September 24, 2013 Jim Newman

Linnean Solutions Agenda:

• Key Takeaways

• Research Process

• Strategies for Buildings

• Municipal Strategies

• Next Steps Key Takeaways

The Hazards are Real They are Here, Now Key Takeaways

Act Now There are many strategies to make buildings more resilient that are cheap and easy. Get these actions into plans now and plan ahead for more expensive work.. Structure of the Report

• Section 1 is a look at the context of Boston, for buildings, community, and ecosystems, Context

with a focus on the existing building stock of

Boston and known hazards. Key References • Section 2 describes the key references for the study and resources that were the most helpful. Strategies for Building • Section 3 lists strategies for improving the Owners

resilience of existing buildings. These are presented as ‘tear sheets’ or key take-aways Strategies for the City with references to specific instructions. • Section 4 surveys municipal strategies that other cities and municipalities have Next Steps implemented for enhancing resilience. • Section 5 outlines potential next steps. The appendices provide reference material. Research Process

• Review of Reports – Existing resilience initiatives from a global selection of reports. – Hazards to Boston were identified through hazard mitigation plans and a Flooding in Boston thorough literature review. Flooding in Allston Neighborhood • Mapping and Interviews – Interviews with primary stakeholders including the real estate, healthcare, municipal and environmental communities. – Hazards analysis for flooding in Boston using NOAA’s SLOSH model. – Building stock mapping, neighborhood analysis, and high resolution building vulnerability analysis. Hazards and Buildings

• Hazards: – Flood, Hurricanes, Severe Storms, Tornados, Winter Storms, Temperature Extremes, Earthquakes, Landslides, Brush Fires, Dam Failure

• Distilled 11 building categories – Categories based on building code, land use classification, vulnerabilities to hazards – Focus today on Mid and High Rise Commercial and Laboratory Multi Hazard Approach

• Flooding Potential, Many of the strategies that are designed to • Hurricanes, meet one set of • Wind Power classes, hazards also work well • Impervious Surface (Heat Island Effect), for other types of hazards. • Vulnerable Buildings,

• Vulnerable Populations Strategies that deal with multiple hazards Flooding (blue color) combined with Wind Hazards (tan color) in Boston should be higher Flooding and wind hazards overlayed priority.

Allston Buildings Vulnerable to Flooding Strategies

Organized by overall strategies relevant to different building types Addressing cross cutting concerns

• Strategy Categories Flood protection – General Actions Onsite water – Site management High winds – Building Structure Rising Temperatures – Building Enclosure Places of Refuge – Building Systems Utility outages – Building Operations – People Strategies:

Assess Vulnerability and Risk Strategy Page Organization:

• Strategy statement and rationale

• Illustration depicting physical improvement

• Reference to specific action descriptions

• Reference lists to resources Strategies:

Strategies for Resilient Buildings in Boston CreateGENERAL Places ACTIONS of Refuge Design ‘Places of CREATE PLACES OF REFUGE Refuge’ that are safe, Facilities designated as shelters are given the responsibility We are beginning to think of designating one building within comfortable, multi- of protecting the lives of those taking refuge within them. a group as a “Safe Haven” for the community, instead of just Yet damage to these “shelters” or “hardened areas” continues one room. to be observed, which undermines public con!dence. Often, use spaces for people there is a general lack of understanding of e"ects of expos- Edward Connolly, New Ecology ing buildings not designed to provide life-safety protec- tion from extreme-wind events. A variety of di"erent types stay while help of “shelters” that are used before, during, and after storm events, provide di"erent levels of protection. If the building or structure selected for use as a shelter cannot withstand arrives. the e"ects of hurricane winds, the results can be devastating.

