Challenges and Possibilities for St. Lawrence Island Yupik
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Agentive and Patientive Verb Bases in North Alaskan Inupiaq
AGENTTVE AND PATIENTIVE VERB BASES IN NORTH ALASKAN INUPIAQ A DISSERTATION Presented to the Faculty of the University of Alaska Fairbanks in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY By TadatakaNagai, B.Litt, M.Litt. Fairbanks, Alaska May 2006 © 2006 Tadataka Nagai Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. UMI Number: 3229741 INFORMATION TO USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleed-through, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. ® UMI UMI Microform 3229741 Copyright 2006 by ProQuest Information and Learning Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest Information and Learning Company 300 North Zeeb Road P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. AGENTIVE AND PATIENTIYE VERB BASES IN NORTH ALASKAN INUPIAQ By TadatakaNagai ^ /Z / / RECOMMENDED: -4-/—/£ £ ■ / A l y f l A £ y f 1- -A ;cy/TrlHX ,-v /| /> ?AL C l *- Advisory Committee Chair Chair, Linguistics Program APPROVED: A a r// '7, 7-ooG Date Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. iii Abstract This dissertation is concerned with North Alaskan Inupiaq Eskimo. -
Eskimo Language and Eskimo Song in Alaska: a Sociolinguistics of Deglobalisation in Endangered Language
Pragmatics 20:2.171-189 (2010) International Pragmatics Association ESKIMO LANGUAGE AND ESKIMO SONG IN ALASKA: A SOCIOLINGUISTICS OF DEGLOBALISATION IN ENDANGERED LANGUAGE Hiroko Ikuta Abstract Across Alaska, the popularity of indigenous forms of dance has risen, particularly in indigenous communities in which English dominates the heritage languages and Native youth have become monolingual English speakers. Some indigenous people say that Native dance accompanied by indigenous song is a way of preserving their endangered languages. With two case studies from Alaskan Eskimo communities, Yupiget on St. Lawrence Island and Iñupiat in Barrow, this article explores how use of endangered languages among Alaskan Eskimos is related to the activity of performing Eskimo dance. I suggest that practice of Eskimo dancing and singing that local people value as an important linguistic resource can be considered as a de-globalised sociolinguistic phenomenon, a process of performance and localisation in which people construct a particular linguistic repertoire withdrawn from globalisable circulation in multilingualism. Keywords: Deglobalisation; Globalisation; ‘Truncated multilingualism’; Endangered languages; Dance and song; Eskimo; Alaska. 1. Introduction In her excellent paper, Charlyn Dyers examines the development of multilingual repertoires among township dwellers in the Cape Town area of South Africa (Dyers 2008). While the situation can be seen upon superficial inspection as cases of language shift in South Africa, where speakers of various African languages shift to Afrikaans and to English, Dryers’s analysis reveals the emergence of ‘truncated multilingualism’ (see also Blommaert, Collins & Slembrouck 2005; and Blommaert 2010). Township dwellers do not entirely shift from one language to the other; instead, the different ingredients of their emerging multilingual repertoire are functionally developed in and distributed over separate domains of usage. -
Coastal Ecology and Wild Resource Use in the Central Bering Sea Area
COASTAL ECOLOGYAND WILD RESOURCEUSE IN THE CENTRAL BERING SEA AREA: HOOPERBAY AND KWIGILLINGOK by Alice Stickney Technical Paper Number 85 Alaska Department of Fish and Game Division of Subsistence September 1984 This research/ was partially funded by ANILCA Federal Aid Funds, administered through the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Anchorage, Alaska TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Figures ................................................... V List of Tables .................................................... Vii Acknowledgements .................................................. viii Chapter 1. INTRODUCTION.......................................... 1 Background and Resource Issues ........................ 1 Research Design ....................................... 3 The Study Communities ................................. 