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Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-65208-7 - Roger II of Sicily: A ruler between east and west Hubert Houben Index More information

INDEX .

note: certain very frequently used words do not appear in the index, e.g. Italy, Roger II, Sicily.

‘Abd ar-Rah. man¯ ibn Muh. ammad ibn Aglabids, Arab dynasty, 13 ‘Umar, poet, 107 Agrigento, 12–13, 21, 23, 52, 170 Abruzzi, region, 73, 136, 167, 170 Aiello see Matthew of Aiello Abu’d¯ .-Daw’, poet, 107 Al-‘Az¯ız see al-‘Az¯ız Abu¯ ’l-Fida’¯ (Abulfeda), chronicler, 182 Al-Bayan¯ see Ibn ‘Idar¯ ¯ı Abu¯ ’l-Qasim¯ ibn H. ammud,¯ Emir of Enna, Alberada, ﬁrst wife of Robert Guiscard, 19 xxiii Accardus, Lord of Lecce, 88 Alchila see Qal‘ at Ban¯ıH. ammad¯ Acerenza (Potenza), 63 Aldobrandeschi see Hildebrand VI Adam, son-in-law of Roger II, 67 Aldobrandeschi Ad-D¯ımas¯ see ad-D¯ımas¯ Aleramici, family, 24, 162 Adela, daughter of William the Conqueror, Alexander, Abbot of Telese (Benevento), 87 chronicler, 5, 26, 30–1, 42–5, 48, Adela of Flanders, wife of Roger Borsa, 50–1, 55, 60, 64–5, 107, 125, 155–6, xxiii, 31, 44 159, 177, 182 Adelaide (Adelasia) del Vasto, third wife of Alexander, Count of Conversano, 43, Roger I, Queen of Jerusalem, xxiii, 62–3, 67, 89 xxv, 7, 19, 24–9, 35, 48, 150 Alexander II, Pope, 20 Adelard of Bath, savant, 100 Alexander III, Pope, 170–1 Adelisa, wife of Count Henry of Monte Alexandria (Egypt), 76, 102, 162 S. Angelo, daughter of Roger I, xxv Alfanus I, Archbishop of Salerno, 100 Adelisa, wife of Count Joscelin of Loreto, Alfanus, Bishop of Capaccio, 42, 44 daughter of Roger II, xxiii Alfonso I of Aragon, King of Naples, 149 Adrian IV, Pope, 166, 168, 170 Alfonso (Anfusus), Prince of Capua, Duke Adriatic Sea, 67, 85, 162 of Naples, son of Roger II, xxiii, 35, Africa, 7, 13, 17–18, 32–5, 38, 76, 78–84, 66–7, 71, 73, 95–6, 132, 135, 137, 92, 98, 102–3, 106, 112, 132, 135, 154 161, 163, 170, 178, 182 Alfonso VI, King of Castile-Leon,´ 35 Agatha, Saint, 39 Alfonso VIII, King of Castile, 171

Index 221

Algeria, 33, 79 Arnold, Abbot of Berge and Nienburg Al-H. afiz¯ . see al-H. afiz¯ . (Germany), 4 Al-H. assan see al-H. assan Arnulf, Patriarch of Jerusalem, 35 ‘Al¯ı, Emir of Mahdia, 33–4, 38 Arthur, King, 113 Alice of Jerusalem, wife of Bohemond II, Asclettin, chancellor of King William I, xxiii 167 Al-Idr¯ıs¯ı see al-Idr¯ıs¯ı Ascoli Satriano (Foggia), 64 Alife (Caserta), 105 Athens, 85 Al-Is.fahan¯ ¯ı see ‘Imad¯ al-Is.fahan¯ ¯ı At-T. a’i‘ see at-T. a’i‘ Al-Maqr¯ız¯ı see al-Maqr¯ız¯ı At-Tijan¯ ¯ı see at-Tijan¯ ¯ı Almohads, 82, 170 Avellino, 51, 62, 70 Almoravids, 35, 38, 41, 77, 82 Avenel see Robert Avenel Al-Qazw¯ın¯ı see al-Qazw¯ın¯ı Aversa (Caserta), 9, 10, 66, 160 Al-S.afad¯ı see al-S.afad¯ı Avignon, Musee´ Calvet, 124 Altofonte (former Parco) (Palermo), 129 al-‘Az¯ız, Emir, 32 Alvred, son of Tancred of Hauteville, Azzo, dean of Montecassino, 32 xxiii Amalfi (Salerno), 13, 21, 43, 60–1, 64, 66, Babylon (old Cairo, Egypt), 83 160–2, 164, 168 Baghdad, 13, 27–8, 77, 104 Amatus of Montecassino, chronicler, 14 Bagnara Calabra (Reggio Calabria), Amicus (of Genoa), brother of Ogerius, St Mary, canonical church, 57, 59 162 Baialardus, Archbishop of Brindisi, 75 Anacletus II, anti-pope, 4, 51–4, 56–7, Baldwin I, King of Jerusalem, xxv, 17–18, 61–3, 67–8, 70–1, 91, 117 28–9, 35 Anaxagoras, pilosopher, 98 Balearic Islands, 38, 41, 76–7 Ancona, 67, 174 Bamberg (Germany), 9 Andalucia, 13, 102–3 Banu¯ Hilal,¯ nomad tribes, 77 Anfusus see Alfonso Banu¯ Mat.ruh,¯ Arabic tribe, 79, 80 Anna, mother of the cleric Grisandus, 109 Banu¯ Qurra, Arabic tribe, 80–1 Annaba see Boneˆ Barbarossa see Frederick I Barbarossa An-Nas¯.ir see an-Nas¯.ir Barbary (Barberia), 92, 178 An-Nuwair¯ı see an-Nuwair¯ı Barcelona (Spain), 77, 106 Anonymus Vaticanus, 25 Bari, 9, 15, 21, 36, 47, 53–4, 61–3, 67–8, Anselm, Archbishop of Canterbury, 18 71–4, 117, 139, 149, 155–6, 160, 162 Antioch, 2, 43–4, 78, 102 St Nicholas, basilica, 54, 115–17, 119, Apulia, 7, 9, 10, 12–16, 21, 31, 36, 38, 122, 135, 169 42–3, 45–7, 49, 51–3, 60–4, 68, 70–1, Barletta (Bari), 155 73, 83, 88–90, 98, 105, 113, 116, 119, Bartholomew of Simeri (Catanzaro), Abbot 121, 133, 147–9, 154–5, 157–8, of St Mary of the Patiron (Rossano), 161–2, 169, 173 26, 58 Arce (Frosinone), 73–4 Basento, river (Basilicata), 39, 46 Arda of Edessa, wife of King Baldwin I of Basil Cheros, Byzantine envoy, 89 Jerusalem, 28 Basil (of Palermo), uncle of the amiratus Arduin, north Italian, 10 John, 150 Argolis (Greece), 98 Basilicata, region, 10, 21–2, 39, 46, 62–3, Argyros, son of Melus of Bari, 9 98 Ariano (Avellino), 45, 73–4, 136–7, 159 al-Bayan¯ see Ibn ‘Id.ar¯ ¯ı ‘Assizes of Ariano’, 48, 136–147 Beatrice of Rethel, third wife of Roger II, Arisgot of Pucheuil, 16 xxiii, 96, 118 Aristippus see Henry Aristippus Becket, Thomas see Thomas Becket Aristotle, philosopher, 98–9 Belcamedus see Ibn al-H. awwas¯ Armenia, 9, 33 Benavert, Emir of Syracuse, 18 Arno, river, 162 Benedict, Saint, 32

