DOCSLIB.ORG

Coastal Ecology and Wild Resource Use in the Central Bering Sea Area

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Coastal Ecology and Wild Resource Use in the Central Bering Sea Area COASTAL ECOLOGYAND WILD RESOURCEUSE IN THE CENTRAL BERING SEA AREA: HOOPERBAY AND KWIGILLINGOK by Alice Stickney Technical Paper Number 85 Alaska Department of Fish and Game Division of Subsistence September 1984 This research/ was partially funded by ANILCA Federal Aid Funds, administered through the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Anchorage, Alaska TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Figures ................................................... V List of Tables .................................................... Vii Acknowledgements .................................................. viii Chapter 1. INTRODUCTION.......................................... 1 Background and Resource Issues ........................ 1 Research Design ....................................... 3 The Study Communities ................................. 4 Previous Research ..................................... 8 Research Objectives .................................. 9 Methodology and Data Collection Methods ............... 10 Chapter 2. NATURAL SETTING AND ECOLOGY........................... 15 Regional Profile ...................................... 15 Climate ............................................. 16 Topography .......................................... 17 Ocean Currents and Sea Ice .......................... 18 Village Setting ...................................... 20 Chapter 3 HISTORICAL BACKGROUNDAND COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT....... 24 Historical Overview of the Study Area ................. 24 Historic Subsistence Patterns ........................ 33 Population Trends ..................................... 37 Contemporary Village Setting ......................... 41 Hooper Bay .......................................... 41 Kwigillingok ....................................... 53 Chapter 4 SPRING................................................ 64 Environmental Characteristics ....................... 64 Biological Characteristics of Spring Species ........ 65 Kwigillingok Spring Subsistence Activities ............ 75 Seal Hunting ........................................ 75 Walrus Huntino e ...................................... 88 Waterfowl and Other Bird Hunting and Egg Gathering . 91 Beaver Hunting ...................................... 98 Muskrat Hunting ..................................... 98 Herring Fishing. .................................... 99 Whitefish Fishing ................................... 104 Plant Gathering ..................................... 106 Hooper Bay Spring Subsistence Activities.............* 111 Seal Hunting ....................................... 111 Walrus Hunting ...................................... 121 Waterfowl and Other Bird Hunting and Egg Gathering . 124 Beaver Hunting ...................................... 135 Muskrat Hunting ..................................... 137 Herring Fishing ..................................... 142 Plant Gathering ..................................... 149 Discussion............................................ 155 Chapter 5. SUM~~R................................................ 159 Environmental Characteristics ....................... 159 Biological Characteristics of Summer Species ........ 160 Kwigillingok Summer Subsistence Activities..........,. 164 Salmon Fishing ...................................... 164 Other Fishing ....................................... 173 Clam Digging ........................................ 176 Bird Hunting ........................................ 179 Berry and Wood Gathering ............................ 180 Hooper Bay Summer Subsist8ence Activities.............. 186 Salmon Fishing ...................................... 186 Other Fishing ....................................... 191 Clam Digging ........................................ 197 Bird Hunting ........................................ 200 Berry and Wood Gathering ............................ 291 Discussion........ ,..,................................ 210 Chapter 6. FALL..................................,...,........... 215 Environmental Characteristics....................... 215 Kwigillingok Fall Subsistence Activities.............. 219 Seal Hunting ........................................ 220 Walrus Hunting ...................................... 222 Fishing ............................................. 224 Waterfowl Hunting ................................... 