Guidance for Community Saferooms, 1-9 Provide basic services STRATEGIES such as drinking x Build sheltered spaces o hƐĞĚĞƐŝŐŶƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶƐ&DͲϯϲϭ͕ǁŚŝĐŚŝŶĐůƵĚĞƐƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĂů͕ƐŝƟŶŐ͕ĂŶĚŚƵŵĂŶĨĂĐƚŽƌƐĚĞƐŝŐŶ guidelines. water, operable Design and Construction Guidance for Community Safe Rooms1 toilets, emergency x Harden structure and windows in schools against natural disasters o hƐĞďĞƐƚƉƌĂĐƟĐĞƐĨŽƌďƵŝůĚŝŶŐƐLJƐƚĞŵƐƚŽŚĂƌĚĞŶƚŚĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĂŶĚǁŝŶĚŽǁƐĂŐĂŝŶƐƚŶĂƚƵƌĂůĚŝƐĂƐƚĞƌƐ͘ Kansas School Shelter Initiative2 lighting and ventilation and emergency power.

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Building Resilience in Boston 36 July 2013 Strategies: Create Places of Refuge Design ‘Places of Refuge’ that are safe, comfortable, multi- They don’t need to look like bunkers: use spaces for people • Should have multiple purposes for people to stay while help feel comfortable and know their arrives. surroundings • Should have operable sinks and toilets during Provide basic services power outages (1 for every 75 people) such as drinking water, operable toilets, emergency lighting and ventilation and emergency power. Strategies:

Manage Heat Gain Strategies for Resilient Buildings in Boston BUILDING ENCLOSURE With their layered

MANAGE HEAT GAIN transparency, connection to the out With their layered transparency, connection to the out- doors, and daylighting—maybe even higher productiv- ity—all-glass buildings have their appeal. But the energy doors, and penalty of such buildings cannot be ignored. Building Green, 2010 daylighting, all-glass Exterior shading at the Burton Barr Central Library in Phoenix. (Photo: Alex Wilson) buildings have their appeal. STRATEGIES x hƐĞ ĞŶĞƌŐLJ ĞĸĐŝĞŶƚ ǁŝŶĚŽǁƐ ĂŶĚ ƐŚĂĚŝŶŐ devicesƚŽŵĂdžŝŵŝnjĞƚŚĞŝŶƐƵůĂƟŶŐƋƵĂůŝƟĞƐŽĨƚŚĞ building openings. But the energy and o &ŽƌŚŽŵĞŽǁŶĞƌƐ E!cient Window Collaborativeϭ o &ŽƌůĂƌŐĞĐŽŵŵĞƌĐŝĂůƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐ passive survivability E!cient Windows Collaborative Ϯ o &ŽƌĂůůďƵŝůĚŝŶŐƐ͕ĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌƉĂƌƟĐŝƉĂƟŶŐ penalty of such ŝŶƚŚĞh͘^͘ĞƉĂƌƚŵĞŶƚŽĨŶĞƌŐLJ͛Ɛ,ŝŐŚ Performance Windows Volume Purchase Program3 buildings cannot be x hƐĞƚŚĞƌŵĂůŵĂƐƐ͕ŽƌďƵŝůĚŝŶŐŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůƐƚŚĂƚĂďƐŽƌďŚĞĂƚĞŶĞƌŐLJ͘ o ŽƌƌĞĐƚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƌŵĂůŵĂƐƐŵŽĚĞƌĂƚĞƐŝŶƚĞƌŶĂůƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞƐďLJĂǀĞƌĂŐŝŶŐĚĂLJͬŶŝŐŚƚ;ĚŝƵƌŶĂůͿĞdžƚƌĞŵĞƐ͘ ignored. dŚŝƐŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞƐĐŽŵĨŽƌƚĂŶĚƌĞĚƵĐĞƐĞŶĞƌŐLJĐŽƐƚƐ͘ Thermal Mass- Yourhome.gov.au4

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Building Resilience in Boston 65 July 2013 Strategies:

Manage Heat Gain Strategy Page Organization:

• Use energy-efficient windows • Strategy statement and and shading rationale

Efficient Window Collaborative • Illustration depicting physical • Use thermal mass, or building improvement materials that absorb heat • Reference to specific action energy descriptions

