DOCSLIB.ORG

Yupik Eskimo Prosodic Systems: Descriptive and Comparative Studies

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Yupik Eskimo Prosodic Systems: Descriptive and Comparative Studies DOCUMENT RESUME ED 398 761 FL 024 070 AUTHOR Krauss, Michael, Ed. TITLE Yupik Eskimo Prosodic Systems: Descriptive and Comparative Studies. Alaska Native Language Center Research Papers No. 7. INSTITUTION Alaska Univ., Fairbanks. Alaska Native Language Center. REPORT NO ISBN-0-933769-37-7; ISSN-0883-8526 PUB DATE 85 NOTE 223p. AVAILABLE FROMAlaska Native Language Center, University of Alaska, P.O. Box 757680, Fairbanks, AK 99775-7680. PUB TYPE Collected Works General (020) EDRS PRICE MFOI/PC09 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS *Alaska Natives; Contrastive Linguistics; Descriptive Linguistics; Eskimo Aleut Languages; Geographic Distribution; *Inupiaq; *Language Patterns; Language Research; Linguistic Theory; Maps; Phonology; *Regional Dialects; Structural Analysis (Linguistics); *Suprasegmentals; Uncommonly Taught Languages; *Yupik IDENTIFIERS *Alutiiq ABSTRACT Nine papers on Yupik Eskimo prosody systems are presented. An introductory section gives background information on the Yupik language and dialects, defines prosody, and provides notes on orthography. The papers include: "A History of the Study of Yupik Prosody" (Michael Krauss); "Siberian Yupik and Central Yupik Prosody" (Steven A. Jacobson); "Supplementary Notes on Central Siberian Yupik Prosody" (Krauss); "Accentuation in Central Alaskan Yupik" (Osahito Miyaoka); "Prosody in Alutiiq" (Jeff Leer); "Evolution of Prosody in the Yupik Languages" (Leer); "Toward a Metrical Interpretation of Yupik Prosody" (Leer); "Sirenikski and Naukanski" (Krauss); and "Seward Peninsula Inupiaq Consonant Gradation and Its Relationship to Prosody" (Lawrence D. Kaplan). Two maps indicating regional language distribution are provided. Contains 135 references. (MSE) *********************************************************************** *0 Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made * * from the original document. * *********************************************************************** Yupik Eskimo Prosodic Systems: Descriptive and Comparative Studies Edited by Michael Krauss U.S. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE AND Office of Educational Research and Improvement DISSEMINATE THIS MATERIAL E E CATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC) HAS BEEN GRANTED BY his document has been reproduced as received from the person or organization originating it. 1:1 Minor changes have been made to improve reproduction quality. Points of view or opinions stated in this TO THE EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES document do not necessarily represent INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC) official OERI position or policy. Alaska Native Language Center Research Papers Number 7 1985 This series of linguistic papers is published at irregular intervals. The papers deal with advances and problems in linguistic research in Alaskan and related Native American languages: Athabaskan-Eyak-Tlin- git, Eskimo-Aleut, Haida, and Tsimshian. The papers are often of greater length than those normally pub- lished in journals. Early drafts of some papers have been circulated informally among specialists, and the final revised works are here made generally available for the first time. Alaska Native Language Center's work in education, folklore, and second-language teaching has resulted in more than 200 publications. The basic research aspect of ANLC, essential to these other activities, is reflected in the present series, and in comprehensive dictionaries now in preparation. Address correspondence and orders to: Alaska Native Language Center Box 111 University of Alaska Fairbanks, AK 99775-0120 Yupik Eskimo Prosodic Systems: Descriptive and Comparative Studies Alaska Native Language Center Research Papers Number 7 4 Yupik Eskimo Prosodic Systems: Descriptive