assembly was assented to by the President ofIndi