Thermal Mass – YourHome.gov.au • Reference lists to resources Strategies: Manage Heat Gain

Active/Passive systems - Natural Ventilation • Solar chimney Many of the strategies • Airflow reverses during the winter that are designed to meet one set of hazards also work well for other types of hazards

Manitoba Hydro Place, Winnipeg Manitoba 2009 Strategies: Manage Heat Gain

Passive systems – Building shading • Significantly decreases heat load Many of the strategies that are designed to • Creates areas of refuge meet one set of hazards also work well for other types of hazards

Center for Clinical Sciences Research, Stanford University Palo Alto CA 2001 Strategies: Hard Infrastructure to Prevent Flooding Strategies for Resilient Buildings in Boston Many existing SITE buildings located in HARD INFRASTRUCTURE TO PREVENT FLOODING flood zones have

“Many existing buildings located in !ood zones have adjacent street grades with elevations below the Design Flood Elevation. adjacent street Buildings often have exterior perimeter walls and egress doors at the property lines, presenting signi"cant challenges to build- ing owners that wish to voluntarily incorporate dry !oodproo"ng grades with (!ood barriers and/or shileds) around the building perimeter.

Building Resiliency Task Group, p. 2 elevations below the Design Flood Barriers can be e!ective for re-directing "ood waters around residential and industrial proper- ties. (Image: Marcus Springer.) Elevation, with perimeter walls and egress doors at the STRATEGIES property lines, x ƐƐĞƐƐŇŽŽĚͲďĂƐĞĚǀƵůŶĞƌĂďŝůŝƚLJĂŶĚƌŝƐŬƚŽƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ Homeowner’s Guide to Retro!tting Properties, 4-11 x ŽŶƐŝĚĞƌƐŝĚĞǁĂůŬŽƌĞdžƚĞƌŝŽƌŇŽŽĚƉƌŽƚĞĐƟŽŶ presenting significant o /ĨĂƉƉƌŽƉƌŝĂƚĞŽŶƐŝƚĞ͕ƵƐĞƐŝĚĞǁĂůŬŇŽŽĚƉƌŽƚĞĐƟŽŶ͕ǁŚŝĐŚĞŶƚĂŝůƐƚŚĞƚĞŵƉŽƌĂƌLJŝŶƐƚĂůůĂƟŽŶŽĨĚƌLJ ŇŽŽĚƉƌŽŽĮŶŐƐĂŶĚďĂŐƐ͕ŐĂƚĞƐ͕ŽƌĨĞŶĐŝŶŐĂƌŽƵŶĚĂƉƌŽƉĞƌƚLJ͘dŚĞƐĞďĂƌƌŝĞƌƐŵĂLJĞŶĐƌŽĂĐŚŽŶƚŽƉƵďůŝĐ challenges to build- right of ways. Building Resiliency Task Force Report. 5-I2 x ŽŶƐŝĚĞƌůĞǀĞĞƐŽƌŇŽŽĚǁĂůůƐ͕ if appropriate. ing owners. Homeowner’s Guide to Retro!tting Properties, 3-32

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Building Resilience in Boston 46 Cement.org July 2013 Strategies: Hard Infrastructure to Prevent Flooding Many existing buildings located in flood zones have adjacent street Relocate building systems above Design grades with Flood Elevation. elevations below the Design Flood Protect vulnerable places with temporary Elevation, with flood walls. perimeter walls and egress doors at the property lines, presenting significant challenges to build- ing owners. Strategies: Hard Infrastructure to Prevent Flooding Many existing buildings located in flood zones have adjacent street Passive/Active systems – Water control grades with • Reclaim/reuse stormwater elevations below the • Mitigate urban flood zones Design Flood Elevation, with • Creates new water supply perimeter walls and egress doors at the property lines, presenting significant challenges to build- ing owners.