and Comparative Studies Edited by Michael Krauss Alaska Native Language Center Research Papers Number 7 Papers by Michael Krauss Jeff Leer Steven A. Jacobson Osahito Miyaoka Lawrence D. Kaplan Alaska Native Language Center University of Alaska Fairbanks 1985 5 Alaska Native Language Center University of Alaska Fairbanks P.O. Box 900111 Fairbanks, Alaska 99775-0120 Krauss, Michael, editor Yupik Eskimo Prosodic Systems: Descriptive and Comparative Studies Alaska Native Research Papers Number 7 ©1981 by Alaska Native Language Center All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America ISSN 0883-8526 ISBN 0-933769-37-7 First Printing, 1981 150 copies Second Printing, 1990 50 copies The University of Alaska is an EO/AA employer and educational institution. 6 Corrigenda to (as of 8/16/90) Yupik Eskimo Prosodic Systems Alaska Native Language Center Research Papers No. 7 p. 1, paragraph 3, line 4 for Koniag, read Chugach p. 9, line 1 for antipenult and preantipenult, read antepenult and preantepenult p. 21, line 3 from bottom for [pagnaksaqd.naku], read [paqnaksaqd.naku] p. 23, lines 21, 28-29, 33, p. 204, lines 17-22 The Yupik substratum underlying Bering Strait Inupiaq consonant weakeningwas not specifically that of modern Una liq or Norton Sound CAY, but rather that ofsome form of Yupik no longer spoken, specifically intermediate between CSY and NS-CAY. Unlike NS-CAY, it also lacked the rule(given on pp. 30 as 6b and 7, on p. 58 as Rule III, and on p. 145 as L I H I FD) valid for allAlaskan Yupik, whereby e.g. ikayuqaanga 'he has me as a helper' is realized [ik.iydq.agal, with gemination of-q- and stresson -yuq-; cf. e.g. King Island alakaaaga 'he checked on me' from underlying alakagaaga, with weakening of -g- in the same position as stressed syllable-final geminated in Alaska Yupik,including NS-CAY. p. 52, footnote 4 - I - I - hyphenation twice pp. 67 and 69 running heads on wrong sides of pages p. 67-71 insert symbol # at end of examples (32), (37), (53) insert symbol # after arrow in examples (36), (39), (40), (42) p. 105, line 2 last two letters of first word italic p. 129, lines 7, 8, 13 from bottom, and p. 130, lines 5, 6, 7, 16 in examples 'big road' and 'big reader,' for to and te, read to and ts p. 131, paragraph 2, lines 5, 6 for Xe(C) and Xe(C), read Xe(C) and XS(C) p. 132, line 3 from bottom for te in nid I'aI te I kutar I lukd, read ts p. 136, footnote 2 delete ENVIR (instead of a slash, for "in the environment"), p. 145 note that these two rules are operative in Alaskan Yupik but not in BSI, which has thesame rule SY (bottom of 139) p. 150, paragraph 5, line 5 after 4-read instead 'Tiq.ium.:d] p. 162, line 2 of text insert "a non-final syllable" p. 170, bottom, first example read instead ag'kutartuanga p. 188, diagram adjust leftmost arrow to point vertically upward from ii to ii; see diagram A CSY Naukanski ii. ii ii e ii .:. (ill .aa.-- as da. c1:1 I n as ..uu ui 6 uu Diagram A Diagram B Optionally add to Naukanski pattern a second dotted line on axis slightly closer to vertical, to indi- cate phonetic results, approximately [eml and [oat as described on p. 183; see diagram B. More explicitly, showing the same arrows extending from the underlying forms to the phonetic output, the entire dia- gram might be presented as follows: CSY Naukanski Upper Kobuk iu iu % a iu ., ':- aiii/ate -- au ai (ai .saat---au ": ui u uu ui da Zit' ui ua '... uu p. 190, note August, 1990 Immediately after the publication of this volume, Krauss had the opportunity to work with a speaker of Naukanski, Antonina Verbitskaya, in Moscow, December, 1985. He is deeply grateful to her and to Mikhail Chlenov for this opportunity, which disclosed that the prosody of Mrs. Ver- bitskaya's speech was rather different from that expected from the foregoing discussion. Most briefly, there are three types of stress placement: 1)general tendency for stress on any heavy syllable (short closed as well as long); 2)stress sometimes on penult, syntactically determined, not word-level