4 Previous Research ..................................... 8 Research Objectives .................................. 9 Methodology and Data Collection Methods ............... 10 Chapter 2. NATURAL SETTING AND ECOLOGY........................... 15 Regional Profile ...................................... 15 Climate ............................................. 16 Topography .......................................... 17 Ocean Currents and Sea Ice .......................... 18 Village Setting ...................................... 20 Chapter 3 HISTORICAL BACKGROUNDAND COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT....... 24 Historical Overview of the Study Area ................. 24 Historic Subsistence Patterns ........................ 33 Population Trends -
Slovenski Jezik Slovene Linguistic Studies
Slovenski jezik Slovene Linguistic Studies 8 2011 POSEBNI ODTIS – OFFPRINT Ljubljana – Lawrence V. Gjurin, Eskimi IN in NAD Inuiti 169 Razmišljanje, ocene / Essay, Reviews Eskimi IN in NAD Inuiti Eskimsko-aleutska jezikovna družina se imenuje, med drugim, tudi eskaleut- ska ali makroeskimska, medtem ko za makroinuitsko osebno še nisem slišal. – Ale- utščina se govori v ZDA na Aleutih in Aljaski1 in v Rusiji na Komandorskih oto- 1 In sicer na Aljaškem polotoku, kakor se glasi priporočana (http://prostor.gov.si/ zem_imena/zemImena.jsp?origIme=Alaska&codePage=UTF-8&submit=) ustreznica za angl. kodificirano ime Alaska Peninsula (http://www.worldatlas.com/webimage/countrys/ namerica/usstates/lgcolor/akcolorlf.htm levo spodaj), nekodif. tudi Alaskan Peninsula (http://www.eosnap.com/tag/alaskan-peninsula/, 3. odstavek, prim. http://encarta.msn. com/dictionary_701704141/Alaskan_Peninsula.html), peninsula of Alaska (večinoma dvoumno med ‘Aljaški p.’ in ‘ves aljaški p. od pribl. 141. poldnevnika na zahod’, toda prim. »extends from the peninsula of Alaska northward to Point Barrow« na http://www.archive. org/stream/eskimoberingstrait00nelsrich#page/23/mode/1up) in še marsikaj, med drugim Aliashka Peninsula (http://www.archive.org/stream/firstreportofuni00unitrich#page/10/ mode/2up/search/Aliashka). Tej zadnji vzporedne oblike v slovanskih jezikih – v rutenščini v Galiciji Аляшка (http://othes.univie.ac.at/8542/1/2009-12-17_0006333.pdf, str. 164) po ruskem Аляшка (http://dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/brokgauz_efron/3932/Аляска; prim. v stilni rabi še danes »США покупили от России Аляшку« na http://www.cirota.ru/forum/view. php?subj=77832&order=asc&pg=1), slovaško in češko Aljaška – osvetljujejo zastarelo slovensko samostalniško dvojnico, npr. -
The Colours of the Arctic
AMERINDIA 38: 25-46, 2016 The colours of the Arctic Michael FORTESCUE University of Copenhagen 1. Introduction Research into colour terminology across a wide range of languages has, since the seminal work of Berlin & Kay (1969), established beyond a doubt a link between the physiology of the human visual system and limitations on the expression of colour in individual languages. There is considerable evidence for a hierarchical order of emergence of more detailed systems of basic colour words from a simple binary opposition between “dark” and “light” colours (as found in some equatorial languages) to the full array of primary colours (and beyond) typical of European languages, although the exact nature of this hierarchy has been questioned and revised over the years. The evolutionary order of emergence is as follows: black and white precede red, red precedes green and yellow (together), green and yellow precede blue, blue precedes brown, and brown precedes purple, pink, orange and gray (as a group).1 Less emphasis has been paid to the influence of cultural and physical environment on the expression of colour, although it is widely 1 The conjoined items can be added in any order within their group, but both/all must be expressed as individual basic words before the next stage. Kay & McDaniel (1978: 639) added the possibility of ‘gray’ appearing earlier in the sequence for some languages. 26 AMERINDIA 38: 25-46, 2016 acknowledged to exist.2 This is in fact the basis of serious criticism that has been raised against the whole approach by linguistic relativists such as Lucy (1997). -
How Are Emotions Expressed in Kalaallisut?
