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Nischen Universität Wien Aufgestellt Und Zugänglich Die approbierte Originalversion dieser Diplom-/ Masterarbeit ist in der Hauptbibliothek der Tech- nischen Universität Wien aufgestellt und zugänglich. http://www.ub.tuwien.ac.at The approved original version of this diploma or master thesis is available at the main library of the Vienna University of Technology. http://www.ub.tuwien.ac.at/eng Abstract Net-Zero Energy Mixed-Use High Rise Design: Principles and Proposals for Two Environmental Contexts I will design two net-zero energy mixed-use high rises, in two contrasting climates, that supply 100 % of their energy needs through the power of sun, wind, water, and earth. My research and designs will help address growing and valid concerns about rising energy prices, energy dependence, and the impact of climate change. Buildings are the primary energy consumers in the United States and most developed countries. Furthermore, the demand for mixed-use high rises continues to grow as the world population increases and urbanizes. The creation of net-zero energy mixed-use high rises by the building sector is therefore key to decreasing the developed world’s energy consumption. To date, there are no net-zero energy mixed-use high rises. In order to achieve my design and research goals, I will first conduct an extensive literature search drawing upon scholarly resources from the Technical University of Vienna in Austria and the University of Maryland in the United States, as well as suitable internet resources. Identified resources will be categorized and used to define net-zero energy building specifications and relevant terminology. Second, I will conduct case studies, analyzing the development of exceptional sustainable high rises over time. The case studies will provide useful principles, guidelines, and technologies for my final designs. I will then identify two varying and distinct environmental climates to serve as sites for the design of mixed-use high rise buildings projected to achieve net-zero energy. The two contrasting climates will determine the parameters for the testing of my design concepts, resulting in unique designs for each climate. Next, through the process of trial and error I will use analytic software to test and record the relevant net-zero variables for each of my design concepts. After sufficient testing I will be able to refine the set of principles to allow me to achieve my final design goals. Lastly, I will use these principles to refine the design of the two net-zero energy mixed-use high rises, one design for each contrasting climate, that supply 100 % of their energy needs through the power of sun, wind, water, and earth. My thesis research will result in a set of practical principles and cutting-edge technologies for application in net-zero energy high rise designs in two distinct climates. I will collaborate with my professors in the United States and Austria to write an article for submission to a journal in the field documenting my research and analysis. Table of Contents 1. Net Zero Energy Building…………………………………………………………………...………11 1.1 Introduction…………………………..………………………………………………………………1 1.2 Net Zero Energy Definitions………………………………………………………………………..1 1.2.1 Net Zero Site Energy……………………………………………………………………………1 1.2.2 Net Zero Source Energy…………………………………………………...………………….. 1 1.2.3 Net Zero Energy Cost………………………………………………………………..……….... 2 1.2.4 Net Zero Energy Emission…………………………………………………………….…………2 1.2.5 Conclusion from the Definitions………………………………………………………...…….. 2 1.3 Classifications…………………………………………………………………...…………………. 2 1.3.1 NZEB A………………………………………………………………………………….…… 2 1.3.2 NZEB B…………………………………………………………………………………..……… 2 1.3.3 NZEB C………………………………………………………………………………………..… 4 1.3.4 NZEB D………………………………………………………………………………..………… 4 1.4 Nearly NZEB…………………………………………………………………….……………………4 1.5 Off-Site Renewable Energy Supply……………………………………………………………. 4 1.6 Energy Grid Connection………………………………………………………………………..……4 1.6.1 On-Grid…….……………………………………………………………………………………. 5 1.6.2 Off-Grid…………………………………………………………………………………………...5 1.7 Certifying NZEBs………………………………………………………………………..……….….5 1.7.1 NZEB Certification by the International Living Future Institute…………………..……...... 6 1.7.2 Living Building Challenge Requirements………………….......………………………………6 1.8 Future Prospects…………………………………………………………………..…………………7 1.8.1 NZEB’s Significance………………………………………………………………………..…….7 2. High Rise Building………………………………………………….………………………..….….. 8 2.1 High Rise Building Definition……………………………………….………………………….…. 8 2.2 High Rise Building History……………………………………………………………………..…..10 2.3 High Rise Building Buildup……………………………………………………………………….21. 2.3.1 Structure…………………………………………………………………………………………21 2.3.1.1 Structural Systems………………………………………………………………………….21 2.3.1.1.1 Rigid Frame……………………………………………………………………………….21 2.3.1.1.2 Tubular System………………………………………………………………………….21 2.3.1.1.2.1 Framed Tube…………………………………………………………………….. 