stress; 3)word- level stress on second syllable (if first not long), along with the stress on first if short closed. Thus the only Yupik-specific word-level stress is this third type, which we tentatively interpret probably as a vestige of the basic Yupik alternate-syllable stress, rather than as an incipient form of it. We thus have an example here of a decrease in complexity of the Yupik prosodic system, instead of the more widespread elabora- tion of it; significantly, however, original vowel length is well preserved, showing the separateness of the prosodic system, perhaps with influence of Inupiaq. An example form is giqrnif araf asiixturaraaglia 'my nice poor little doggie,' whereis closed-syllable stress, and ' is the vestigial aiternate-syllable'stress, and (1 is the sentence-level stress. Stress is quite absent on the fourth and eighth syllables, proving the in- operativity of the alternate syllable stress beyond the second syllable. Further, to page 187. The Yupik forms in the Merck text are, as Chlenov (p.c., December, 1985) points out, indeed Uwelenski (as specifically designated in the text), then, since they are very similar to or the same as Chaplinski, Uelenski must be considered a variety of CSY, thus spoken discontinuously along the coast from Chaplino to the Arctic Ocean, with the interruption of Naukanski (besides Chukchi); or rather, continuously, if one chooses, perhaps with very good reason, to consider the East Cape promontory in- cluding Naukan, part of a different topography and ecosystem, "practically a third Diomede." p. 192, line 2 from bottom for Jeffrey, read Jeffry p. 216, line 2 for Languages, read Language CONTENTS Map 1 vi IntroductionMichael Krauss 1 A History of the Study of Yupik ProsodyMichael Krauss 7 Siberian Yupik and Central Yupik ProsodySteven A. Jacobson 25 Supplementary Notes on Central Siberian Yupik ProsodyMichael Krauss 47 Accentuation in Central Alaskan YupikOsahito Miyaoka 51 Prosody in AlutiiqJeff Leer 77 Evolution of Prosody in the Yupik LanguagesJeff Leer 135 Toward a Metrical Interpretation of Yupik ProsodyJeff Leer 159 Map 2 174 Sirenikski and NaukanskiMichael Krauss 175 Seward Peninsula Inupiaq Consonant Gradation and Its Relationship to Prosody Lawrence D. Kaplan 191 Literature Cited 211 9 CHUKOTKA USSR [CHUKCHI] Point Hope , lyorth Slope ...................... .............. [ATHABASKAN] .11.401.11(An4.Y.y eTatitioh Cordova .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Supreme Court of the United States ------♦ ------STEVEN T
    Nos. 20-543, 20-544 ================================================================================================================ In The Supreme Court of the United States --------------------------------- ♦ --------------------------------- STEVEN T. MNUCHIN, Secretary of the Treasury, Petitioner, v. CONFEDERATED TRIBES OF THE CHEHALIS RESERVATION, ET AL., Respondents. --------------------------------- ♦ --------------------------------- ALASKA NATIVE VILLAGE CORPORATION ASSOCIATION, INC., ET AL., Petitioners, v. CONFEDERATED TRIBES OF THE CHEHALIS RESERVATION, ET AL., Respondents. --------------------------------- ♦ --------------------------------- On Petitions For A Writ Of Certiorari To The United States Court Of Appeals For The District Of Columbia Circuit --------------------------------- ♦ --------------------------------- BRIEF OF AMICUS CURIAE STATE OF ALASKA IN SUPPORT OF PETITIONS FOR WRIT OF CERTIORARI --------------------------------- ♦ --------------------------------- CLYDE “ED” SNIFFEN, JR. Acting Attorney General State of Alaska LAURA WOLFF* MARY ANN LUNDQUIST Assistant Attorneys General 1031 West Fourth Avenue, Ste. 200 Anchorage, AK 99501 (907) 269-5100 [email protected] *Counsel of Record ================================================================================================================ COCKLE LEGAL BRIEFS (800) 225-6964 WWW.COCKLELEGALBRIEFS.COM i TABLE OF CONTENTS Page TABLE OF CONTENTS ...................................... i TABLE OF AUTHORITIES ................................. ii INTEREST