222 Index

Benevento, 5, 36, 43, 45–7, 49–53, 57, Calama see Qal‘ at Ban¯ıH. ammad¯ 62–3, 65, 67, 70–1, 73, 91, 98, 100, Calascibetta (Enna), castle, 17 105, 161, 167–8, 170 Calixtus II, Pope, 36–7, 44, 53, 117–18 St Sophia, monastery, 58 Campania, 21, 59, 61, 66, 73, 98, 105, 107, Treaty, 158, 170 148, 152, 154, 157, 163, 169, 170 Benzo, Bishop of Alba, 11 Cannae (Canne, Apulia), 9 Bernard, Abbot of Clairvaux, 4, 51, 67, 69, Canosa di Puglia (Bari), 53–4 70, 86–7, 90, 95 St Sabinus, church, 53 Bertha of Sulzbach (Irene), wife of Cap Bon (Tunisia), 81 Emperor Manuel I, 89, 90 Cape Malea, 85 Bertha, wife of King Philip I of France, 22 Capitanata, 49 Berthold, son of Duke Conrad of Capri (Napoli), island, 60 Zahringen,¨ 90 Capua (Caserta), 9, 18, 66, 70, 73, 133, Betumen see Ibn at-T. umna 136, 156, 160 Bisceglie (Bari), 63 principality, 7, 10, 36, 45, 47, 52, 66, 71, Boetia (Greece), 84 92, 96, 132, 147–9, 154–5 Bohemond I, Prince of Antioch, xxiii, 2, Carini (Palermo), 13 31, 36, 86 Carthage, 100 Bohemond II, Prince of Antioch, xxiii, 31, Casauria (Torre de’ Passeri, Pescara), 39, 43–4, 78 St Clement, monastery, 73–5, 136 Boiano (Campobasso) see Hugh (II), Count Cassino (Frosinone) see San Germano of Boiano-Molise Castrogiovanni see Enna Bologna, 139, 141–2 Castronovo di Sicilia (Palermo), 17 Boneˆ (Buna,¯ today: Annaba, Algeria), 79, Castrovillari (Cosenza), 49 82, 110, 112 Catania, 12–15, 17, 21, 39, 41, 52, 57, 99 Boniface VIII, Pope, 100–1 St Agatha, monastery, 19, 183 Bonos, notary of Roger I, 22, 25 Catanzaro, 37 Borrell see Robert Borrell Catona (Reggio Calabria), 59 Bougie (Bijaya,¯ today: Beja´ ¨ıa, Algeria), 33, Cava dei Tirreni (Salerno), monastery, 39, 77, 79, 82 58, 75, 84, 119, 121, 142 Bradano, brook (Basilicata), 46 Cefalu` (Palermo), 57, 59, 93, 119, 133–4, Bradano, river (Basilicata), 46 149 Brescia, 81 Celestine II, Pope, 91 Bresk (between Cherchell and Ten´ es,` Celestine III, Pope, 173 Algeria), 79 Celsius, jurist, 141 Brindisi, 21, 46–7, 62, 84, 169, 170 Cencius Frangipane, Cardinal, 46 castle, 170 Cephalonia (Greece), island, 84 cathedral, 75 Ceprano (Frosinone), 73, 92, 93, 168 St Paul, church, 170 synod, 32, 34 Brittany, 11 Cerami (Enna), battle, 15–17, 20 Brown, Thomas see Thomas Brown Chalcis (Eubea) (Greece), 85 Burgundy, 24 Champagne, 161, 164 Butera (Caltanisetta), 18, 22, 26, 107 Charicleia, 101 Byzantium see Constantinople Charlemagne, Emperor, 10, 54, 104 Charles I of Anjou, King of Sicily, 100, 157 Cadalus, Bishop of Parma (anti-pope Charles, Count of Flanders, 43 Honorius II), 12 Chartres (France), 95, 104 Caiazzo (Caserta), 156 Cherchell (Shirshal,¯ Algeria), 79 Cairo, 13 Christodoulos, amiratus of Adelaide del Calabria, 8, 10, 12–15, 17, 19, 21–2, 25–7, Vasto and Roger II, 25–6, 33–4, 30, 36–8, 41–2, 49, 51–2, 58–60, 68, 38–40, 107, 150, 157 83, 87, 92, 98, 101, 109, 121, 133, Civitate (near S. Paolo di Civitate, Foggia), 146–9, 151–2, 154, 164 battle, 8, 10–1

