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Façade for Wind and Stack Driven Ventilation in Tropical High-Rise Office

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Façade for Wind and Stack Driven Ventilation in Tropical High-Rise Office FAÇADE FOR WIND AND STACK DRIVEN VENTILATION IN TROPICAL HIGH-RISE OFFICE Master Thesis Jasper Overduin Building Technology 24-06-2016 FAÇADE FOR WIND AND STACK DRIVEN VENTILATION IN TROPICAL HIGH-RISE OFFICE Cover image: own photo, façade, Montevideo, Uruguay, August 2015 MSc. in Architecture, Urbanism and Building Sciences MASTER THESIS Building Technology Faculty of architecture and the built environment Delft University of Technology Jasper / Jacobus Pieter Overduin STUDENT NAME Student number: 1521349 [email protected] Ir. Arie Bergsma MAIN MENTOR Façade & Aerospace engineering [email protected] Ir. Eric van den ham SECOND MENTOR Climate & Biomimetic design [email protected] Ir. Alejandro Prieto Hoces THIRD MENTOR PhD cool façades, passive cooling techniques for temperate climates [email protected] Dr. Jan Jacob Trip EXTERNAL EXAMINER OTB TU Delft [email protected] DATE 21 June 2016 2 | FAÇADE FOR WIND AND STACK DRIVEN VENTILATION IN TROPICAL HIGH-RISE OFFICE I. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT First I would like to thank my mentors for their support from the very beginning; Arie who was always providing me with simple and effective solutions. Without the help of Eric it wouldn’t be possible to deal with the size of the project. His expertise in the bioclimatic field and the thrive for simple innovations. Special thanks to Alejandro who was always there putting me back in track and the setting of boundaries. I would like to express my gratitude to Boris Kock who gave me the insight from the facade industry and the simplicity of unitized curtain wall systems. Our meeting was very helpful in order to realise the real practice of façades. I am also grateful to Claudio Vásquez, Tillmann Klein, Ullrich Knaack and especially Ignacio Fernández, who provided me with a lot enthusiasm to start in the field of facades. “Simplicity is the solution for every situation”, and with his passion work looks more like hobby. However, the whole trip of this thesis would not be the same without my family and close friends. Special thanks to Ana who was always patient and supportive, my housemates and friends who I couldn’t see as much last few months. Most importantly, I would like to deeply thank my parents for always listening and the help they were always giving me. Without the contribution of all these people this thesis would not be possible. FAÇADE FOR WIND AND STACK DRIVEN VENTILATION IN TROPICAL HIGH-RISE OFFICE | 3 CONTENTS I. Acknowledgement ....................................................................................... 3 1. Introduction ............................................................................................... 11 1.1. Problem statement ........................................................................................12 1.2. Main Objectives..............................................................................................16 1.3. Research Questions ........................................................................................17 1.4. Sub questions .................................................................................................17 1.5. Approach and methodology ...........................................................................17 1.6. Scheme of thesis ............................................................................................19 2. High-rise ..................................................................................................... 21 2.1. History ............................................................................................................22 Chicago ....................................................................................................................22 New York City ...........................................................................................................23 Singapore .................................................................................................................24 2.2. Space efficiency ..............................................................................................25 Structural efficiency and floor slab size ...................................................................26 Floor to floor height .................................................................................................27 2.3. Ventilation modes ..........................................................................................27 Passive mode ...........................................................................................................27 Mixed-Mode ............................................................................................................28 2.4. Conclusion on high-rise ..................................................................................31 3. Climate & cooling ....................................................................................... 33 3.1. Climate zones. ................................................................................................34 4 | FAÇADE FOR WIND AND STACK DRIVEN VENTILATION IN TROPICAL HIGH-RISE OFFICE Sub-tropical vs Tropical climate............................................................................... 35 Possible climate change .......................................................................................... 35 3.2. Passive and active cooling strategies ............................................................. 36 Passive cooling techniques ...................................................................................... 37 3.3. Characteristics of the local climate in Singapore ........................................... 41 Location ................................................................................................................... 41 Metrological data .................................................................................................... 42 Potential cooling techniques for Singapore ............................................................ 46 3.4. Conclusion on local climate ........................................................................... 49 4. Thermal Comfort ....................................................................................... 51 4.1. Thermal sensation.......................................................................................... 52 Heat transfer of the human body ............................................................................ 52 Factors in thermal comfort ...................................................................................... 54 4.2. Predicting thermal comfort............................................................................ 58 Theory of Fanger ..................................................................................................... 58 Thermal comfort indexes ........................................................................................ 59 4.3. Conclusion on thermal comfort ..................................................................... 66 5. Natural Ventilation .................................................................................... 69 5.1. Principles of natural ventilation in a high-rise building ................................. 70 Natural ventilation strategies .................................................................................. 71 5.2. Design considerations .................................................................................... 72 Climate .................................................................................................................... 73 Building design ........................................................................................................ 79 FAÇADE FOR WIND AND STACK DRIVEN VENTILATION IN TROPICAL HIGH-RISE OFFICE | 5 Façade design ..........................................................................................................85 5.3. Design Calculations ........................................................................................91 Bernoulli equation ...................................................................................................91 Mass flow rate .........................................................................................................91 Wind pressure ..........................................................................................................92 Stack pressure ..........................................................................................................92 Pressure losses .........................................................................................................93 Flow characteristics of openings..............................................................................97 5.4. Wind and solar induced ventilation ...............................................................98 Solar induced ventilation .........................................................................................98 Façade concepts ................................................................................................... 104 5.5. Conclusion on natural ventilation ............................................................... 106 6. research & Design .................................................................................... 109 6.1. Research ...................................................................................................... 110 6.2. Design process ............................................................................................
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