How are emotions expressed in Kalaallisut Trondhjem, Naja Blytmann Published in: Le Langage de l'émotion : variations linguistiques et culturelles Publication date: 2017 Document version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Citation for published version (APA): Trondhjem, N. B. (2017). How are emotions expressed in Kalaallisut. In N. Tersis , & P. Boyeldieu (Eds.), Le Langage de l'émotion : variations linguistiques et culturelles (pp. 397-426). Peeters. Download date: 02. okt.. 2021 How are emotions expressed in Kalaallisut? Naja Frederikke TRONDHJEM Université de Copenhague [email protected] Abstract Most of the emotion words in Kalaallisut (West Greenlandic) can be traced back to protoforms in Eskimo-Aleut. The description of emotion words here is based on Wierzbicka’s (1999) six emotional categories. In all of these, most of the original Eskimo-Aleut words were preserved in Kalaallisut. For happiness and pleasure , however, most words are innovations, including the word for ‘love’, asa-, used only in Kalaallisut. The original emotion words falling under the notions of fear , anxiety , envy , and contempt are hypercognized. Words involving anger and self-evaluation , however, are hypocognized, hence few in number compared to other categories. Most of the metaphoric expressions seem to be calques of Danish metaphors, and are found in the category “ something bad happened ” expressing emotions of depression and the like. A few affixes with an emotional nuance in addition to their concrete meaning are also described. Keywords Emotional categories, be happy, be unhappy, anger, envy/jealousy, emotional affixes, expressive emotion words. Introduction This paper is a typological investigation of Kalaallisut (West Greenlandic) emotion words with a focus on inner states. -
Contrast in Inuit Consonant Inventories
Contrast in Inuit Consonant Inventories Richard Compton Generals paper in phonology Department of Linguistics, University of Toronto Committee: Elan Dresher, supervisor Keren Rice Peter Avery 1 Introduction* 1.1 Background A number of authors have examined consonant alternations in Inuit (e.g. Thalbitzer (1904), Ulving (1953), Kaplan (1982), (1985)) and the related phenomena of fortition and lenition in Yupik. Voiceless stops and voiced continuants regularly alternate in Inuit dialects. For instance, compare the following forms from North Baffin which exemplify the alternation between /p/ and /v/ (Dorais, 2003, p. 102): 1 (1) taku-vuŋa see-INDIC.1SG ‘I see’ (2) sinik-puŋa sleep-INDIC.1SG ‘I sleep’ While most of these alternations, such as those between /p/ and /v/, could be explained as the spread or insertion of the features [VOICE] and [CONTINUANT], there exist some puzzling alternations, such as that between /t/ and /j/ in Eastern Inuit. Consider the following examples, also from North Baffin (ibid): (3) taku-junga see-DEC.1SG ‘I see’ * I would like to thank Elan Dresher for his support and insight, Keren Rice for her helpful comments and revisions, and Peter Avery for his questions and comments at my defence. I would also like to thank my partner, John Kennedy, for constantly asking me “How’s your generals paper?”, which in fact was code for “Shouldn’t you be working?”. 1 I employ the following abbreviations: ABS=absolutive, CAY=Central Alaskan Yupik, CED=Comparative Eskimo Dictionary, COND=conditional, CONT=continuant, CSY=Central Siberian Yupik, DEC=declarative, FUT=future, INDIC=indicative, INTR=intransitive, INTERR=interrogative, LAT=lateral, N=noun, NEG=negation, PART=participial, PE=Proto-Eskimo, PL=plural, POSS=possessive, RTR=retracted tongue root, SDA=Successive Division Algorithm, SG=singular, TRANS=transitive, V=verb, WG=West Greenlandic. -
PART I: NAME SEQUENCE Name Sequence