226 Plant Gathering ..................................... 228 iii Hooper Bay Fall Subsistence Activities................ 233 Seal Hunting ........................................ 233 Belukha Hunting ..................................... 235 Waterfowl Hunting ................................... 237 Fishing ............................................. 239 Plant Gathering ..................................... 244 Discussion.. 250 Chapter 7. WINTER . 253 Environmental Characteristics ....................... 253 Biological Characteristics of Fall Species .......... 253 Kwigillingok Winter Subsistence Activities............ 261 Trapping and Hunting of Furbearers .................. 261 Fishing ............................................. 267 Small Game Hunting .................................. 274 Wood Gathering ...................................... 276 Hooper Bay Winter Subsistence Activities.............. 278 Trapping and Hunting of Furbearers .................. 278 Fishing ............................................. 288 Seal Hunting ........................................ 311 Small Game Hunting .................................. 314 Wood Gathering ...................................... 318 Discussion.............. 320 Chapter 8. RESOURCEUSE ISSUES . 324 Chapter 9. DISCUSSION . ..a....................... 333 REFERENCES. 343 APPENDICES . ..~..... 351 A. Yup'ik Terms for Wildlife Resources: Kwigillingok. 351 B. Yup'ik Terms for Wildlife Resources: Hooper Bay... 355 C. Selected Ethnobotany: Kwigillingok................ 359 D. Selected Ethnobotany: Hooper Bay.................. 364 E. Seasonal Round: Kwigillingok...................... 369 F. Seasonal Round: Hooper Bay........................ 370 iV LIST OF FIGURES 1. Map of Alaska Showing Study Communities ....................... 7 2. Hooper Bay Population Profile, December lgal.................. 44 3. Hooper Bay Household Sizes .................................... 46 4. Age and Sex of Hooper Bay Heads of Households ................. 47 5. Kwigillingok Population Profile, December lgal................ 55 6. Kwigillingok Household Sizes .................................. 57 7. Age and Sex of Kwigillingok Heads of Households ............... 58 a. Seal Hunting Areas of Kwigillingok Residents .................. 76 9. Bird Hunting Areas of Kwigillingok Residents .................. 93 10. Marine Fish Areas of Kwigillingok Residents ................... 101 11. Plant Gathering Areas of Kwigillingok Residents ............... 107 12. Marine Mammal Hunting Areas of Hooper Bay Residents ........... 112 13. Bird Hunting Areas of Hooper Bay Residents .................... 125 14. Beaver, Muskrat and Hare Areas of Hooper Bay Residents ........ 139 15. Marine Fish Areas of Hooper Bay Residents ..................... 143 16. Plant Gathering Areas of Hooper Bay Residents ................. 151 17. Salmon Fishing Areas of Kwigillingok Residents ................ 166 la. Tomcod, Blackfish and Clam Areas of Kwigillingok Residents .... 177 19. Berry Picking Areas of Kwigillingok Residents ................. iai 20. Wood Gathering Areas of Kwigillingok Residents ................ 183 21. Summer Whitefish Areas of Hooper Bay Residents ................ 193 22. Clam Areas of Hooper Bay Residents ............................ 198 23. Berry Picking Areas of Hooper Bay Residents ................... 203 24. Wood Gathering Areas of Hooper Bay Residents .................. 206 25. Tomcod and Blackfish Areas of Hooner Bav ResFdents ............ 240 V 26. Furbearer Harvest Areas of Kwigillingok Residents ............. 262 27. Mink, Otter and Fox Areas of Hooper Bay Residents ............. 280 28. Winter Whitefish Areas of Hooper Bay Residents ................ 295 29. Needlefish Areas of Hooper Bay Residents ...................... 302 Vi LIST OF TABLES 1. Village Groups of the Yukon-Kuskokwim Coast .................... 5 2. Census Information for Hooper Bay ............................. 39 3. Census Information for Kwigillingok ........................... 40 4. Hooper Bay Wage Employment Opportunities, 1982 ................. 48 5. Transfer Payments in Hooper Bay in 1982 ........................ 52 6. Kwigillingok Wage Employment Opportunties, 1982 ................ 59 7. Transfer Payments in Kwigillingok in 1981...................... 61 Vii Acknowledgements I would like to thank the many kind families in Kwigillingok and Hooper Bay, who shared their knowledge, experiences, and hospitality with me, especially those families who generously provided me with a place to stay. I appreciate the patience shown to me and the willingness to take me along on resource harvesting trips. Without their assistance, cooperation, and generosity, this report would not have been possible. The help of George Sam and Alberta Mann also facilitated this project. I would further like to thank Elizabeth Andrews for helping me put together this report, even when the task was daunting; Linda Ellanna for always having faith; and my other friends, especially Theresa Mercurio and Richard Merculief, for listening and giving me moral support when I needed it. Ruth Southern had the unenviable task of typing this manuscript several times, and I am grateful for her efforts and continual