Index 223

Clairvaux see Bernard of Clairvaux ad-D¯ımas¯ (Tunisia), fortress, 38 Clement III, Pope, 173 Djerba (Jarba, Tunisia), island, 77–8, 82 Clement III, anti-pope (Wibert of Djidjelli (J¯ıjiil, today: Jijel, Algeria), 79 Ravenna), 21, 72 Doxapatres see Nilos Doxapatres Clement IV, Pope, 100 Drengot see Rainulf Drengot Clermont (France), 23 Drogo of Hauteville, Count of Apulia, Cluny, monastery, 51, 58, 86, 93–4, xxiii, 9, 10, 14 see Peter the Venerable Drogo, father of the cleric Grisandus, 109 Coleman, King of Hungary, son-in-law of Roger I, xxv, 23 Edessa, 82–3 Comes of St Sabina, Cardinal, 55–6 Egypt, 13, 33, 76–7, 98, 151, 153, 182 Conrad II, Emperor, 9 Eleanor, wife of King Louis VII of France, Conrad (III), son of Emperor Henry IV, 92 King of Germany and Italy, xxv, 23 Elizabeth, daughter of Count Theobald IV Conrad III, King (of Germany), 41, 67, of Blois and Champagne, xxiii, 87–8, 88–90, 93–6 153 Conrad of Zahringen,¨ Duke, 90 Elvira of Castile-Leon,´ ﬁrst wife of Roger Constance of France, wife of Bohemond I, II, xxiii, 35, 65–6, 95–6, 117–18 xxiii, 31, 36, 39, 96 Emma, wife of Rodolf of Montescaglioso, Constance, daughter of Bohemond II, 78 daughter of Roger I, xxv, 22, 39 Constance, daughter of Roger II, Queen of England, 1, 54, 94, 98, 108, 132, 174, Sicily, empress, xxiii, 2, 7, 118–19, 177 171, 173–5 Enna (former Castrogiovanni), 15, 17–9 Constantine, Emperor, 10, 115, 126 Eremburga of Mortain, second wife of Constantine VII Porphyrogenitos, Roger I, xxiii, xxv, 24 Emperor, 115 Etampes (France), 88 Constantine Africanus, monk of Etna, Mount, 17, 99 Montecassino, 100 Eubea see Chalcis Constantinople (Byzantium), 10, 13–14, Euclid, savant, 98, 100 16, 20, 28, 37, 39, 41, 50, 76, 78–9, Eugenius III, Pope, 81, 88, 90, 92–3, 95, 84–90, 94–6, 99, 101–2, 115, 119, 97, 153 128, 133, 148, 162–3, 167, 170–1 Eugenius (of Palermo), notary of Roger I, Hagia Sophia, church, 102 150 Conversano (Bari), 21, 67 Eugenius, amiratus, 99, 112, 150 Corfu, island, 84–5, 167 Eusebius, Bishop of Cesarea, 50 Cordoba´ (Spain), 28, 102 Corinth (Greece), 84–5, 163 Falcandus see Hugo Falcandus Cosenza, 34 Falco of Benevento, judge, chronicler, 5, Cremona, 67 31, 37, 42, 45–6, 55–6, 63–4, 72–3, Crete, island, 76, 85, 98 91, 135–6, 156, 159, 161, 183 Crotone (Catanzaro), 36–7 Fatimids, Arab dynasty, 13, 32, 77, 84, 126, Cuti (Valenzano, Bari), monastery of All 151, 153 Saints, 53 Favara see Palermo Cyprus, 98 Ferrandina see Oggiano Cyrene (Africa), 98 Ferraria see St Mary of Ferraria Fiorentino (near Torremaggiore, Foggia), Dalmatia, 63, 98 43 Damascus, 182 Flanders, 164 Damietta (Egypt), 76 Flandina, wife of Henry del Vasto, daughter Dancus, King of Armenia, 105 of Roger I, xxv David, King, 56 Formosus, Pope, 72 Desiderius, Abbot of Montecassino, 34, Fragala` (Val Demone), St Philip, monastery, 141–2 26

