INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC & TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH VOLUME 9, ISSUE 01, JANUARY 2020 ISSN 2277-8616 Five Species of Genus New to District Haridwar (Uttarakhand), India

Nina Jain, Gurpaul Singh Dhingra, Richa Shri

Abstract - An account of five species of genus Trametes (T. cingulata, T. leonina, T. menziesii, T. pubescens and T. marianna) has been given here. All these species are being described for the first time from district Haridwar (Uttarakhand). Of these, T. leonina and T. menziesii are new records for the state of Uttarakhand.

Keywords - , Haridwar, , Species, Trametes, , Uttarakhand. ______ ______1 INTRODUCTION *** then dried in the Sun. The dried basidiocarps were then Genus Trametes Fr. (Family Polyporaceae, Order packed in brown paper packets/zip lock polythene bags with 1, , Class , Phylum 3-Dichlorobenzene crystals in order to save the specimens Basidiomycota) is characterized by pileate, sessile to from insects, worms etc. substipitate, dimidiate to fan shaped, solitary to imbricate basidiocarps; hispid to glabrous, often zonate abhymenial 2.2 MICROSCOPY surface; whitish to cream to pale grey poroid hymenial surface; Details of the various taxonomically important microscopic trimitic hyphal system; clamped generative hyphae; tortuous, structures such as skeletal hyphae, binding hyphae, solid binding hyphae; straight, thick-walled to solid skeletal generative hyphae, basidia, basidiospores etc. of the hyphae; absence of cystidia and ellipsoid to allantoid to collected basidiocarps were studied by making free hand cylindrical, smooth, thin-walled, inamyloid basidiospores. sections and crush mounts in water as well as 3% and 5% There are 50 known species of Trametes worldwide KOH solutions, followed by their staining in 1% Congo red in according to “The Dictionary of Fungi” [1] and 156 species distilled water and 1% Pholxine in distilled water. The amyloid according to mycobank [2]. This paper provides detailed and cyanophilous reactions were observed using Melzer’s macroscopic and microscopic account of five species (T. reagent (0.5 g Iodine, 1.5 g Potassium iodide, 20 g Chloral cingulata, T. leonina, T. menziesii, T. pubescens and T. hydrate and 20 ml distilled water) and 1% Cotton blue in marianna) of this genus. All these species have been lactophenol respectively. All the microscopic observations collected from tropical localities of district Haridwar were made using a compound light microscope with 10x × (Uttarakhand) and are new records for the study area. Of 10x, 10x × 40x and 10x × 100x eye piece and objective lens these, T. leonina and T. menziesii are being reported for the combinations. Line diagrams of various microscopic first time from the state of Uttarakhand. Earlier workers have structures observed were drawn with the help of a camera reported 15 species of this genus from state of Uttarakhand, lucida mounted on compound microscope at 1000x of which 12 are from different districts in the Garhwal Division. magnification (oil immersion lens). Microphotographs of It is pertinent to mention here that it is the first report of this taxonomically important structures were also taken using genus from district Haridwar. The colour standards used are Nikon–80iEclips and Leica–DM4000B microscopes. A according to Methuen’s Handbook of colours by Kornerup and detailed description pertaining to macroscopy and microscopy Wanscher, edition III (1978) [3]. of each specimen was made followed by comparison of these details with published literature or the type material for 2 MATERIALS AND METHODS identification. The identified basidiocarps were packed in The present study is based on 12 collections made from bond paper envelops carrying a standard herbarium label with different localities of district Haridwar (Uttarakhand) during the requisite information and were deposited at the internationally fungal forays conducted in the monsoon months of year 2015- recognized herbarium of Department of Botany, Punjabi 2016. University, Patiala, having the abbreviation PUN.