Square 54 Washington DC under construction Strategies: Hard Infrastructure to Prevent Flooding Many existing buildings located in flood zones have adjacent street Passive/Active systems – grades with Natural Solutions elevations below the Design Flood • Reclaim/reuse stormwater Elevation, with • Mitigate urban flood perimeter walls and zones egress doors at the • Creates new water supply property lines, presenting significant challenges to build- ing owners.

Square 54 Washington DC under construction Strategies: Train Building/Facility Teams for Resilience Upgrades Careful planning,

Strategies for Resilient Buildings in Boston effective BUILDING OPERATIONS communication and TRAIN BUILDING/FACILITY TEAMS FOR RESILIENCE UPGRADES targeted training will Careful planning, e!ective communication and targeted Generally, multifamily buildings weathered the storm pretty training will improve the level of building and occupant well. In many cases, it wasn’t until after the storm that prob- protection while minimizing panic. lems arose, particularly long term service disruption. Hous- improve the level of ing groups were prepared for a couple of days of disruption, Building Resiliency Task Force 28 P 163 but not 2 -3 weeks. building and Shola Olatoye - Enterprise Community Partners occupant protection STRATEGIES x dƌĂŝŶďƵŝůĚŝŶŐĂŶĚĨĂĐŝůŝƚLJŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚƐƚĂīƚŽŽƉĞƌĂƚĞĂŶLJďĂĐŬƵƉƐLJƐƚĞŵƐŝŶƚŚĞďƵŝůĚŝŶŐ͕ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐ͗ while minimizing o 'ĞŶĞƌĂƚŽƌƐ͕ďĂƩĞƌLJůŝŐŚƟŶŐŝŶƐƚĂŝƌǁĞůůƐ o ŽŵŵŽŶĂƌĞĂĚƌŝŶŬŝŶŐǁĂƚĞƌ͘ Building Resiliency Task Force 28 P 162 panic. o hƟůŝnjĞƚŚĞůŽĐĂůĐŚĂƉƚĞƌŽĨďƵŝůĚŝŶŐƉƌŽĨĞƐƐŝŽŶĂůƐ;Ğ͘Ő͘/Žƌh^'ĐŚĂƉƚĞƌͿƚŽŚĞůƉŝŶĐƌĞĂƟŶŐĂ ƚƌĂŝŶŝŶŐƉƌŽŐƌĂŵĂƌŽƵŶĚŶĞǁďƵŝůĚŝŶŐƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚƐ͕ĞŶĞƌŐLJƌĞƋƵŝƌĞŵĞŶƚƐ͕ĞƚĐ͘ Building Resiliency Task Force 27 P 154 o