224 Index

France, 2, 11, 51, 54, 86, 88, 93–6, 132, Greece, 80, 84–5, 89, 98, 161 174–5, 178 Gregory (Conti), Cardinal (anti-pope Frangipane, Roman noble family, 51, 53 Victor IV), 70 Frederick I Barbarossa, Duke of Swabia, Gregory Papareschi, Cardinal (Pope Emperor, 2, 90, 96, 163, 166–8, Innocent II), 51 170–1, 173, 176 Gregory VII, Pope, 11, 16, 20, 44, 82 Frederick II, King of Sicily, Emperor, xxiv, Gregory, Abbot of St Philip of Fragala,` 26 2, 3, 7, 119, 134, 138, 145–6, 155–8, Grimoald Alferanites, Lord/Prince of Bari, 161, 164, 174–5, 179, 181 36, 39, 45, 53–4, 61–2, 117 Fresenda, ﬁrst wife of Tancred of Grisandus, cleric of Roger II, 109 Hauteville, xxiii Grottaferrata (near Rome), monastery, 59 Guaimar III, Prince of Salerno, 8 Gabes` (Qabis,¯ Tunisia), 33, 38, 77, 80–1, Guaimar IV, Prince of Salerno, 9, 10 178 Guarin, chancellor of Roger II, 66, 108, Gaeta (Latina), 9, 67, 148, 154, 162, 164 151–2 Gaitelgrima, wife of Duke William of Guarnerius, chancellor of Roger II, 151 Apulia, xxiii Guibald, Abbot of Stavelot, 90 Gallicanus, knight of Rainulf of Alife, 72 Guido, son of Robert Guiscard, xxiii Gallipoli (Lecce), 149 Guimarca, Abbess of St John the Evangelist Garcia IV Ram´ırez, King of Navarre, 96 at Lecce, 137 Gelasius II, Pope, 36 Guiscard see Robert Guiscard Genoa, 17–18, 38, 64, 76–7, 162, 164, Gunther, Count of Rethel, 96 168, 170, 174 Geoffrey, see also Godfrey al-H. aﬁz¯ ., Caliph of Egypt, 78, 83, 126 Geoffrey (Gaufredus) Malaterra see Haimeric, Cardinal, 46, 51 Malaterra Hammadids, Berber dynasty, 32–3, 77, 82 Geoffrey of Mortagne (Perche), 96 Hannibal, 9 Geoffrey, Count of Namur, 96 al-H. assan, Emir of Mahdia, 38, 77, 79–81 George of Antioch, Great Admiral, 33–4, Hauteville, dynasty, 125, 150 38–9, 60, 79, 81–2, 101, 107, 113, Heliodoros, 101 126, 135, 150, 153, 157 Hennegau, county, 96 George Maniakes, general, 14, 39 Henry II, Emperor, 9 George, Saint, 20 Henry III, Emperor, 10, 32 Gerace (Reggio Calabria), 115 Henry IV, Emperor, 11, 16, 21, 23 Gerard, Cardinal of S. Croce, Rector of Henry V, Emperor, 31 Benevento (Pope Lucius II), 91–2 Henry VI, Emperor, King of Sicily, xxiii, 7, Germany, 9, 54, 56, 62, 78, 90, 94, 106, 117–19, 134, 146, 156, 171, 173–5 118, 132, 158, 168, 173–5 Henry I, King of England, 87, 147, 176 Gervase of Tilbury, chronicler, 105 Henry II, King of England, 108, 171, 174 Geza´ II, King of Hungary, 88, 167 Henry Aristippus, archdeacon of Catania, Gilbert of Balvano, Master Constable, 155 98–100, 112, 128 Gilbert, mercenary, 39, 41 Henry the Lion, Duke of Saxony, 90, 171 Godfrey, see also Geoffrey Henry of Navarre see Rodrigo Godfrey, Count of Andria, 45, 61–2 Henry the Proud, Duke of Bavaria, 67–8 Godfrey of Hauteville, Count of Henry del Vasto, brother-in-law of Roger Capitanata, xxiii I, xxv, 22, 24, 26, 36, 51 Godfrey, Bishop of Langres, 89 Henry, Bishop of Winchester, 87 Godfrey (III), Lord of Lecce, 75, 88 Henry, Bishop-Elect of Messina, chaplain Godfrey, Count of Ragusa, son of Roger I, of Roger II, 152 xxv, 22 Henry, Cardinal of St Agatha, 62 Godfrey, son of Roger I, xxv, 24 Henry, Count of Monte S. Angelo, xxv Gravina di Puglia (Bari), 64 Henry, Prince of Capua, son of King Treaty, 173 William I, xxv

Index 225

Henry, son of King Conrad III, 90 Isabelle, daughter of Theobald IV Count of Henry, son of of Roger II, xxiii, 36, 95 Blois-Champagne, 87 Herman of Carinthia, 99 Ischia (Napoli), island, 66 Hero (of Alexandria), philosopher, 98 Ismahel see Melus Hildebrand VI Aldobrandeschi, perhaps ‘Izz ad-Dawla, Emir of Baghdad, 126 son-in-law of Roger I, xxv Hohenberg (Alsace), monastery, 175 Jaquintus, Prince of Bari, 73 Hohenems (Austria), castle, 175 Jerba see Djerba Holy Land see Palestina Jerusalem, 8, 18, 28, 88, 102, 129 Honorius II, Pope, 39, 41, 43–7, 56, 71, 92 Hospital of St John, 78 Hubert, son of Tancred of Hauteville, xxiii Kingdom, 2, 28–9, 181 Hugh of Gerce,´ husband of a daughter of Jesi (Acona), 174 Roger I, xxv Joachim of Fiore, Abbot, 82 Hugh, Archbishop of Palermo, 169 Joanna, wife of King William II of Sicily, Hugh (II), Count of Boiano-Molise, 36, daughter of King Henry II of 65, 140 England, xxiv, 171 Hugo Falcandus, chronicler, 5, 75, 95–6, John Kinnamos see Kinnamos 105, 108, 139, 166, 169, 178–9, 183 John II Komnenos, Emperor, 41, 89, 182 Humbert of Silva Candida, Cardinal, John of Salisbury, 4, 106, 152, 158 Archbishop of Sicily, 20 John of Troina, protonotary of Roger I, 22 Humphrey of Hauteville, Count of Apulia, John ’the Tuscan’, chaplain of Adelaide of xxiii, 8, 10 Vasto, 25 John, amiratus of Roger II, 60, 66, 150, 152 Ibn Ab¯ıD¯ınar,¯ chronicler, 182 Jordan, Count of Ariano, 32, 37, 43 Ibn al-Ath¯ır, chronicler, 17–18, 28, 79, 80, Jordan II, Prince of Capua, 36 84, 106, 111–12, 126, 182 Jordan, illegitimate son of Roger I, xxv, 22, Ibn al-H. awwas,¯ Emir, 14, 15 24 Ibn at-T. umna, Emir, 14 Josbert of Lucy, son-in-law of Roger I, xxv, Ibn Bashrun,¯ poet, 107 22 Ibn H. amd¯ıs, poet, 107 Joscelin, Count of Loreto, xxiii Ibn H. ammad,¯ chronicler, 126 Joscelin, mercenary, 39, 41 Ibn H. awqal, traveller, 2 Judith of Evreux, ﬁrst wife of Roger I, Ibn ‘Id.ar¯ ¯ı, chronicler, 182 xxiii, xxv, 24 Ibn Jubayr, traveller, 76 Judith, daughter of Roger I, wife of Ibn Khaldun,¯ chronicler, 104, 182 Robert I of Basunvilla, xxv, 86 Ibn Shaddad,¯ Zirid prince, 126 Julian (Salvius Julianus), jurist, 142 Iconium (Konya, Turkey), 85 Justinian, Emperor, 140–2, 144 al-Idr¯ıs¯ı, savant, 83, 102–4, 106–7, 179 Ifr¯ıqiya (i.e. Tunisia), 13, 81, 83 Kadmos (Greece), 84 ‘Imad¯ al-Is.fahan¯ ¯ı, poet, 107 Kairuan (al-Qairawan,¯ Tunisia), 77 India, 76 Kalbids, Arab dynasty, 13 Innocent II, Pope, 51, 53, 57, 61, 63, 67, Kelibia´ (Iql¯ıbya, Tunisia), 81 69–71, 73, 86, 90–3, 133, 136, Kerkenna (Qerqena,¯ Tunisia), island, 79, 82 161, 166, 170 Kinnamos, John, chronicler, 5, 89, 182 Innocent III, Pope, 175 Konstanz (Germany), Treaty, 97, 168, 170 Irene (Maria) of Byzantium, wife of Roger Konya see Ikonium (III), son of Tancred of Lecce, xxiv, 174–5 Lagopesole (near Avigliano, Potenza), 48, Irsina see Montepeloso 68 ‘Is¯ a,¯ brother of Yusuf,¯ governor of Gabes,` Landulf, Archbishop of Benevento, 32 81 Lateran see Rome Isaac, son of John II Komnenos, 89 Lecce, 172–4 Isabella see Zaida-Isabella St John the Evangelist, monastery, 136