2.1 MACROSCOPY 3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The basidocarps were carefully collected along with a portion The present work provides a detailed macroscopic and of the substrate with the help of chisel and hammer. microscopic information of five species of genus Trametes (T. Information regarding the host, locality, date of collection, type cingulata, T. leonina, T. menziesii, T. pubescens and T. of abhymenial surface, colour, margins, type of hymenial marianna) along with identification key, photographs, surface, number per mm and shape of pores, type of context microphotographs, line diagrams and information regarding and tube layers etc., were noted carefully with the help of a locality and host, based on 12 collections from district hand lens. A moist piece of the basidiocarp was then used to Haridwar (Uttarakhand). All these species are being take the spore print on a glass slide. These basidiocarps were described for the first time from district Haridwar (Uttarakhand). Of these, T. leonina and T. menziesii are new records for the state of Uttarakhand. * Department of Botany, Punjabi University, Patiala-147002, Punjab, India. E [email protected] * KEY TO THE SPECIES Department of Botany, Punjabi University, Patiala-147002, Punjab, 1. Pilear surface glabrous………………………………………2 India. * Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, 1. Pilear surface velutinate to hispid ………………………….4 Punjabi University, Patiala-147002, Punjab, India. 2. Pores round, regular with entire dissepiments …………….3 4123 IJSTR©2020 www.ijstr.org INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC & TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH VOLUME 9, ISSUE 01, JANUARY 2020 ISSN 2277-8616

2. Pores round to angular becoming sinuous to daedaloid in Haridwar. Previously, it has been reported from Uttarakhand parts……………………...... T. menziesii by Roy and De 1996 (Nainital) [4] and Sharma 2012 3. Pilear surface dull, with greyish black to sooty black areas (Pithoragarh) [5]. spreading from the base; spores broadly ellipsoid (4.6-5.8 × 2.8-3.6 µm)……………………………………………T. cingulata 3. Pilear surface semiglossy, pale ochraceous to tan coloured without any sooty black areas; spores narrowly ellipsoid to cylindrical (4.9-6.5 × 2.1-2.5 µm) ………………….T. marianna 4. Pilear surface zonate, with almost unicolour zones, velutinate to hirsute; pores 3-4 per mm, round to angular, not irpiciform at maturity……………………………... T. pubescens 4. Pilear surface azonate, densly strigose to hispid; pores 1-2 per mm, irpiciform with age………....………………...T. leonina

TAXONOMIC DESCRIPTIONS

1. Trametes cingulata Berk., Hooker's Journal of Botany and Kew Garden Miscellany 6: 164, 1854. (Plate-1. Figs. A-M) Basidiocarps annual, pileate, solitary to imbricate, sessile to substipitate; pilei applanate, flabelliform to dimidiate, attached to the substrate by disc, sometimes fuse laterally, coriaceous when collected, hard on drying, up to 7.3 cm wide, 6.2 cm long and 0.5 cm thick near the base; stipe cylindrical, attached to the substrate by a disc, yellowish white when collected, not changing much on drying, up to 1 cm long and 0.5 cm wide; abhymenial surface glabrous, finely concentrically zonate, sulcate, dull, smooth to tuberculate, creamish yellow to greyish black to sooty black when collected not changing much on drying; hymenial surface poroid, with a silky sheen on tilting, creamish white when collected, brownish orange to light brown to greyish brown on drying; pores round, regular, 5-6 per mm; dissepiments entire, thick; context homogenous, sometimes with bands near the base, orange white to greyish orange, up to 3.5 mm thick; pore tubes up to 2 mm long, concolorous with the hymenial surface; margins acute to obtuse, entire, regular to wavy, sterile up to 1 mm, concolorous with the pore surface. Hyphal system trimitic. Skeletal hyphae thick-walled to solid, aseptate, unbranched, of varying width, slightly wavy to more or less straight, subhyaline, up to 5 µm wide. Binding hyphae thick- walled with narrow lumen, aseptate, branched, somewhat curved, with long or short branches, subhyaline, up to 3.6 µm wide. Generative hyphae thin-walled, septate, clamped, branched, subhyaline, up to 2.2 µm wide. Basidia 15.7-22.2 × 5.7-7.2 µm, clavate with long narrow base, thin-walled, clamped at the base, subhyaline, with oily contents, 4- sterigmate, sterigmata up to 5 µm long. Basidiospores 4.6-5.8