ƩĞŶĚĐŝƚLJǁŝĚĞĞǀĞŶƚƐƚŚĂƚƚƌĂŝŶŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůƐŽŶƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞ͕ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƌŽĐĞĚƵƌĞƐƚŚĂƚĂƌĞ provided by the city. Building Resiliency Building Resiliency Task Force 28 161 x ƐƐĞƐƐƵƉŐƌĂĚĞƉƌŝŽƌŝƚLJůŝƐƚƐ͘ o ͞ŶƚĞƌƉƌŝƐĞŚĂƐƐĞƚƵƉĂƚǁŽͲLJĞĂƌůĞĂƌŶŝŶŐĐŽůůĂďŽƌĂƟǀĞƚŽƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚĮƌƐƚͲŚĂŶĚƚŚĞĐŚĂůůĞŶŐĞƐĨĂĐŝŶŐƚŚĞƌĞŐŝŽŶ͛Ɛ Task Force 28 P 163 ĨĂŵŝůŝĞƐĂŶĚĂīŽƌĚĂďůĞŚŽƵƐŝŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝnjĂƟŽŶƐ͘ĂůůĞĚƚŚĞ͞>ĞĂƌŶŝŶŐŽůůĂďŽƌĂƟǀĞĨŽƌDƵůƟĨĂŵŝůLJīŽƌĚĂďůĞ ,ŽƵƐŝŶŐZĞƐŝůŝĞŶĐĞ͘͟dŚƌŽƵŐŚƚŚŝƐǁŽƌŬ͕ŶƚĞƌƉƌŝƐĞǁŝůůĐƌĞĂƚĞƚŽŽůƐĂŶĚƉƌŽƚŽĐŽůƐĨŽƌĚŝƐĂƐƚĞƌƉƌĞƉĂƌĞĚŶĞƐƐŝŶƚŚĞ ŵƵůƟĨĂŵŝůLJĂīŽƌĚĂďůĞŚŽƵƐŝŶŐƐĞĐƚŽƌ͕ĞdžƚĞŶĚŝŶŐƚŚĞďĞŶĞĮƚƐŽĨƚŚŝƐƉƌŽŐƌĂŵƚŽĂůůŚŽƵƐŝŶŐŽǁŶĞƌƐŝŶƚŚĞƌĞŐŝŽŶ ĂŶĚďĞLJŽŶĚ͘͟ Enterprise Community Partners Interview Ϯ x WůĂŶĨŽƌĞŵĞƌŐĞŶĐLJƌĞƉĂŝƌƐ. o ͞KŶĞĞƐƉĞĐŝĂůůLJǁĞůůͲƉƌĞƉĂƌĞĚŐƌŽƵƉƐƚŽĐŬƉŝůĞĚƉĂƌƚƐĨŽƌŵĞĐŚĂŶŝĐĂůƐLJƐƚĞŵƐĂƐƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚŽƉĞƌĂƟŽŶĂůƉƌŽĐĞĚƵƌĞ ĂŶĚŚĂĚĂƚĞĂŵĂƚƚŚĞƌĞĂĚLJƚŽĚĞĂůǁŝƚŚƌĞƉĂŝƌƐ͘ƐĂƌĞƐƵůƚ͕ǁŚĞŶ^ĂŶĚLJƐƚƌƵĐŬ͕ƚŚĞLJǁĞƌĞĂďůĞƚŽƌĞƉĂŝƌĞdžŝƐƟŶŐ ƐLJƐƚĞŵƐŽŶƚŚĞŝƌŽǁŶŽƌǁŝƚŚůŽĐĂůƉƌŽĨĞƐƐŝŽŶĂůŚĞůƉ͕ǁŚŝůĞŽƚŚĞƌŽƌŐĂŶŝnjĂƟŽŶƐĨĂĐĞĚůŽŶŐĚĞůĂLJƐǁĂŝƟŶŐĨŽƌďĂĐŬͲ ŽƌĚĞƌĞĚƉĂƌƚƐŽƌŶĞǁŵĞĐŚĂŶŝĐĂůƐLJƐƚĞŵƐƚŽďĞĐŽŵĞĂǀĂŝůĂďůĞ͘͟ Enterprise Community Partners Interview Ϯ x WĂƌƟĐŝƉĂƚĞŝŶŽƵƚƌĞĂĐŚƚŽďƵŝůĚĞƌƐ͕ĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƐ͕ĞŶŐŝŶĞĞƌƐĂŶĚŝŶƐƉĞĐƚŽƌƐ͘ o ƩĞŶĚŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶƐĞƐƐŝŽŶƐŽƌŽƚŚĞƌĨŽƌŵƐŽĨŽƵƚƌĞĂĐŚŽŶƐĞŝƐŵŝĐ΀ŽƌŽƚŚĞƌŚĂnjĂƌĚ΁ĐŽĚĞƉƌŽǀŝƐŝŽŶƐĨŽƌ ŶĞǁĂŶĚĞdžŝƐƟŶŐďƵŝůĚŝŶŐƐƚŽĞŶŚĂŶĐĞĐŽĚĞƵƐĞĂŶĚĞŶĨŽƌĐĞŵĞŶƚƉĞƌƐŽŶŶĞů o ƵŝůĚŝŶŐĚĞƉĂƌƚŵĞŶƚƐƚĂīĂŶĚŽĸĐŝĂůƐƐŚŽƵůĚďĞƚƌĂŝŶĞĚŽŶĨŽƌŵdͲϮϬĨŽƌƉŽƐƚͲĞĂƌƚŚƋƵĂŬĞďƵŝůĚŝŶŐ ĞǀĂůƵĂƟŽŶ͘dŚĞdͲϮϬƌĞƉŽƌƚĂŶĚĂĚĚĞŶĚƵŵ͕ƉƌĞƉĂƌĞĚďLJƚŚĞƉƉůŝĞĚdĞĐŚŶŽůŽŐLJŽƵŶĐŝů͕ƉƌŽǀŝĚĞ ƉƌŽĐĞĚƵƌĞƐĂŶĚŐƵŝĚĞůŝŶĞƐĨŽƌŵĂŬŝŶŐŽŶͲƚŚĞͲƐƉŽƚĞǀĂůƵĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚĚĞĐŝƐŝŽŶƐƌĞŐĂƌĚŝŶŐĐŽŶƟŶƵĞĚƵƐĞ ĂŶĚŽĐĐƵƉĂŶĐLJŽĨĞĂƌƚŚƋƵĂŬĞͲĚĂŵĂŐĞĚďƵŝůĚŝŶŐƐ͘ FEMA Mitigation Ideas EQ-7,EQ-8 P 133