    [Show full text]
  • NOTES on the BIRDS of CHIRIKOF ISLAND, ALASKA Jack J
    NOTES ON THE BIRDS OF CHIRIKOF ISLAND, ALASKA JACK J. WITHROW, University of Alaska Museum, 907 Yukon Drive, Fairbanks, Alaska 99775; [email protected] ABSTRACT: Isolated in the western Gulf of Alaska 61 km from nearest land and 74 km southwest of the Kodiak archipelago, Chirikof Island has never seen a focused investigation of its avifauna. Annotated status and abundance for 89 species recorded during eight visits 2008–2014 presented here include eastern range extensions for three Beringian subspecies of the Pacific Wren (Troglodytes pacificus semidiensis), Song Sparrow (Melospiza melodia sanaka), and Gray-crowned Rosy-Finch (Leucost- icte tephrocotis griseonucha). A paucity of breeding bird species is thought to be a result of the long history of the presence of introduced cattle and introduced foxes (Vulpes lagopus), both of which persist to this day. Unique among sizable islands in southwestern Alaska, Chirikof Island (55° 50′ N 155° 37′ W) has escaped focused investigations of its avifauna, owing to its geographic isolation, lack of an all-weather anchorage, and absence of major seabird colonies. In contrast, nearly every other sizable island or group of islands in this region has been visited by biologists, and they or their data have added to the published literature on birds: the Aleutian Is- lands (Gibson and Byrd 2007), the Kodiak archipelago (Friedmann 1935), the Shumagin Islands (Bailey 1978), the Semidi Islands (Hatch and Hatch 1983a), the Sandman Reefs (Bailey and Faust 1980), and other, smaller islands off the Alaska Peninsula (Murie 1959, Bailey and Faust 1981, 1984). With the exception of most of the Kodiak archipelago these islands form part of the Alaska Maritime National Wildlife Refuge (AMNWR), and many of these publications are focused largely on seabirds.
    [Show full text]
  • The Eskimo Language Work of Aleksandr Forshtein
    Alaska Journal of Anthropology Volume 4, Numbers 1-2 The Eskimo Language Work of Aleksandr Forshtein Michael E. Krauss Alaska Native Language Center, University of Alaska Fairbanks, AK 99775, ff [email protected] Abstract: Th e paper focuses on another aspect of the legacy of the late Russian Eskimologist Aleksandr Forshtein (1904-1968), namely his linguistic materials and his publications in Eskimo languages and early Russian/Soviet school programs in Siberian Yupik. During the 1930s, the Russians launched an impressive program in developing writing systems, education, and publication in several Native Siberian languages. Forshtein and his mentor, Waldemar Bogoras, took active part in those eff orts on behalf of Siberian Yupik. Th e paper reviews Forshtein’s (and Bogoras’) various contributions to Siberian Yupik language work and language documentation. As it turned out, Forshtein’s, as well as Bogoras’ approach had many fl aws; several colleagues of Forshtein achieved better results and produced alternative writing systems for Siberian Yupik language. Th is review of the early Russian language work on Siberian Yupik is given against the backdrop of many colorful personalities involved and of the general conditions of Russian Siberian linguistics during the 1920s and the 1930s. Keywords: A.S. Forshtein, V.G. Bogoraz, K.S. Sergeeva, E. P. Orlova, Yuit Th is paper that evaluates the Eskimo language work of forced me to compromise a freedom taken for granted on Aleksandr Semenovich Forshtein (1904-1968) must begin this side. with a painfully confl icted apology. In the early 1980’s I was invited by Isabelle Kreindler of Haifa University to contrib- Furthermore, I feel the need to warn the reader to bear ute a paper to a collection on Soviet linguists executed or with me that in the recent process of research for the present interned by Stalinist repression in the former USSR during paper, I was repeatedly faced with new discoveries and re- the years 1930-1953 (Kreindler 1985).
