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Autonomous Trade Unions in Algeria an Expression of Nonviolent Acts of Citizenship

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Autonomous Trade Unions in Algeria an Expression of Nonviolent Acts of Citizenship KARIM MAÏCHE Autonomous Trade Unions in Algeria An Expression of Nonviolent Acts of Citizenship Tampere University Dissertations 238 Tampere University Dissertations 238 KARIM MAÏCHE Autonomous Trade Unions in Algeria An Expression of Nonviolent Acts of Citizenship ACADEMIC DISSERTATION To be presented, with the permission of the Faculty of Social Sciences of Tampere University, for public discussion in the auditorium 1100 of the Pinni B building, Kanslerinrinne 1, Tampere, on 17 April 2020, at 12 o’clock. ACADEMIC DISSERTATION Tampere University, Faculty of Social Sciences Finland Responsible Professor Emeritus supervisor Tuomo Melasuo and Custos Tampere University Finland Supervisor Doctor of Social Sciences Anitta Kynsilehto Tampere University Finland Pre-examiners Professor Daho Djerbal Professor Marnia Lazreg Université d’Alger 2 The City University of New York Algeria United States Opponent Professor Rachid Tlemçani Université d’Alger 3 Algeria The originality of this thesis has been checked using the Turnitin Originality Check service. Copyright ©2020 author Cover design: Roihu Inc. ISBN 978-952-03-1524-5 (print) ISBN 978-952-03-1525-2 (pdf) ISSN 2489-9860 (print) ISSN 2490-0028 (pdf) http://urn.fi/URN:ISBN:978-952-03-1525-2 PunaMusta Oy – Yliopistopaino Tampere 2020 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Preparing this thesis has been simultaneously challenging and rewarding experience. My deepest gratitude goes to all the Algerian trade unionists who shared their views and experiences. The constructive and valuable comments of the pre- examiners, Professors Daho Djerbal and Marnia Lazreg, helped to improve this work from multiple aspects. I feel extremely grateful for my supervisors Professor Tuomo Melasuo and Doctor Anitta Kynsilehto. This thesis was prepared in Tampere Peace Research Institute (TAPRI). I want to thank Professor Tarja Väyrynen and all my colleagues for their support and advices. In addition, I want to thank the University of Tampere. I received help for translation and language editing from Jorma Penttinen and Mark Waller. Many thanks! This thesis was prepared simultaneously with other projects around Finnish Youth Research Network and two KONE funded projects: Regional challenges to multilateralism and Neighborhood Yurt. It has been exiting to work with many talented artists and researchers. In Algeria, I was privileged to deepen my understanding of the Algerian society among researchers in the National Centre of Research in Social and Cultural Anthropology (CRASC). In addition, I have enjoyed participating to Finnish University Partnership for International Development (UniPID network), Politiikasta.fi and Finnish Peace Research Association (SRTY). I want to thank the Finnish Institute in the Middle East (FIME) for travel grant to conduct my fieldwork. Finally, I thank my civil society camarades, friends and family for all the support. I salute you! 3 4 ABSTRACT There are dozens of autonomous trade unions in Algeria, forming a heterogeneous political body within the dispersed opposition in the country. Autonomous trade unions are social movements that aim to defend workers’ rights through multiple organizational networks that consist of human rights groups, civil society associations and political parties. None of the single oppositional groups, whether autonomous trade unions, oppositional political parties or civil society actors, have succeeded in the formation of a credible, cohesive and unified alternative force to the state authorities in order to challenge the power elite in the country. In mapping and analyzing the trade union movement, its networks and development in Algeria as well as problematizing its functioning and contribution to social change through normatively expressed democracy building, this thesis concentrates on the most conspicuous oppositional unions and their created confederations over the last 30 years, since their official establishment amid 1989 constitutional reform. Secondly, it contemplates how the state authorities manage peaceful societal protest and the challenge presented by these oppositional unions. Thirdly, it explores how the citizenship demanded by these autonomous union activists are negotiated through nonviolent acts of citizenship in the public space. The empirical material of this thesis comprises ethnographic fieldwork, participant observation, interviews and media analysis. Through partial knowledge, it is possible to understand social phenomena such as trade unionism and political activism. While autonomous trade unions are observed as social actors within the societal level, this study approaches individual activists through the theoretical framework of acts of citizenship. It enables us to understand citizenship as transformation through acts instead of perceiving citizenship as an institutional status. I analyze interviews and other existing research material, such as media articles and other available literature, through discourse analyses, concentrating on the historical and contemporary construction of antagonistic discourses. Various identities and hegemonic discourses are shaped within nodal points, forming understanding and representations of the world, as well as dislocated discourses within ruptures and the emergence of split subjects. 