Name Sequence PART I: NAME SEQUENCE A-ch‘ang Abor USE Achang Assigned collective code [sit] Aba (Sino-Tibetan (Other)) USE Chiriguano UF Adi Abaknon Miri Assigned collective code [phi] Miśing (Philippine (Other)) Aborlan Tagbanwa UF Capul USE Tagbanua Inabaknon Abua Kapul Assigned collective code [nic] Sama Abaknon (Niger-Kordofanian (Other)) Abau Abujhmaria Assigned collective code [paa] Assigned collective code [dra] (Papuan (Other)) (Dravidian (Other)) UF Green River Abulas Abaw Assigned collective code [paa] USE Abo (Cameroon) (Papuan (Other)) Abazin UF Ambulas Assigned collective code [cau] Maprik (Caucasian (Other)) Acadian (Louisiana) Abenaki USE Cajun French Assigned collective code [alg] Acateco (Algonquian (Other)) USE Akatek UF Abnaki Achangua Abia Assigned collective code [sai] USE Aneme Wake (South American (Other)) Abidji Achang Assigned collective code [nic] Assigned collective code [sit] (Niger-Kordofanian (Other)) (Sino-Tibetan (Other)) UF Adidji UF A-ch‘ang Ari (Côte d'Ivoire) Atsang Abigar Ache USE Nuer USE Guayaki Abkhaz [abk] Achi Abnaki Assigned collective code [myn] USE Abenaki (Mayan languages) Abo (Cameroon) UF Cubulco Achi Assigned collective code [bnt] Rabinal Achi (Bantu (Other)) Achinese [ace] UF Abaw UF Atjeh Bo Cameroon Acholi Bon (Cameroon) USE Acoli Abo (Sudan) Achuale USE Toposa USE Achuar MARC Code List for Languages October 2007 page 11 Name Sequence Achuar Afar [aar] Assigned collective code [sai] UF Adaiel (South American Indian Danakil (Other)) Afenmai UF Achuale USE Etsako Achuara Jivaro Afghan -
Cree, Naskapi, Innu) with Julie Brittain and Marguerite Mackenzie
The Journal of Specialised Translation Issue 24 – July 2015 Debbie Folaron discusses the role of language and translation in endangered Aboriginal communities (Cree, Naskapi, Innu) with Julie Brittain and Marguerite MacKenzie ABSTRACT According to the 2011 Census of Population conducted and published by Statistics Canada, there are over 60 Aboriginal languages grouped into 12 distinct language families in Canada. Approximately 213,500 people reported an Aboriginal mother tongue and nearly 213,400 people reported speaking an Aboriginal language most often or regularly at home. The Aboriginal language family with the largest number of people was Algonquian, and the ones most often reported were Cree languages, Ojibway, Innu/Montagnais and Oji-Cree. Three Aboriginal languages - the Cree languages, Inuktitut and Ojibway- accounted for almost two-thirds of the population having an Aboriginal language as mother tongue. These facts are examined in preliminary notes preceding an interview, in which Julie Brittain and Marguerite MacKenzie discuss the roles of language and translation in the Cree, Naskapi, and Innu communities with whom they work. KEYWORDS Endangered languages, Aboriginal translation, Canadian dialects, Algonquian languages. Preliminary notes Marianne Mithun’s The Languages of Native North America (2001) provides information on the nature of the languages as well as a catalogue of documented language families, languages, isolates, pidgins, creoles, and mixed languages of the approximately 300 distinct languages that would have been spoken in North America before European contact (see also Goddard 1996; 1999). By UNESCO standards, many of these languages are already extinct, and many of those which survived are critically endangered. For information, the standard refers to intergenerational language transmission. -
The Nature of Inuit Self-Governance in Nunavut Territory
The Nature of Inuit Self-Governance in Nunavut Territory By Timothy H. Aqukkasuk Argetsinger Senior Honors Thesis for Native American Studies Dartmouth College Hanover, NH Advisor: N. Bruce Duthu Spring 2009 Table of Contents Introduction 1 Chapter 1 It Began in Alaska: The Rise of Canadian Inuit Political Consciousness 12 Chapter 2 Education as a Social, Political and Cultural Determinant 35 Chapter 3 Who Runs the Government? Inuit Employment and the I Q Project 61 Chapter 4 It is Beginning in Nunavut: Re-Centering Alaska Native Priorities 81 We should learn as much as we can from this new culture, but we must not forget our own culture which is important to all of us. There are only very few Eskimos, but millions of whites, just like mosquitoes. It is something very special and wonderful to be an Eskimo – they are like the snow geese. If an Eskimo forgets his language and Eskimo ways, he will be nothing but just another mosquito. Abraham Okpik, 1962 Nunavut and surrounding Canadian provinces and territories. Courtesy of Listings Canada: http://listingsca.com/maps.asp 1 Introduction As the airplane began its slow descent over south Baffin Island, the intercom came on and passengers were advised to prepare for landing. The flight attendant delivered the instructions in Canada’s two official languages, English and French, and then a recording was played in Inuktitut, the heavily-glottal language of the eastern Arctic Inuit. It was a reminder that we had entered Inuit country, over a thousand miles north of Ottawa. Thick angles of sunlight splashed into the fuselage through the cabin windows and I craned my neck to get a better view of the landscape passing thousands of feet below me. -