    [Show full text]
  • Council for Innovative Research Peer Review Research Publishing System Journal: Journal of Advances in Linguistics Vol 3, No
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by KHALSA PUBLICATIONS ISSN 2348-3024 Language Contact, Use and Attitudes among the Chaldo-Assyrians of Baghdad, Iraq: A Sociolinguistic Study Bader S. Dweik, Tiba A. Al-Obaidi Middle East University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Department of English Language and Literature [email protected] Middle East University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Department of English Language and Literature [email protected] ABSTRACT This study aimed at investigating the language situation among the Chaldo-Assyrians in Baghdad. The study attempted to answer the following questions: In what domains do the Chaldo-Assyrians of Baghdad use Syriac and Arabic? What are their attitudes towards both languages? To achieve the goal of this study, the researchers selected a sample that consisted of (135) Chaldo-Assyrians of different age, gender and educational background. The instruments used in this study were interviews and a questionnaire which comprised two different areas: domains of language use and language attitudes. The researchers concluded that the Chaldo-Assyrians in Baghdad used Syriac in different domains mainly at home, in religious settings and in their inner speech; and used it side by side with Arabic in many other social domains such as neighborhood, place of work, media and other public places. The study revealed that the attitudes of the Chaldo- Assyrians towards Syriac and Arabic were highly positive. Finally, the researchers recommended conducting similar studies on other ethnic groups in Baghdad like Turkumans, Kurds, Armenians and Sabians. Indexing terms/Keywords Language Contact; Use; Attitudes; Chaldo-Assyrians; Iraq.
    [Show full text]
  • CAC Letterhead
    Gabriel Kompkoff CEO Chugach Alaska Corporation 3800 Centerpoint Drive, Suite 1200 Anchorage, AK 99503 House Committee on Natural Resources Subcommittee on Indian, Insular and Alaska Native Affairs 1324 Longworth House Office Building Washington, D.C. 20515 Hearing Date: Thursday, April 26, 2018 at 2 p.m. Hearing Title: H.R. 211 (Rep. Don Young of AK), Chugach Region Lands Study Act Chairman Doug LaMalfa and Members of the Subcommittee: My name is Gabriel Kompkoff and I am Chief Executive Officer of Chugach Alaska Corporation (Chugach). Chugach is the Regional Native Corporation organized under the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act (ANCSA) for Alaska Natives historically residing in the Chugach Region as described in my statement attached. Chugach currently has approximately 2,600 Alaska Native shareholders. It is my privilege to submit the attached testimony in support of the Chugach Region Lands Study Act, which would authorize the Secretary of the Interior to complete a land exchange with Chugach. We greatly appreciate the introduction of this important legislation and the opportunity to submit this written statement in support of its enactment. Sincerely, Gabriel Kompkoff CEO Chugach Alaska Corporation • 3800 Centerpoint Dr., Suite 1200, Anchorage, AK 99503 • T: 907.563.8866 • F: 907.563.8402 April 26, 2018 House Resolution (H.R.) 211 (Rep. Don Young of AK) Chugach Alaska Corporation Lands Study Act Short (Oral) Testimony My name is Gabriel Kompkoff and I am Chief Executive Officer of Chugach Alaska Corporation (Chugach). Chugach is a regional Alaska Native Corporation organized under the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act – also known as ANCSA. Today, Chugach has approximately 2,600 Alaska Native shareholders.