5 Political engagement involves activists around the country, from cities and villages. They depict and stress their political participation via social grievances especially related to work, working conditions and contracts of employment. Autonomous trade unions bring together members from varied backgrounds, breaking certain stereotypes related to religion, political ideology and gender associated with Muslim-majority countries. 6 TIIVISTELMÄ Algeriassa toimii kymmeniä autonomisia ammattiyhdistyksiä. Niiden muodostama monitahoinen poliittinen ryhmä on osa maan hajanaista oppositioliikettä. Autonomiset ammattiyhdistykset ovat sosiaalisia joukkoliikkeitä, joiden tarkoituksena on puolustaa työläisten oikeuksia ihmisoikeusjärjestöjä, kansalaisyhteiskunnan yhdistyksiä sekä poliittisia puolueita järjestöverkostojen kautta. Yksikään oppositioryhmä, olivatpa kyseessä autonomiset ammattiyhdistykset, poliittiset puolueet tai muut kansalaisyhteiskunnan toimijat, ei ole onnistunut muodostamaan uskottavaa, yhtenäistä vastavoimaa valtaapitäville. Algerian ammattiyhdistysliikkeen kartoittamisen ja analysoinnin avulla hahmotetaan liikkeen verkostojen muotoutumista. Samalla sen yhteiskunnallisen muutoksen panosta problematisoidaan normatiivisen demokratian rakentamispuheen kautta. Tässä väitöskirjassa keskitytään viimeisten 30 vuoden aikana toimineisiin näkyvimpiin hallituksen vastaisiin ammattiyhdistysliikkeisiin, jotka perustettiin asteittain vuoden 1989 perustuslaillisen uudistuksen yhteydessä, sekä yksittäisten ammattiyhdistysten muodostamiin konfederaatioihin. Väitöskirja tarkastelee, kuinka maan viranomaiset hallinnoivat rauhanomaista sosiaalista protestia ja hallituksen vastaisten ammattiyhdistysten luomaa haastetta. Lisäksi pohditaan, kuinka autonomisten ammattiyhdistysliikkeiden aktivistien vaatimista kansalaisoikeuksista keskustellaan väkivallattomina kansalaisuustekoina (nonviolent acts of citizenship). Työn empiirinen materiaali koostuu etnografisesta kenttätyöstä, osallistuvasta havainnoinnista ja media-analyysistä. Osittaisen tiedon filosofian (partial knowledge) avulla on mahdollista ymmärtää sosiaalisia ilmiöitä kuten ammattiyhdistystoimintaa ja poliittista aktivismia. Samalla kun ammattiyhdistysliikkeitä tarkastellaan sosiaalisina toimijoina yhteiskunnallisella tasolla, tutkimus lähestyy yksittäisiä aktivisteja kansalaisuustekojen teoreettisesta viitekehyksestä. Se mahdollistaa kansalaisoikeuksien muotoutumisen ymmärtämisen tekemisen kautta sen sijaan, että kansalaisoikeudet hahmotetaan institutionaalisena statuksena. Analysoin haastatteluja ja tutkimusmateriaalia diskurssianalyysilla keskittyen vastakkaisten diskurssien rakentumiseen. Erilaiset ”solmukohdissa” (nodal points) muodostuvat identiteetit ja hegemoniset diskurssit – myös katvealueille jääneet 7 diskurssit ja hajaantuneet toimijuudet – ilmentävät ymmärrystä sekä representaatioita maailmasta. Etenkin työhön, työoloihin ja -sopimuksiin liittyvät sosiaaliset epäkohdat osallistavat eritaustaisia aktivisteja poliittiseen toimintaan ympäri maata rikkoen stereotypioita, joita liitetään uskontoon, poliittiseen ideologiaan ja sukupuoleen muslimienemmistöisissä maissa. 8 CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................... 13 1.1 Beginnings ................................................................................................................. 13 1.2 International dimensions ........................................................................................ 17 1.3 Nonviolence .............................................................................................................. 20 1.4 Outline of the study ................................................................................................. 23 1.5 Research objectives .................................................................................................. 24 2 ACTS OF CITIZENSHIP IN THE PUBLIC SPACE ................................................ 27 2.1 Situating the thesis into transdisciplinary peace research .................................. 29 2.2 Conceptual frameworks .......................................................................................... 39 2.2.1 Aiming at social change and
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