226 Index

Leo VI the Wise, Emperor, 100 Margaret de l’Aigle, wife of King Garcia IV Leo IX, Pope, 10–11, 20, 71 Ramirez of Navarre, xxiii, 96 Leo Africanus, 102, 106 Margaret of Navarre, wife of King William Leo, logothete of Roger I, 22 I, 96, 108, 158, 171–2 Leocabante (near Montefusco, Avellino), 92 Marinus, Archbishop of Naples, 74 Leontios II, Bishop of Gerace, 115 Marrakesh, 182 Leontios, provost of Grottaferrata, 59 Marsala (Trapani), 38 Leopold V, Duke of Austria, 174 Marsia (Abruzzi), 170 Libya, 98 Martorana see Palermo, S. Maria Lichtenau (near Paderborn, Germany), dell’Ammiraglio 109 Mary (Irene of Byzantium), wife of Philip Liguria, 24, 162 of Swabia, see Irene Limoges (France), 115 Mary, Saint, 109, 119 St Martial, monastery, 86 Matera, 38 Lipari (Messina), St Bartholomew, Matilda of Canossa, 23 monastery, 19, 57 Matilda, daughter of Roger I, wife of Lipari-Patti, bishopric, 57 Rainulf of Alife, xxv, 55, 61, 182 London, 87 Matilda, daughter of Roger I, wife of Loritello (Abruzzi), county, 167 Raymond IV of St-Gilles, xxv, 23 Lothar III, Emperor, 4, 51, 61–3, 67–70, Matilda, daughter of Roger I, wife of 73, 79, 92, 156, 162 Robert of Eu, xxv Louis VI, King of France, 135, 176 Matthew ‘of Aiello’ (of Salerno), notary, Louis VII, King of France, 85, 88, 92–3, 95 151 Lucania see Basilicata Matthew Bonellus, 123 Lucas, Abbot of the Holy Saviour of Matthew of St Eudoxia, Cardinal, 53 Messina, 58 Mauger see Malgerius Lucca, 159, 163 Maurice, Bishop of Catania, 39, 41 Lucius II, Pope (Cardinal Gerard of Maximilla, daughter of Roger I, wife of S. Croce), 91–2 King Conrad (III), xxv, 23 Lucius III, Pope, 118 Maximilla, wife of Hildebrand VI Ludolf of Sudheim (near Lichtenau, Aldobrandeschi, perhaps daughter of Germany), traveller, 109 Roger I, xxv Mazara del Vallo (Trapani), 13, 17, 21, 52, Magdeburg (Germany), 4 102–3, 106, 170 Maghreb (Africa), 13, 76–7 Mecca, 13 Mahdia (al-Mahd¯ıyya) (Tunisia), 13, 17–18, Melﬁ (Potenza), 10, 43, 45, 47–9, 60, 62, 33, 38, 76–7, 79–81, 107, 112, 178 64, 68, 75, 125, 136, 147, 155, 168 Maiella see Monte Maiella Constitutions, 138, 140, 145–6 Maio of Bari, Great Admiral, 122, 153, Synod, 10 157, 167, 169–71 Melus (Ishmael) of Bari, Duke of Apulia, 9 Malaga (Spain), 102 Mercogliano (Avellino), 62 Malaterra, Geoffrey, monk, chronicler, 8, Merseburg (Germany), 78 14, 16–20, 22–3, 25, 183 Mesagne (Brindisi), 46 Malgerius (Mauger) of Hauteville, Count Mesopotamia, 182 of Capitanata, xxiii Messina, 13–15, 17, 21, 26–8, 37, 57–61, Malgerius (Mauger), son of Roger I, xxv, 76, 105, 122, 149, 150, 153, 160 22 Holy Saviour in lingua phari, monastery, Malta, 19, 41, 77, 104, 170 58–9 Ma ‘mar, Emir of Gabes,` 80–1 St Mary, monastery, 19 Maniakes see George Maniakes Methone see Modon Manuel I Komnenos, Emperor, 85, 88–90, Mignano (Mignano Monte Lungo, 99, 167, 182 Caserta), 71 al-Maqr¯ız¯ı, chronicler, 33, 126, 182 Treaty, 71, 86, 148