    [Show full text]
  • Kodiak Alutiiq Heritage Thematic Units Grades K-5
    Kodiak Alutiiq Heritage Thematic Units Grades K-5 Prepared by Native Village of Afognak In partnership with: Chugachmiut, Inc. Kodiak Island Borough School District Alutiiq Museum & Archaeological Repository Native Educators of the Alutiiq Region (NEAR) KMXT Radio Station Administration for Native Americans (ANA) U.S. Department of Education Access additional resources at: http://www.afognak.org/html/education.php Copyright © 2009 Native Village of Afognak First Edition Produced through an Administration for Native Americans (ANA) Grant Number 90NL0413/01 Reprint of edited curriculum units from the Chugachmiut Thematic Units Books, developed by the Chugachmiut Culture and Language Department, Donna Malchoff, Director through a U.S. Department of Education, Alaska Native Education Grant Number S356A50023. Publication Layout & Design by Alisha S. Drabek Edited by Teri Schneider & Alisha S. Drabek Printed by Kodiak Print Master LLC Illustrations: Royalty Free Clipart accessed at clipart.com, ANKN Clipart, Image Club Sketches Collections, and drawings by Alisha Drabek on pages 16, 19, 51 and 52. Teachers may copy portions of the text for use in the classroom. Available online at www.afognak.org/html/education.php Orders, inquiries, and correspondence can be addressed to: Native Village of Afognak 115 Mill Bay Road, Suite 201 Kodiak, Alaska 99615 (907) 486-6357 www.afognak.org Quyanaasinaq Chugachmiut, Inc., Kodiak Island Borough School District and the Native Education Curriculum Committee, Alutiiq Museum, KMXT Radio Station, & the following Kodiak Contributing Teacher Editors: Karly Gunderson Kris Johnson Susan Patrick Kathy Powers Teri Schneider Sabrina Sutton Kodiak Alutiiq Heritage Thematic Units Access additional resources at: © 2009 Native Village of Afognak http://www.afognak.org/html/education.php Table of Contents Table of Contents 3 Unit 4: Russian’s Arrival (3rd Grade) 42 Kodiak Alutiiq Values 4 1.
    [Show full text]
  • First Nations Perspectives on Sea Otter Conservation in British Columbia and Alaska: Insights Into Coupled Human Àocean Systems
    Chapter 11 First Nations Perspectives on Sea Otter Conservation in British Columbia and Alaska: Insights into Coupled Human ÀOcean Systems Anne K. Salomon 1, Kii’iljuus Barb J. Wilson 2, Xanius Elroy White 3, Nick Tanape Sr. 4 and Tom Mexsis Happynook 5 1School of Resource and Environmental Management, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada, 2Skidegate, Haida Gwaii, BC, Canada, 3Bella Bella, BC, Canada, 4Nanwalek, AK, USA, 5Uu-a-thluk Council of Ha’wiih, Huu-ay-aht, BC, Canada Sea Otter Conservation. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-801402-8.00011-1 © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 301 302 Sea Otter Conservation INTRODUCTION: REGIME SHIFTS AND TRANSFORMATIONS ALONG NORTH AMERICA’S NORTHWEST COAST One of our legends explains that the sea otter was originally a man. While col- lecting chitons he was trapped by an incoming tide. To save himself, he wished to become an otter. His transformation created all otters. Alutiiq Museum and Archaeological Repository (2005) Human interactions with sea otters and kelp forest ecosystems have spanned millennia ( Figure 11.1 ; Rick et al., 2011 ). In fact, archeological evidence suggests that the highly productive kelp forests of the Pacific Rim may have sustained the original coastal ocean migration route of maritime people to the Americas near the end of the Pleistocene ( Erlandson et al., 2007 ). Similarly, many coastal First Nations stories speak of ancestors who came from the sea (Boas, 1932; Brown and Brown, 2009; Guujaaw, 2005; Swanton, 1909). Yet this vast and aqueous “kelp highway,” providing food, tools, trade goods, and safe anchorage for sophisticated watercraft, would have been highly susceptible to overgrazing by sea urchins had it not been FIGURE 11.1 Sea otter pictographs from Kachemak Bay, Alaska.