× 2.8-3.6 µm, broadly ellipsoid, smooth, thin-walled, Plate-1. Figs. A-M. Trametes cingulata. Figs. A-D. subhyaline, with oily contents, inamyloid, acyanophilus. Basidiocarp (A: Attachment with the host; B: Abhymenial Collections examined: Uttarakhand: Haridwar, Gaurikhata, surface; C: Hymenial surface; D: Pores). Figs. E-H. Chiriapur (log depot-1), on dead decaying log of Shorea Microphotographs (E: Spores; F: Skeletal hyphae; G: robusta, Nina 10192 (PUN), September 5, 2015; Haridwar, Generative hyphae; H: Binding hyphae). Figs. I-M. Chilla range, on dead decaying stump of Dalbergia sisso, Microscopic structures (I: Spores; J: Basidia; K: Binding Nina 10193 (PUN), September 8, 2015; Haridwar, on way to hyphae; L: Generative hyphae; M: Skeletal hyphae). Mansa Devi temple, on dead decaying angiospermous wood,

Nina 10195 (PUN), September 4, 2015; Haridwar, Shayampur, 2. Trametes leonina (Klotzsch) Imazeki, Bulletin of the Anjanichaur, on dead decaying wood logs of D. sisso, Nina Government Forest Experimental Station Meguro 57: 120, 10194 (PUN), September 6, 2015. 1952. Polyporus leoninus Klotzsch, Linnaea 8: 486, 1833.

(Plate-2. Figs. A-O) Remarks: This species is easily recognised in field by its Basidiocarps annual, effused-reflexed to pileate, solitary to glabrous, greyish black to sooty black abhymenial surface. imbricate, sessile; pilei convex, dimidiate, broadly attached, Here it is being described for the first time from district sometimes fuse laterally, soft to somewhat coriaceous when 4124 IJSTR©2020 www.ijstr.org INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC & TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH VOLUME 9, ISSUE 01, JANUARY 2020 ISSN 2277-8616 collected, hard and rigid on drying, up to 5 cm wide, 2.6 cm homogenous, orange white to greyish orange, up to 3 mm long and 1 cm thick; abhymenial surface densely strigose to thick; pore tubes up to 8 mm long, paler concolorous with the hispid, azonate, creamish white to yellowish orange when hymenial surface; margins abruptly acute, entire, regular to collected, light brown to brownish orange to brown on drying; somewhat wavy, sterile up to 0.5 mm, incurved on drying, hymenial surface poroid, creamish white to orangish white concolorous with the hymenial surface. Hyphal system trimitic. when collected, brownish orange to light brown to brown on Skeletal hyphae thick-walled with narrow lumen, aseptate, drying; pores round to angular to irregular, regular, 1-2 per unbranched, of varying width, more or less straight, mm, becoming irpiciform with age; dissepiments entire, thin, subhyaline, up to 6.5 µm wide. Binding hyphae thick-walled becoming laccerate to somewhat incised with age; context with narrow lumen, aseptate, frequently branched, somewhat wavy, subhyaline, up to 3.6 µm wide. Generative hyphae thin- walled, septate, clamped, branched, subhyaline, up to 2.9 µm wide. Basidia 17.1-28.6 × 6.4-8.6 µm, clavate, thin-walled, clamped at the base, subhyaline, with oily contents, 4- sterigmate, sterigmata up to 5 µm long. Basidiospores 9.9- 13.6 × 3.5-5 µm, cylindrical, smooth, thin-walled, subhyaline, with oily contents, inamyloid, acyanophilus.

Collections examined: Uttarakhand: Haridwar, Gaurikhata, Chiriapur (log depot-2), on dead decaying wood of Mangifera

indica, Nina 10196 (PUN), September 5, 2015; Haridwar, Rishikesh Road, Bhupatwala, on dead decaying trunk of M. indica, Nina 10197 (PUN), August 27, 2016; Haridwar, Shantikunj, Dev Sanskriti Vishwavidalaya, on living tree trunk of M. indica, Nina 10198 (PUN), August 27, 2016.