Index 227

Milan, 53–4, 67 Nilos Doxapatres, deacon of Hagia Sophia Mileto (Catanzaro), 24 in Constantinople, savant, 91, 102, Modon (Methone) (Greece), 84 180 Mohammed, Emir of Gabes,` 80–1 Nocera Inferiore (Salerno), 62 Mohammed, Prophet, 83, 110 Normandy, 1, 11, 48, 83, 86–7, 148 Molfetta (Bari), 84 Noto (Siracusa), 17–18 Molise see Hugh (II), Count of Numidia, 77, 81 Boiano-Molise Nusco (Avellino), 37 Monastir (Tunisia), 13, 38 an-Nuwair¯ı, chronicler, 182 Monemvasia (Greece), 84 Monreale (Palermo), monastery-cathedral, Odo of Deuil, chronicler, 88 58, 124, 133 Odo II, Duke of Burgundy, 96 Montecassino (Cassino, Frosinone), Ogerius, Genoese consul, 162 monastery, 32, 34, 49, 68, 73–4, 100, Oggiano (Ferrandina, Matera), 46 119, 121, 136–8, 147, 152, 168, 173 Orderic Vitalis, monk of Saint-Evroult, Montefusco (Avellino), 43, 45, 49, 168 chronicler, 24–5, 183 Monte Gargano (Apulia), 9, 70 Oria (Brindisi), 46 Monte Maiella (Chieti), Holy Saviour, Oriolo (Cosenza), 49 monastery, 137 Orosius, savant, 103 Montepeloso (today Irsina, Matera), 63 Ostuni (Brindisi), 75 Monte S. Angelo (Foggia), 70 Otranto (Lecce), 46, 84, 113 Montescaglioso (Matera), 21, 38, 44 Otto, Bishop of Freising (Germany), Montpellier (France), 87 chronicler, 4, 74, 90 Morcone (Benevento), 168 Morocco, 38, 82, 103 Paderborn (Germany), 109 Moscow, Pushkin Museum, 115 Paduli (Benevento), 49, 168 Mozarabs, 109 Palermo, 12–15, 17, 19, 23, 27–8, 31, 33, Muh. ammad see Mohammed 37, 51–2, 54, 56–7, 59, 60, 76–7, 83, Muh. ammad ibn ‘Is¯ a¯ ibn ‘Abd al-Mun‘im, 91–3, 98–100, 102, 107–9, 112, 124, savant, 107 128, 137, 150, 153–4, 159, 160, Muriella, daughter of Roger I, wife of 162–3, 166–7, 169, 170, 172–4, 176, Josbert of Lucy, xxv 179, 183 Muriella, ﬁrst wife of Tancred of Favara, palace, 129 Hauteville, xxiii Palatine chapel (Cappella Palatina), 55, Myriokephalon, battle, 171 101, 104, 115, 126–7, 129, 130, 133, 139, 166 Naples, 9, 13, 21, 52, 61, 66–8, 70, 74, 76, workshop in the royal palace (.tiraz¯ ), 125, 105, 148, 154, 160, 162, 168, 173 128, 163 Holy Saviour, castle, 74 cathedral, 19, 55, 102, 133–4 SS. Severinus and Sossius, monastery, 158 S. Maria dell’Ammiraglio (Martorana), Nardo` (Lecce), 47 church, 102, 113–15, 119, 122, 135, an-Nas¯.ir, Emir of Bougie, 82 153 Nauplion (Greece), 84 S. Maria della Martorana, monastery, 113 Nero, Emperor, 5, 123 St Cyriakus, church, 19 Nicholas II, Pope, 10 Scibene, palace, 131 Nicholas of Mesa, chamberlain of Roger I, Palestina (Holy Land), 27, 41, 62, 78, 88, 22, 25 90, 92, 171, 181 Nicholas (of Myra), Saint, 54, 115–16 Pandulf IV, Prince of Capua, 9 Nicholas (of Palermo), brother of the Pandulf, Cardinal, 45 amiratus John, 150 Pantelleria (Trapani), island, 41 Nicholas Papa, diver, 105 Paris, Louvre, 87 Nicotera (Catanzaro), 17–18, 38 Partinico (Palermo), 13 Niketas Choniates, chronicler, 84, 182 Paschal II, Pope, 31–2, 34–5, 72

228 Index

Pasqua, Ottaviano, Bishop of Gerace, 115 Raﬁ’,¯ Emir-governor of Gabes,` 33, 80 Paterno` (Catania), 17, 22, 26 Ragusa, 22 Patiron see Rossano, St Mary of the Patiron Rainulf I Drengot, Count of Aversa, 9 Patti (Messina), 41 Rainulf II ’Trincanocte’, Count of Aversa, Holy Saviour, monastery, 19, 29, 57 10 Paul, Saint, 50, 102, 129, 130 Rainulf, Count of Alife, Duke of Apulia, Pavia, 159 son-in-law of Roger I, xxv, 45, 47, Peleponnese (Greece), 84 49, 55, 61–6, 69, 70, 72, 107 Pescara, 73, 135–6 Ralph Niger, chronicler, 93, 123 Peter the Deacon, chronicler, 34 Ralph, Patriarch of Antioch, 78 Peter of Eboli, poet, 117–18, 124, 154 Raoul see Rodolf Peter Pierleoni, Cardinal (anti-pope Ravello (Salerno), 60, 66, 164 Anacletus II), 51 Raymond Berengar III, Count of Peter the Venerable, Abbot of Cluny, 5, 67, Barcelona, 41, 77 86, 92–5 Raymond of Poitiers, son of Duke William Peter, Bishop of Squillace, Archbishop of X of Aquitaine, 78 Palermo, 37, 57 Raymond IV of St-Gilles, Count of Peter, Protopapas of Reggio Calabria, 34 Toulouse, xxv, 22–3 Peter, Saint, 10, 17, 20, 43, 50, 73, 102, Regensburg (Germany), 9 129, 130 Reggio (di Calabria), 11, 14, 18, 22, 34, Philagathos (Philip) Keramides, preacher, 42, 45, 59 101–2, 133, 180 Rhodes, island, 98 Philip I, King of France, 22 Richard of Cluny, chronicler, 75 Philip II, King of France, 173–4 Richard I the Lionheart, King of England, Philip, Duke of Swabia, King of Germany, 173–4 175 Richard I Quarrel, Count of Aversa, Prince Philip of Mahdia, eunuch, naval of Capua, 10 commander of Roger II, 82, 110–12 Richard, brother of Rainulf of Alife, 61 Philip (of Palermo), brother of the amiratus Richard II, Duke of Gaeta, 67, 154 John, 150 Richard II, Prince of Capua, 21 Philip Xeros of Reggio Calabria, doctor, Rignano Garganico (Foggia), 70 101 Robert Avenel, 22 Philip, philosopher, 101 Robert (I) of Basunvilla (Vassonville), Piemont, 24 Count of Conversano, son-in-law of Pierleoni, Roman noble family, 53 Roger I, xxv, 67 Pisa, 4, 13, 17–18, 38, 63–4, 66, 68–9, 77, Robert (II) of Basunvilla, Count of 162, 164, 174 Conversano and Loritello, 167–9 Council, 67 Robert Borrell, 22 Plato, philosopher, 98–9 Robert of Cricklade, prior of Plutarch, philosopher, 98 St Frideswide, Oxford, 99 Pohlde¨ (Germany), 4, 110 Robert of Eu, son-in-law of Roger I, xxv Ponte Mammolo see Rome Robert de Grandmesnil, grandson of Portugal, 181 Robert Guiscard, 48–9 Potenza, 68, 93, 139 Robert Guiscard, Duke of Apulia, Calabria Principate (Principato), county and Sicily, xxiii, 7, 10–12, 14–17, (Campania), 22 20–3, 32, 42–5, 48, 52, 69, 71, 86, 91, Prodromos see Theodore Prodromos 148, 155, 158 Provins (France), 161 Robert Scalio, son of Robert Guiscard, Ptolemy, savant, 99, 103 xxiii Robert of Selby, chancellor of Roger II, Qal‘ at Ban¯ıH. ammad¯ (Algeria), 32–3 69, 91, 99, 108, 152–3 al-Qazw¯ın¯ı, cosmographer, 104 Robert de Urbe, chaplain and cancellarius of Quarrel see Richard Quarrel Roger I, 23