    [Show full text]
  • Aleuts: an Outline of the Ethnic History
    i Aleuts: An Outline of the Ethnic History Roza G. Lyapunova Translated by Richard L. Bland ii As the nation’s principal conservation agency, the Department of the Interior has re- sponsibility for most of our nationally owned public lands and natural and cultural resources. This includes fostering the wisest use of our land and water resources, protecting our fish and wildlife, preserving the environmental and cultural values of our national parks and historical places, and providing for enjoyment of life through outdoor recreation. The Shared Beringian Heritage Program at the National Park Service is an international program that rec- ognizes and celebrates the natural resources and cultural heritage shared by the United States and Russia on both sides of the Bering Strait. The program seeks local, national, and international participation in the preservation and understanding of natural resources and protected lands and works to sustain and protect the cultural traditions and subsistence lifestyle of the Native peoples of the Beringia region. Aleuts: An Outline of the Ethnic History Author: Roza G. Lyapunova English translation by Richard L. Bland 2017 ISBN-13: 978-0-9965837-1-8 This book’s publication and translations were funded by the National Park Service, Shared Beringian Heritage Program. The book is provided without charge by the National Park Service. To order additional copies, please contact the Shared Beringian Heritage Program ([email protected]). National Park Service Shared Beringian Heritage Program © The Russian text of Aleuts: An Outline of the Ethnic History by Roza G. Lyapunova (Leningrad: Izdatel’stvo “Nauka” leningradskoe otdelenie, 1987), was translated into English by Richard L.
    [Show full text]
  • Embellishments of the Alaska Native Gut Parka
    University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Textile Society of America Symposium Proceedings Textile Society of America 2008 Embellishments of the Alaska Native Gut Parka Fran Reed [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/tsaconf Part of the Art and Design Commons Reed, Fran, "Embellishments of the Alaska Native Gut Parka" (2008). Textile Society of America Symposium Proceedings. 127. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/tsaconf/127 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Textile Society of America at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Textile Society of America Symposium Proceedings by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Embellishments of the Alaska Native Gut Parka Fran Reed (1943 - 2008) [email protected] Dealing with the various and extreme weather conditions in Alaska is a serious matter. Coastal Native Alaskans have been surviving in these severe environments for millennia. Without a local general store in which to buy a nice rain slicker, one must be resourceful with what is available. Between the hot summers and frigid winters are the transition seasons when it rains. Bird skins and fish skins were used extensively to make raincoats but it is the gut skin parka that proved so universal along the coast of Alaska (Fig. 1). From village to village different preparations, stitching methods and artistic styles are apparent and expressed in the embellishments that define the region, the culture and the function of these beautiful outer garments. For hundreds of years the indigenous people of the circumpolar region survived extreme conditions on their ingenuity and creativity.
    [Show full text]
  • Native American Languages, Indigenous Languages of the Native Peoples of North, Middle, and South America
    Native American Languages, indigenous languages of the native peoples of North, Middle, and South America. The precise number of languages originally spoken cannot be known, since many disappeared before they were documented. In North America, around 300 distinct, mutually unintelligible languages were spoken when Europeans arrived. Of those, 187 survive today, but few will continue far into the 21st century, since children are no longer learning the vast majority of these. In Middle America (Mexico and Central America) about 300 languages have been identified, of which about 140 are still spoken. South American languages have been the least studied. Around 1500 languages are known to have been spoken, but only about 350 are still in use. These, too are disappearing rapidly. Classification A major task facing scholars of Native American languages is their classification into language families. (A language family consists of all languages that have evolved from a single ancestral language, as English, German, French, Russian, Greek, Armenian, Hindi, and others have all evolved from Proto-Indo-European.) Because of the vast number of languages spoken in the Americas, and the gaps in our information about many of them, the task of classifying these languages is a challenging one. In 1891, Major John Wesley Powell proposed that the languages of North America constituted 58 independent families, mainly on the basis of superficial vocabulary resemblances. At the same time Daniel Brinton posited 80 families for South America. These two schemes form the basis of subsequent classifications. In 1929 Edward Sapir tentatively proposed grouping these families into superstocks, 6 in North America and 15 in Middle America.