23 2.3.1.1.2.2 Tube in Tube………………………………………………………………………. 24 2.3.1.1.2.3 Trussed Tube………………………………………………………………………. 25 2.3.1.1.2.4 Bundled Tube……………………………………………………………………… 26 2.3.1.1.3 Occurrence of New Structures…………………………………………………………..27 2.3.1.1.3.1 Space Truss……………………….…………………………………………………..27 2.3.1.1.3.2 Megaframe……………………………………………………………………………28 2.3.1.1.3.3 Diagrid……………………………….……………………………………………. 29 2.3.1.1.3.4 Exoskeleton…………………………………………………………………………….29 2.3.1.1.3.5 Outrigger System……………..………………………………………………………30 2.3.1.2 Perimeter Columns Opening……………………….………………………………………32 2.3.2 Service Core……………………………………………………………………………………..34 2.3.2.1 Service Core Functions……………………………………………………………………34 2.3.2.2 Service Core Types and Placements…………………………………………….…………36 2.3.2.3 Service Core Services……………………………………………………………………….37 2.3.2.3.1 Elevator……………………………………………………………………………………37 2.3.2.3.1.1 Elevator User Segregation………………………………………………………. 37 2.3.2.3.1.1.1 Segregation by User Type…………………………………………………………37 2.3.2.3.1.1.1.1 Destination Based Dispatching…………………………………………. 38 2.3.2.3.1.1.2 Segregation by People vs. Material…….……………………………………. 39 2.3.2.3.1.2 Efficient Elevator Sytems……………………………………………………………..39 2.3.2.3.1.2.1 Double-Deck Elevator………………….………………………………………….39 2.3.2.3.1.2.2 Shared-Shaft Elevator………………….……………………………………….40 2.3.2.3.1.2.3 Odyssey…….………………………………………………………………………40 2.3.2.3.1.3 Elevator Bank Position…………………………………………………………… 40 2.3.2.3.1.4 Elevator Zone Configuration……………………………………………………… 41 2.3.2.3.1.5 Energy Generation……………………………………………………………….. 42 2.3.2.3.2 Mechanical and Electrical Systems…………………………………………………..43 2.3.2.3.2.1 Mechanical Floor………………………………………………………………………43 2.3.2.3.2.1.1 Building Management System…………………………………………………..44 2.3.2.3.2.2 Riser Ducts and Chases for M&E Services………….……………………………45 2.4 Material…………………………………………………………………………………………… 46 2.5 Evacuation………………………………………….…………………………………………… 49 2.5.1 Staircase…………………………………………………………………………………….. 49 2.5.2 Informative Fire-Warning System …………………………………………………………. 49 2.5.3 Egress Elevator……………………………………………………………………………… 49 2.5.4 Rescue Area…………………………………………………………………………………. 51 2.5.5 Evacuation from Outside…………………………………………………………………… 51 2.6 Logistics………………………………………………………………………………………….. 51 2.7 Occupant’s Comfort………………………………………………………………………………..52 2.7.1 Thermal Comfort…………………………………………………………………………….. 52 2.7.1.1 Thermal Comfort Models………………………………………………………………… 53 2.7.1.1.1 PMV-PPD Model……………………………………………………………………… 53 2.7.1.1.2 Adaptive Model……………………………………………………………………….. 54 2.7.2 Occupant’s Control………………………………………………………………………….. 55 2.7.3. Social Influence…………………………………………………………………………….. 56 2.7.4. Visual Comfort……………………………………………………………………………….. 56 3. Mixed-Use High Rise Building……………………………………………………………………..57 3.1 Definition…………………………………………………………………………………………….57 3.2 History………………………………………………………………………………………………57 3.3 Function……………………………………………………………………………………………..57 3.4 Mixed-Use High Rise Precedents………………………………………………………………..59 4. Sustainability………………………………………………………………………………………….60 4.1 Sustainability in General……………………………………………………………………………60 4.2. High Rise Building Development Based on Energy Consumption……………………….. 62 4.2.1 First Energy Generation High Rises…………………….………………………………….. 62 4.2.2 Second Energy Generation High Rises……………………………………………………. 62 4.2.3 Third Energy Generation High Rises……………………………………………………….. 64 4.2.4 Fourth Energy Generation High Rises……………………………………………………… 65 4.2.5 Fifth Energy Generation High Rises……………………………………………………… 65 4.3 Energy Consumption……………………………………………………………………………. 67 4.3.1 Architectural Factors………………………………………………………………………… 67 4.3.1.1 Building Shape………………………………………………………………………….. 67 4.3.1.2 Building Height……………………………………………………………………………. 67 4.3.1.3 Building Envelope……………………………………………………………………….. 68 4.3.1.4 Spatial Relations……………………………………………………..………………………..68 4.3.2 Natural Factors………………………………………………………………………………. 69 4.3.3 Human Factors………………………………………………………………….………….. 69 4.3.4 Technology Factor……………………………………………………………..…………… 69 4.4 Passive Mode, Mixed Mode, Full Mode, Productive Mode and Composite Mode…………70. 4.4.1 Design Modes………………………………………………………………………………… 70 4.4.1.1 Passive Mode……………………………………………………………………………. 70 4.4.1.2 Mixed Mode………………………………………………………………………………. 70 4.4.1.3 Full Mode…………………………………………………………………………………. 71 4.4.1.4 Productive Mode……………………………………………………………………..…….71 4.4.1.5 Composite Mode……………………………………………………………………….... 71 4.4.2 Mode Usage…………………………………………………………………………………. 72 4.5 Representatives of Sustainable High Rises………………………………………………….. 72 4.5.1 Frank Lloyd Wright………………………………………………………………………….. 72 4.5.2 Ken Yeang……………………………………………………………………………………. 73 4.5.3 Norman Foster……………………………………………………………………………….
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