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Technical Appendix
    Marine Sanctuaries Conservation Series ONMS-16-05 Technical Appendix: Socioeconomic Profiles, Economic Impact/Contribution, and Importance- Satisfaction Ratings of Recreating Visitors to the Outer Coast of Washington and the Olympic Coast National Marine Sanctuary: Volume 4, 2014 U.S. Department of Commerce National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Ocean Service Office of National Marine Sanctuaries April 2016 About the Marine Sanctuaries Conservation Series The Office of National Marine Sanctuaries, part of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, serves as the trustee for a system of 14 marine protected areas encompassing more than 170,000 square miles of ocean and Great Lakes waters. The 13 national marine sanctuaries and one marine national monument within the National Marine Sanctuary System represent areas of America’s ocean and Great Lakes environment that are of special national significance. Within their waters, giant humpback whales breed and calve their young, coral colonies flourish, and shipwrecks tell stories of our maritime history. Habitats include beautiful coral reefs, lush kelp forests, whale migrations corridors, spectacular deep-sea canyons, and underwater archaeological sites. These special places also provide homes to thousands of unique or endangered species and are important to America’s cultural heritage. Sites range in size from one square mile to almost 140,000 square miles and serve as natural classrooms, cherished recreational spots, and are home to valuable commercial industries. Because of considerable differences in settings, resources, and threats, each marine sanctuary has a tailored management plan. Conservation, education, research, monitoring and enforcement programs vary accordingly. The integration of these programs is fundamental to marine protected area management.
    [Show full text]
  • And Others Small Scale Marine Fisheries
    DOCUMENT RESUME ED 243 658 SE 044 389 AUTHOR Martinson, Steven; And OtherS TITLE Small Scale Marine Fisheries: An ExtensionTraining Manual. TR-30. INSTITUTION Peace Corps, Washington, DC., Office of Program Development. SPONS AGENCY 'Peace Corps, Washington, DC. InformationCollection and Exchange Div. PUB DATE Apr 83 NOTE 578p.; Prepared by Technos Corp., San Juan, Puerto RiCO. PUB TYPE Guides = Classroom Use - Guides (ForTeachers) (052) EDRS PRICE MF03/PC24 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS *Developing Nations; *Fisheries; *Learning Activities; Marine Biology; Postsecondary Education; Science Education; *Skill Development; Technology; *Training Methods; *Training Objectiyes IDENTIFIERS *Peace Corps ABSTRACT This manual is designed for use in_a preservice training program 'for prospective volunteers whose PeaceCorps service Will be spent working with small-scale artisanalfighing communities in developing nations. The program consists of8'weeks of intensive training_to develop competencies in marinefisheries technology and fisheries extension work and in the ability to transferknowledge and skills. The manual includes an overview of the program,lists of program goals, information onstarting the program, lists of references and materialt needed,_tips on conductingthe program, and the complete 111 training sessions.Provided for each session-are: (1) session goals; (2) one or more exercisesdirected toward meeting these goals; (3) total time required to complete thesession or exercise; (4) overview statement describing the purposeof the session or exercise; (5) procedures andactivities (sequenced in time steps that describe what trainer andparticipants are required to do at a particular point in theprogram); (6) list of materials and equipment needed; and, when applicable, (7) trainer notes.Although each session builds toward or from the -ones) preceding and following it, individual sessions can be usedindependently with minor modification.