    [Show full text]
  • Alutiiq Museum Bulletin
    Alutiiq Museum Bulletin Vol 15, No. 2, Winter 2011 Uswitusqaq’s Dream – An Alutiiq Novel for Children Pattie Leighton lives on a farm in a rural region of Western Like the story, the novel’s artwork is Alutiiq. Kodiak Alutiiq Australia, 100 km from the nearest town. April Laktonen artist Sara Squartsoff created an oil painting of sea otters for Counceller lives at the opposite end of the world in wet, windy the cover design, and petroglyph images from the Alutiiq Kodiak, Alaska. Th e two women have never met, but since Museum’s recent survey work at Cape Alitak will illustrate the 2003 they have been working together to develop Uswitusqaq’s fi rst page of each of the book’s 14 chapters. Dream, a children’s novel about Alutiiq culture. In May 2011, the Alutiiq Museum will release 500 copies Counceller explains, “Pattie is a teacher and a natural of Uswitusqaq’s Dream in paperback. Complimentary books history writer. She’s been to Alaska a number of times, and will be distributed to local libraries and elementary schools in 2003 she took a wilderness kayak trip on Kodiak. I was to share Alutiiq heritage with young readers. Individuals working as the museum’s educational coordinator at the time. and organizations that wish to purchase Uswitusqaq’s Dream I didn’t meet Pattie, but not long after her visit I got an email can contact Museum Store Manager Sarah Kennedy – from her requesting assistance with a children’s book inspired [email protected] – to reserve copies. Th e book will by her visit.” retail for $12.00 at the Alutiiq Museum Store.
    [Show full text]
  • Resource for Self-Determination Or Perpetuation of Linguistic Imposition: Examining the Impact of English Learner Classification Among Alaska Native Students
    EdWorkingPaper No. 21-420 Resource for Self-Determination or Perpetuation of Linguistic Imposition: Examining the Impact of English Learner Classification among Alaska Native Students Ilana M. Umansky Manuel Vazquez Cano Lorna M. Porter University of Oregon University of Oregon University of Oregon Federal law defines eligibility for English learner (EL) classification differently for Indigenous students compared to non-Indigenous students. Indigenous students, unlike non-Indigenous students, are not required to have a non-English home or primary language. A critical question, therefore, is how EL classification impacts Indigenous students’ educational outcomes. This study explores this question for Alaska Native students, drawing on data from five Alaska school districts. Using a regression discontinuity design, we find evidence that among students who score near the EL classification threshold in kindergarten, EL classification has a large negative impact on Alaska Native students’ academic outcomes, especially in the 3rd and 4th grades. Negative impacts are not found for non-Alaska Native students in the same districts. VERSION: June 2021 Suggested citation: Umansky, Ilana, Manuel Vazquez Cano, and Lorna Porter. (2021). Resource for Self-Determination or Perpetuation of Linguistic Imposition: Examining the Impact of English Learner Classification among Alaska Native Students. (EdWorkingPaper: 21-420). Retrieved from Annenberg Institute at Brown University: https://doi.org/10.26300/mym3-1t98 ALASKA NATIVE EL RD Resource for Self-Determination or Perpetuation of Linguistic Imposition: Examining the Impact of English Learner Classification among Alaska Native Students* Ilana M. Umansky Manuel Vazquez Cano Lorna M. Porter * As authors, we’d like to extend our gratitude and appreciation for meaningful discussion and feedback which shaped the intent, design, analysis, and writing of this study.
    [Show full text]