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Building Resilience in Boston 78 July 2013 Strategies: Train Building/Facility Teams for Resilience Upgrades

Many of the strategies that are designed to meet one set of hazards also work well for other types of hazards

Healthcare Design • Train building and facility management staff to operate any backup systems in the building

Building Resiliency Task Force • Assess upgrade priority lists Enterprise Community Partners Interview Cities and Towns Play a role in Supporting These Actions Listed municipal • Mandatory Building Retrofits strategies have been implemented in cities and • Mandatory Actions (Building Codes) municipalities for New Construction or Major around the US and Renovations the world.

• Incentives for Voluntary Action

• Financing Mechanisms and Grants to Facilitate Voluntary Actions

• Education and Outreach Efforts Municipal Strategies Portfolio Example Cross cutting strategies Mandatory Building Retrofit Chico’s Retrofit on • Energy/Water Conservation. Chico, CA Resale law requires Mandatory actions for new construction or major renovations various energy and water conservation • Water Conservation. Dekalb County, GA measures at the time of a property transfer Incentives for Voluntary Actions for any house built • Tiered pricing for water. Austin, TX before 1983. Such measures include air Financing mechanisms and grants to facilitate voluntary actions sealing and replacing older showerheads • Direct payment for lawn conservation. Las Vegas, NV and faucets with water –efficient Education and Outreach efforts models. • Extreme heat alert program. Toronto, Ontario.

Waterwise Municipal Strategies Portfolio Example Cross cutting strategies Mandatory actions for new construction or major renovations • Elevated buildings, Myrtle Beach SC Myrtle Beach, like many other coastal municipalities, requires that all new Incentives for Voluntary Actions residential structures in the regulatory

• Tiered pricing for water. Austin, TX floodplain be elevated no less than three feet Financing mechanisms and grants to facilitate voluntary actions above the base flood • Direct payment for lawn conservation. Las Vegas, NV elevation.

Education and Outreach efforts

• Extreme heat alert program. Toronto, Ontario.

inFORM Studio Municipal Strategies Portfolio Example Cross cutting strategies Financing mechanisms and grants to facilitate voluntary actions • Direct payment for lawn conservation. Las Vegas, NV The Southern Nevada Water Authority, which is heavily dependent on water from the Colorado River impounded in Lake Mead, offers numerous incentives to reduce water consumption. One such incentive is paying residents to remove lawn.

Landscape Ideas and Design Next Steps

Act Now • Create Building-Type Specific Collections of Resilience Strategies

• Map the Hazards and Building Types for Your Portfolios or Projects