    [Show full text]
  • 2017-2018 Fishing in Washington Sport Fishing Rules Pamphlet
    Sport Fishing Rules Pamphlet Corrections and Updates July 1, 2017 through June 30, 2018 Last updated June 28, 2017. Marine Area Rules Page 98, LANDING A FISH - A club or dipnet (landing net) may be used to assist landing a legal fish taken by legal gear. A gaff may only be used to land a legally hooked LINGCOD (in Marine Areas 1-3 and 4 West of Bonilla-Tatoosh line), HALIBUT, TUNA, or DOGFISH SHARK that will be retained. HALIBUT may be shot or harpooned while landing. Photo By Scott Mayfield General Information Washington Department of Fish & Wildlife (WDFW) Dr. Jim Unsworth, Director Ron Warren, Assistant Director, Fish Program Contents General Information General Washington Fish & Wildlife Commission GENERAL RULES & INFORMATION Dr. Bradley Smith, Chair, Bellingham Jay Kehne, Omak Contact Information ..................................2 Larry Carpenter, Vice Chair, Mount Vernon Miranda Wecker, Naselle Update From WDFW ................................3 Barbara Baker, Olympia Kim Thorburn, Spokane Statewide General Rules .........................4 Jay Holzmiller, Anatone David Graybill, Leavenworth Salmon and Trout Handling Rules ............5 Rules Robert “Bob” Kehoe, Seattle License Information ...............................6-7 Catch Record Cards .................................8 Freshwater Catch Record Card Codes .......................9 How to Use This Pamphlet Definitions ..........................................10-11 FRESHWATER GENERAL RULES This pamphlet is effective July 1, 2017 through June 30, 2018 Statewide Freshwater Rules..............13-15 and contains information you need to legally fish throughout RIVERS .............................................17-73 Washington State (see WAC summary information below). Special Rules Introduction ..................17 Puget Sound Puget Puget Sound and Coast Rivers - Rivers & Coast 1 Read the General Information Pages. Special Rules ...................................18-46 Read the Licensing and Catch Record Card information.
    [Show full text]
  • Agentive and Patientive Verb Bases in North Alaskan Inupiaq
    AGENTTVE AND PATIENTIVE VERB BASES IN NORTH ALASKAN INUPIAQ A DISSERTATION Presented to the Faculty of the University of Alaska Fairbanks in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY By TadatakaNagai, B.Litt, M.Litt. Fairbanks, Alaska May 2006 © 2006 Tadataka Nagai Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. UMI Number: 3229741 INFORMATION TO USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleed-through, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. ® UMI UMI Microform 3229741 Copyright 2006 by ProQuest Information and Learning Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest Information and Learning Company 300 North Zeeb Road P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. AGENTIVE AND PATIENTIYE VERB BASES IN NORTH ALASKAN INUPIAQ By TadatakaNagai ^ /Z / / RECOMMENDED: -4-/—/£ £ ■ / A l y f l A £ y f 1- -A ;cy/TrlHX ,-v /| /> ?AL C l *- Advisory Committee Chair Chair, Linguistics Program APPROVED: A a r// '7, 7-ooG Date Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. iii Abstract This dissertation is concerned with North Alaskan Inupiaq Eskimo.
    [Show full text]
  • Eskimo Language and Eskimo Song in Alaska: a Sociolinguistics of Deglobalisation in Endangered Language
    Pragmatics 20:2.171-189 (2010) International Pragmatics Association ESKIMO LANGUAGE AND ESKIMO SONG IN ALASKA: A SOCIOLINGUISTICS OF DEGLOBALISATION IN ENDANGERED LANGUAGE Hiroko Ikuta Abstract Across Alaska, the popularity of indigenous forms of dance has risen, particularly in indigenous communities in which English dominates the heritage languages and Native youth have become monolingual English speakers. Some indigenous people say that Native dance accompanied by indigenous song is a way of preserving their endangered languages. With two case studies from Alaskan Eskimo communities, Yupiget on St. Lawrence Island and Iñupiat in Barrow, this article explores how use of endangered languages among Alaskan Eskimos is related to the activity of performing Eskimo dance. I suggest that practice of Eskimo dancing and singing that local people value as an important linguistic resource can be considered as a de-globalised sociolinguistic phenomenon, a process of performance and localisation in which people construct a particular linguistic repertoire withdrawn from globalisable circulation in multilingualism. Keywords: Deglobalisation; Globalisation; ‘Truncated multilingualism’; Endangered languages; Dance and song; Eskimo; Alaska. 1. Introduction In her excellent paper, Charlyn Dyers examines the development of multilingual repertoires among township dwellers in the Cape Town area of South Africa (Dyers 2008). While the situation can be seen upon superficial inspection as cases of language shift in South Africa, where speakers of various African languages shift to Afrikaans and to English, Dryers’s analysis reveals the emergence of ‘truncated multilingualism’ (see also Blommaert, Collins & Slembrouck 2005; and Blommaert 2010). Township dwellers do not entirely shift from one language to the other; instead, the different ingredients of their emerging multilingual repertoire are functionally developed in and distributed over separate domains of usage.