Index 229

Robert I, Prince of Capua, 31–2 al-S.afad¯ı, chronicler, 106, 182 Robert II, Prince of Capua, 45–7, Saint-Evroult (Normandy), monastery, 11, 49, 54–6, 61–3, 65–6, 68, 89, 183 168–9 Salerno, 8, 16, 39, 41–5, 49, 51–2, 58, Robert, Count of Caiazzo, 37 60–2, 64, 66, 68–70, 73, 99, 100, 112, Robert, judge of Troia, 63 136, 142, 149, 151–2, 155, 160, 162, Roboratus, 99 164, 167–8, 173 Rocca d’Asino (Squillace), monastery, 18 principality, 7, 16, 21, 148 Rodolf (Raoul) Maccabeus, Lord of Sambucina see St Mary of Sambucina Montescaglioso, xxv, 39 Samuel, Prophet, 56 Rodrigo (Henry) of Navarre, 108 San Clemente a Casauria see Casauria Rofrano (Salerno), St Mary, church, 59 San Fele (Potenza), 46 Roger Borsa, Duke of Apulia, Calabria and San Filippo di Fragala` see Fragala` Sicily, xxiii, 21, 31, 41, 91, 142 San Germano (today Cassino, Frosinone), Roger Frederick (Frederick II), 174 71, 73, 136 Roger I, Count of Calabria and Sicily, xxiii, San Marco d’Alunzio (Enna), 26 xxv, 7, 8, 12, 14–25, 27, 31, 34–5, 39, San Mauro near Crotone (Catanzaro), 48, 50, 131–2, 148, 150, 158, 183 fortress, 38 Roger, Count of Ariano, 45, 49, 73, 89 S. Maria della Martorana, see Palermo Roger, Duke of Apulia, son of Roger II, S. Maria di Macchia (near Acri, Cosenza), xxiii, 35, 66–7, 71, 73, 75, 87–8, monastery, 120–1 94–6, 122–3, 132, 135, 153–4, 172 St Mary of Ferraria (near Vairano, Caserta), Roger, Duke of Apulia, son of King monastery, 91, 156, 183 William I, xxiv, 171 St Mary of the Patiron, see Rossano Roger, son and co-ruler of King Tancred St Mary of Sambucina (near Luzzi, of Lecce, xxiv, 174–5 Cosenza), monastery, 87 Roland, Cardinal (Pope Alexander III), Sardinia, 32 170 Savona, 77, 162 Romanos III Argyros, Emperor, 116, 160 Saxo, Cardinal, 53 Rome, 11, 31, 35, 46, 51, 57, 61–3, 67, Saxony, region (Germania), 4 73, 81, 90, 92–3, 95–6, 102, 153, 168, Scandinavia, 1 171, 173 Scholarios, chaplain of Roger I, 22 Lateran basilica, 63, 73 Sciacca (Agrigento), 86 Lateran Synod/Councils, 11, 32, 37, Scibene see Palermo 70–1 Sergius IV, Duke of Naples, 9 Ponte Mammolo, Treaty, 131 Sergius VII, Duke of Naples, 52, 61, 65–7 Quattro Coronati, basilica, 126 Serlo of Hauteville, son of Tancred of St Paul, portico, 45 Hauteville, xxiii, 16 St Peter’s, basilica, 63, 129 Serlo, son of Serlo of Hauteville, 16–17 Senate, 93 Sfax (Tunisia), 33, 81, 178 Rometta (Messina), 17 Sibylla of Acerra, wife of Tancred of Lecce, Romuald (I), Archbishop of Salerno, 44–5 xxiv, 174–5 Romuald (II), Archbishop of Salerno, Sibylla of Burgundy, second wife of chronicler, 31, 39, 42–3, 47, 83, 91, Roger II, xxiii, 96, 118 96, 105, 110–11, 125, 136, 138, 148, Sichelgaita, second wife of Robert 159, 166, 179, 183 Guiscard, xxiii Rossano (Cosenza), 37 Sigebert of Gembloux, chronicler, 81 St Mary of the Patiron, monastery, 26, Sigurd, King of Norway, 27 50, 58 Silva Marca (near Ariano), 136–7 Rothari, King of the Lombards, 4 Simeri (Catanzaro), 26 Rouen (France), 83, 159, 160 Simon, Archbishop of Cosenza, 40 Rushayd, Emir of Gabes,` 80 Simon, brother-in-law of Maio of Bari, Ruvo di Puglia (Bari), 139, 140 157