A Unique Collection of Siberian Eskimo Texts
International Journal of Eurasian Linguistics 2 (2020) 159–180 JEAL brill.com/jeal Book Reviews ∵ Half a Century After: a Unique Collection of Siberian Eskimo Texts Nikolai B. Vakhtin [Н. Б. Вахтин] (ed.). Тексты на языках эскимосов Чукотки в записи Е. С. Рубцовой [Texts in the languages of the Eskimos of Chukotka collected by E. S. Rubtsova]. Sankt-Peterburg: Art-Ekspress, 2019. 868 pp. ISBN 978-5-4391-0543-4. This book makes available 65 texts in two Eskimo languages, spoken on Chukotka Peninsula in the extreme North-East of Russia. The texts were col- lected on the spot by Ekaterina S. Rubtsova in 1940–1943 and were prepared for publication by Nikolai B. Vakhtin. This is the second publication in which Vakhtin deals with Rubtsova’s textual materials. The previous volume (Vakhtin 2000) contains texts in Sireniki Eskimo (sirenikskii), collected by several Russian scholars, including, apart from Rubtsova, also Georgii Menovshchikov, Nina Emelianova and Vakhtin himself, and dating from the 1940s to the 1990s. The current publication includes texts in two other Eskimo languages, namely Naukan Yupik (naukanskii) and Chaplino Yupik (chaplinskii). The value of this volume is hard to overestimate, since it contains unique data, collected during times when these languages were not yet affected by the influence of Russian and were not endangered. Most texts in the collection are narratives, but there are also several songs of various genres. The material is presented in a clear manner in the original transcription, accompanied by an underlying Russian translation of each sentence, and with comments in the footnotes. A full analysis with morphological glosses is offered for only one text in the end of the volume. -
Schneider's Law Revisited: the Syllable-Level Remnant of an Older Metrical Rule*
Schneider's Law Revisited: The Syllable-level Remnant of an Older Metrical Rule* Yvan Rose, Paul Pigott, and Douglas Wharram Memorial University SUMMARY In this paper, we propose a synchronic analysis of so-called Schneider's Law (SL), a dynamic system of alternations between closed and open syllables documented in several dialects of Inuktitut. SL has thus far eluded proper analysis, because of paradoxical properties of the system which both point toward metrical conditioning but yet cannot be analyzed within conventional approaches to metrical phonology (Dresher & Johns 1995). We focus on two particular dialects, Siglitun and Labrador Inuttut, which display different varieties of the general pattern. We propose that SL must be synchronically analyzed as a prohibition against sequences of prominent syllables, with prominence structurally defined in terms of rhymal complexity, independent of the notion of mora count. We then explore the potential origins of SL through a consideration of the dialectology of the Eskimo-Aleut language family. We propose that SL is in fact the historical remnant of a full, metrically-conditioned rule. RÉSUMÉ Dans cet article, nous proposons une analyse synchronique de la "Loi de Schneider" (LS), un système dynamique d'alternances entre syllabes fermées et ouvertes documenté dans plusieurs dialectes de l'inuktitut. La LS est demeurée sans explication jusqu'à maintenant, à cause de propriétés paradoxales de ce système qui, d'une part, suggère un conditionnement métrique mais, d'autre part, ne peut être analysé à partir de considérations métriques conventionnelles (Dresher & Johns 1995). Nous nous concentrons sur deux dialectes particuliers: le siglitun et l'inuttut du Labrador, lesquels présentent des variations du patron général.