    [Show full text]
  • 5-Review-Fish-Habita
    United Nations UNEP/GEF South China Sea Global Environment Environment Programme Project Facility UNEP/GEF/SCS/RWG-F.8/5 Date: 12th October 2006 Original: English Eighth Meeting of the Regional Working Group for the Fisheries Component of the UNEP/GEF Project: “Reversing Environmental Degradation Trends in the South China Sea and Gulf of Thailand” Bangka Belitung Province, Indonesia 1st - 4th November 2006 INFORMATION COLLATED BY THE FISHERIES AND HABITAT COMPONENTS OF THE SOUTH CHINA SEA PROJECT ON SITES IMPORTANT TO THE LIFE- CYCLES OF SIGNIFICANT FISH SPECIES UNEP/GEF/SCS/RWG-F.8/5 Page 1 IDENTIFICATION OF FISHERIES REFUGIA IN THE GULF OF THAILAND It was discussed at the Sixth Meeting of the Regional Scientific and Technical Committee (RSTC) in December 2006 that the Regional Working Group on Fisheries should take the following two-track approach to the identification of fisheries refugia: 1. Review known spawning areas for pelagic and invertebrate species, with the aim of evaluating these sites as candidate spawning refugia. 2. Evaluate each of the project’s habitat demonstration sites as potential juvenile/pre-recruit refugia for significant demersal species. Rationale for the Two-Track Approach to the Identification of Fisheries Refugia The two main life history events for fished species are reproduction and recruitment. It was noted by the RSTC that both of these events involve movement between areas, and some species, often pelagic fishes, migrate to particular spawning areas. It was also noted that many species also utilise specific coastal habitats such as coral reefs, seagrass, and mangroves as nursery areas. In terms of the effects of fishing, most populations of fished species are particularly vulnerable to the impacts of high levels of fishing effort in areas and at times where there are high abundances of (a) stock in spawning condition, (b) juveniles and pre-recruits, or (c) pre-recruits migrating to fishing grounds.
    [Show full text]
  • Woodlot Recreation
    Woodlot Management Home Study Course Module 9 Woodlot Recreation Preface Many woodlot owners enjoy outdoor recreation activities like hiking or snowmobiling on their property but are not purposefully managing for those activities. Others may tend to separate recreation and timber management even though they do recreational activities in 'areas managed for their timber values. Outdoor recreation can be improved by planning for it and can also be managed for along with the other uses of your land. This module will help you develop an outdoor recreation plan in keeping with your interests and woodlot potential. It contains basic, practical information if you use your woodlot for family recreation or if you allow occasional public use. If you expect a lot of use by groups or plan on starting an outdoor recreation business on your woodlot, you should refer to a companion study called the Woodlot Recreation Manual (1995). This manual by Glyn Bissex, a professor at Acadia University in the School of Recreation and Physical Education, provides more in-depth information on planning and marketing. This module is the ninth in a series of Woodlot Management Home Study Courses. Other modules in the series are # I Introduction to Silviculture, #2 Harvesting Systems, #3 Stand Spacing, #4 Wildlife and Forestry, #5 Stand Establishment, #6. Chain Saw Use and Safety, #7 Woodlot Ecology and #8 Wood Utilization and Technology. They are available free from the Nova Scotia Department of Natural Resources (DNR), Extension Services Division in Halifax, 424-5444; or Education and Publication Services in Truro, 893-5642. The Woodlot Recreation Manual by Prof.