230 Index

Simon, Count of Sicily, son of Roger I, xv, Themistios, philosopher, 98 24–6 Theobald IV, Count of Blois and Simon, Prince of Taranto, illegitimate son Champagne, 87 of Roger II, 36, 96, 97 Theodore (Theoridus) of Brindisi, savant, Siponto (near Manfredonia, Foggia), 48, 98 70 Theodore Prodromos, poet, 5 Skylitzes, chronicler, 101 Theodore the Stratelates, Saint, 85 Snorri Sturluson, chronicler, 27 Theodula, mother of George of Antioch, Solomon, King, 5, 94 113 Sora (Frosinone), 73–4 Theodwin, Cardinal of St Ruﬁna, 95 Spain, 13, 17, 35, 38, 76–7, 82, 94, 96, Theoridus see Theodore 102, 109, 112, 182 Thessalonica (Greece), Treaty, 90 Spoleto (Perugia), 68 Thessaly (Greece), 98 Squillace (Catanzaro), 18 Thomas Aquinas, theologian, 101 Staufen, dynasty, 2, 7, 124–5, 150, 171, 174 Thomas Becket, Archbishop of Canterbury, Stephen of Perche, chancellor and 57 archbishop-elect of Palermo, 149, 171 Thomas Brown, senior chaplain of Roger Stephen, brother of Maio of Bari, 157 II, 108, 152 Stephen I, Count of Blois, 87 Tiber, river, 72 Stephen, King of England, 87, 153 at-Tijan¯ ¯ı, chronicler, 33, 38, 182 Stephen IV, Pope, 72 Tivoli (near Rome), 73–4 Sudan, 83, 161 Trani (Bari), 53, 63, 73, 149 Suger, Abbot of St Denis (Paris), 87, 95 Trinacria (i.e. Sicily), 12 Susa (Sousse, Tunisia), 33, 81 Tripoli (Libya), 33, 77, 79, 80, 82, 84, 92, Sylvester, Pope, 126 178 Syracuse (Siracusa), 12–14, 17–18, 21–2, Troia (Foggia), 36, 43, 45, 47–9, 60, 63–4, 32, 41, 52, 98–100, 107 71–4, 155, 168, 172 Syria, 83, 150, 162, 182 Troina (Enna), 13, 15, 19, 21–2, 26, 150 Synod, 32 at-T. a’i‘, Caliph, 126 Tropea (Catanzaro), 69 Tam¯ım ibn Mu‘izz, Emir of Mahdia, Tunis, 33, 76, 81, 182 17–18, 33 Tunisia, 13, 76, 79 Tancred of Conversano, Count of Brindisi, Tuscany, 67 39, 45, 47, 61–3 Tancred of Hauteville, xxiii, 8 Ulpian, jurist, 141 Tancred, Count of Lecce, King of Sicily, Urban II, Pope, 21, 23, 34–5 xxiv, 88, 126, 156, 172–5 Tancred, Prince of Bari, son of Roger II, Vairano (Caserta) see St Mary of Ferraria xxiii, 36, 66–7, 95, 132, 154 Val Demone (Sicily), 13, 15, 26 Tancred, son of Tancred of Hauteville, xxiii Val di Mazara (Sicily), 12 Tancred, son of William Count of the Val di Noto (Sicily), 12 Principate, 22 Venice, 39, 67, 76, 78–9, 85, 162–4, Taormina (Messina), 13, 16 167 Taranto, 46–7, 61, 67, 96, 154, 174 Peace, 171, 183 Telese (Benevento), Holy Saviour, Venosa (Potenza), 45, 63 monastery, 182 Holy Trinity (SS. Trinita),` monastery, Ten´ es` (Tinn¯ıs, Tanas, Algeria), 79 22, 58, 147 Termini Imerese (Palermo), 13 Via Appia, 136 Terra di Lavoro (Campania), 173 Via Traiana, 136 Terra d’Otranto (Apulia), 21 Victor IV (Gregory Conti), anti-pope, 70 Theagenes, 101 Victor IV (Ottaviano Monticelli), Thebes (Greece), 84, 163, 167 anti-pope, 170

Index 231

Vienna (Austria), 124 William II, King of Sicily, xxiv, 7, 58, 124, Vienne (France), 36 138, 149, 150, 158, 162, 169, 171–3, Villa San Giovanni (Reggio Calabria), 180, 183 59 William III, King of Sicily, son of Tancred Volturno, river, 105 of Lecce, xxiv, 174–5 Vorarlberg (Austria), 175 William, Archbishop of Tyre, chronicler, Vultimin see Ibn at-T. umna 29, 43 William, Bishop of Messina, 40 Walter, Archbishop of Palermo, 32 William, Bishop of Syracuse, 100 Walter, Archdeacon of Therouanne,´ 43 William II, Bishop of Troia, 48, 63 Welf VI, brother of Duke Henry the William, Duke of Apulia, Calabria and Proud, 90 Sicily, xxiii, 32, 36–7, 39, 41–4, 49, William the Conqueror, Duke of 91, 96, 149, 155 Normandy, King of England, 87 William X, Duke of Aquitaine, 4, 78 William Fitzherbert, Archbishop of York, William, falconer, 105 152–3 William, illegitimate son of Duke Roger of William Gouet, Lord of Montmirail and Apulia, xxiv, 88 Perche-Gouet, 87 Worms (Germany), treaty, 44 William of Hauteville (’Iron Arm’), Count of Apulia, xxiii, 9, 10, 14 Yah. ya,¯ Emir of Bougie, 77 William of Hauteville, 22 Yah. ya,¯ Emir of Mahdia, 33 William of Hauteville, Count of the Yusuf,¯ governor of Gabes,` 80–1 Principate, xxiii William of Moerbeke, Dominican, 101 Zahringen,¨ family, 96 William I, King of Sicily, son of Roger II, Zaida-Isabella, fourth wife of Alfonso VI of xxiii, 31, 36, 67, 84, 95, 97–100, 106, Castile-Leon,´ 35 112, 122, 124, 128, 132, 138, 154, Zaw¯ıla, suburb of Mahdia, 18 157–9, 161, 166–72, 183 Zirids, Berber dynasty, 17, 32–3, 77, 79, 82