    [Show full text]
  • What Fishers Need to Know
    What Fishers Need to Know GENERAL • Must have active fisher sticker on card. • Tax period is April through March. o Taxes are due July 1. • All commercial harvest must be put on a Fish Receiving Ticket or reported to the Natural Resources office to fill out a ticket within 24 hours, unless otherwise specified. • Must have ID on person in order to harvest. • Fish ticket must be filled out accurately. o Your signature on the ticket verifies that it is correct. • Minors may harvest no earlier than one (1) hour after the school day ends and not later than 10 p.m.on a day immediately preceding a school day. BOATS • Must register all boats with a motor that will be used in a fishery. • To register a boat, you must be in possession of a title of bill of sale. • Registration must be kept on board boat at all times. o Must have boat # on each side. o Current year sticker required. Expiration is June 30. • Coast Guard requirements must be followed. • All deck hands must have ID on their person with an active sticker on card. • No non-tribal assistance/transport of a commercial harvest. SUBSISTENCE INFORMATION • Separate cards are handed out for shellfish and finfish subsistence • All species are recorded on the cards—not just clams/oysters or salmon. • Subsistence cards are issued on a quarterly basis. Quarterly periods include: o January 1 – March 31 o April 1 – June 30 o July 1 – September 30 o October 1 – December 31 • Cards issues within a quarterly period expire on the last day of the period.
    [Show full text]
  • Farming Bivalve Molluscs: Methods for Study and Development by D
    Advances in World Aquaculture, Volume 1 Managing Editor, Paul A. Sandifer Farming Bivalve Molluscs: Methods for Study and Development by D. B. Quayle Department of Fisheries and Oceans Fisheries Research Branch Pacific Biological Station Nanaimo, British Columbia V9R 5K6 Canada and G. F. Newkirk Department of Biology Dalhousie University Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 471 Canada Published by THE WORLD AQUACULTURE SOCIETY in association with THE INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT RESEARCH CENTRE The World Aquaculture Society 16 East Fraternity Lane Louisiana State University Baton Rouge, LA 70803 Copyright 1989 by INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT RESEARCH CENTRE, Canada All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher, The World Aquaculture Society, 16 E. Fraternity Lane, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 and the International Development Research Centre, 250 Albert St., P.O. Box 8500, Ottawa, Canada K1G 3H9. ; t" ary of Congress Catalog Number: 89-40570 tI"624529-0-4 t t lq 7 i ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The following figures are reproduced with permission: Figures 1- 10, 12, 13, 17,20,22,23, 32, 35, 37, 42, 45, 48, 50 - 54, 62, 64, 72, 75, 86, and 87 from the Fisheries Board of Canada; Figures 11 and 21 from the United States Government Printing Office; Figure 15 from the Buckland Founda- tion; Figures 18, 19,24 - 28, 33, 34, 38, 41, 56, and 65 from the International Development Research Centre; Figures 29 and 30 from the Journal of Shellfish Research; and Figure 43 from Fritz (1982).
    [Show full text]
  • Patterns in Abundance and Size Distribution of the Pismo Clam
    SYMPOSIUM Student Journal of Science & Math Volume 2 Issue 1 biology 117 B 82.731 SIZE AND ABUNDANCE OF PISMO CLAMS IN THE INTERTIDAL AND SUBTIDAL A RESEARCH ARTICLE by Jenny Greene Introduction The Pismo clam,Tivela stultorum, was once the foundation of a thriving commercial and recreational fishery in California (Bureau of Marine Fisheries, 1949). While there has been concern and interest in monitoring and management of the Pismo clam population, little is known about the biology and distribution of the clams themselves. For example, the characterization of the abundance and distribution of clams across a depth gradient is unknown. Furthermore, the anthropogenic impact on the distribution of Pismo clams at a particular site through recreational fishing has also never been described. The distribution of Pismo clams has been historically limited to sandy beaches from Monterey, California down to Baja, Mexico (Shaw & Hassler, 1989). These clams exist primarily in the intertidal and shallow subtidal but have been observed in depths up to 80 feet (Weymouth, 1923). Pismo clams exhibit continuous growth, with age estimated by growth rings on the shell (Coe & Fitch, 1950). These clams can grow approximately 20mm in length per year for their first four years, with growth slowing after this period (Shaw & Hassler, 1989). Pismo clams can grow to about 114mm (the minimum legal size limit for recreational fishing south of Monterey County) in 5 to 8 years (Shaw & Hassler, 1989). Pismo clams possess sturdy, thick valves and a strong foot, which are favorable adaptations to this high- energy environment (Coe, 1947). Settling approximately one foot or less below the sand’s surface, the clams extend their short incurrent and excurrent siphons just above the sand, filtering out small food particles (Coe, 1947).
    [Show full text]
  • United States National Museum
    GREAT INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. LONDON, 1883. UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. J. CATALOGUE APPARATUS FOR THE CAPTURE OF FISH EXHIBITED BY THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. R. EDWARD EARLL, Curator of the Fisheries Collections, U. S. National Museum, and Assistant U. S. Fish Commission. WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 1884. 825 — TABLE OF CONTENTS. A.—APPARATUS OF DIRECT APPLICATION. I.—Hand Implements. * FOR STRIKING. Page. 1. Unarmed clubs 9 Seal clubs - 9 Fish clubs 9 Drawings illustrative of fisheries in which clubs are employed 10 ** FOR CUTTING. 2. Knives ---- 10 Aboriginal knives 10 Sheath knives 12 Modern fish-knives 13 Rimming knives or plows 19 Scrapers and inshaves 20 Net-mender's knives 21 21 3. Axes and cutting spades Axes proper - 21 Spades 21 Clam and bait choppers 23 *** FOR THRUSTING. 23 4. Thrusting-spears and prods Lances 23 Prodding instruments 26 II. Implements for Seizure of Objects. 5. Scoops Shovels 27 Dip-nets - 27 Dredges 30 Smooth dredges 30 Toothed dredges and rakes 32 de- * The classification here adopted is, with a few unimportant exceptions, that vised by Prof. G. Brown Goode, and employed by him in his catalogue of the Government exhibit at the Centennial Exhibition at Philadelphia in 1876 of appara- of the fishery apparatus exhibited tus for the capture of animals ; and in his catalogue bv the United States at the Berlin Fisheries Exhibition in 1880. 827 [3] 828 FISHERIES OF THE UNITED STATES. 6. Grasping implements Tongs Nippers 7. Hooked instruments (those used with a single motion, that of hooking).. Single-pointed hooks Gaff-hooks Fish sounders Many-pointed hooks Fish forks or pews Squid forks Many-pointed fish jigs Oulachon rakes Squid jigs 8.
    [Show full text]
  • Challenges and Possibilities for St. Lawrence Island Yupik
    Language Shift, Language Technology, and Language Revitalization: Challenges and Possibilities for St. Lawrence Island Yupik Lane Schwartz University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Department of Linguistics [email protected] Abstract St. Lawrence Island Yupik is a polysynthetic language indigenous to St. Lawrence Island, Alaska, and the Chukotka Peninsula of Russia. While the vast majority of St. Lawrence Islanders over the age of 40 are fluent L1 Yupik speakers, rapid language shift is underway among younger generations; language shift in Chukotka is even further advanced. This work presents a holistic proposal for language revitalization that takes into account numerous serious challenges, including the remote location of St. Lawrence Island and Chukotka, the high turnover rate among local teachers, socioeconomic challenges, and the lack of existing language learning materials. Keywords: St. Lawrence Island Yupik, language technology, language revitalization Piyuwhaaq Sivuqam akuzipiga akuzitngi qerngughquteghllagluteng ayuqut, Sivuqametutlu pamanillu quteghllagmillu. Akuzipikayuget kiyang 40 year-eneng nuyekliigut, taawangiinaq sukallunteng allanun ulunun lliighaqut nuteghatlu taghnughhaatlu; wataqaaghaq pa- mani quteghllagmi. Una qepghaqaghqaq aaptaquq ulum uutghutelleghqaaneng piyaqnaghngaan uglalghii ilalluku uyavantulanga Sivuqaaamllu Quteghllagemllu, apeghtughistetlu mulungigatulangitnengllu, kiyaghtaallghemllu allangughnenganengllu, enkaam apeghtuusipagitellghanengllu. 1. The Inuit-Yupik language family We therefore forgo the
    [Show full text]