Remarks: This species is characteristic in having basidiocarps with azonate convex pileus, covered with dense mat of strigose hair and large, cylindrical, oil filled, thin-walled spores. It has earlier been reported by Bakshi 1971 (Plains of North and Central India) [6], Roy and De 1996 (Madhya Pradesh and West Bengal) [4], Sharma 2012 (Himachal Pradesh) [5], Ranadive et al. 2011 (Maharashtra) [7], Kaur 2013 (Himachal Pradesh) [8] and Kaur 2017 (Punjab) [9]. Here it is being described as a new report for the state of Uttarakhand.

3. Trametes menziesii (Berk.) Ryvarden, Norwegian Journal of Botany 19: 236, 1972. Polyporus menziesii Berk., Annals and Magazine of Natural History 10: 378, 1843.

(Plate-3. Figs. A-M) Basidiocarps annual, pileate, solitary to imbricate, sessile; pilei applanate to somewhat conchate, flabelliform to spathulate to dimidiate, attached to the substrate with a disc, sometimes fuse laterally, coriaceous and tough when collected, hard on drying, up to 16.5 cm wide, 11 cm long and 0.7 cm thick near the base; abhymenial surface glabrous, finely concentrically zonate, somewhat sulcate, dull, usually smooth sometimes tuberculate near the base, creamish white to creamish yellow to greyish black when collected to orange white to greyish orange to greyish black on drying; hymenial surface poroid, creamish white to pale yellow when collected, brownish orange to light brown on drying; pores round to

angular to radially elongated, becoming sinuous in parts, 3-4 Plate-2. Figs. A-O. Trametes leonina. Figs. A-F. per mm; dissepiments thick to thin, entire, sometimes fuse Basidiocarps (A: Attachment with the living host; B-C: together to form sinuous pore surface; pore tubes up to 2 mm Attachment with the dead decaying host; D: Abhymenial long, concolorous with the hymenial surface; context surface; E: Hymenial surface; F: Pores). Figs. G-J. homogenous, up to 5 mm thick near base, orange white to Microphotographs (G: Spores; H: Basidia; I: Skeletal hyphae; greyish orange; margins acute, entire, somewhat wavy to J: Binding hyphae). Figs. K-O. Microscopic structures (K: somewhat lobed, sterile up to 1 mm, concolorous with the Spores; L: Basidia; M: Generative hyphae; N: Binding pore surface. Hyphal system trimitic. Skeletal hyphae thick- hyphae; O: Skeletal hyphae). walled to solid, aseptate, unbranched, of varying width, more

4125 IJSTR©2020 www.ijstr.org INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC & TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH VOLUME 9, ISSUE 01, JANUARY 2020 ISSN 2277-8616 or less straight, subhyaline, up to 5.8 µm wide. Binding Plate-3. Figs. A-M. Trametes menziesii. Figs. A-D. hyphae thick-walled with narrow lumen, aseptate, branched, Basidiocarp (A: Attachment with the host; B: Abhymenial somewhat wavy, subhyaline, up to 4 µm wide. Tortuose surface; C: Hymenial surface; D: Pores). Figs. E-G. binding hyphae present. Generative hyphae thin-walled, Microphotographs (E: Binding hyphae; F: Spores; G: Skeletal septate, clamped, branched, subhyaline, up to 2.5 µm wide. hyphae,Tortuous binding hyphae). Figs. H-M. Microscopic Basidia 14.2-19.3 × 3.6-5 µm, narrowly clavate, thin-walled, structures (H: Spores; I: Basidia; J: Generative hyphae; K: clamped at the base, subhyaline, 4-sterigmate, sterigmata up Tortuous binding hyphae; L: Binding hyphae; M: Skeletal to 3.6 µm long. Basidiospores 4.9-6.8 × 1.7-2.5 µm, narrowly hyphae). ellipsoid to cylindrical, smooth, thin-walled, subhyaline, inamyloid, acyanophilus. Ranadive et al. 2011 (Maharashtra) [7] and Kaur 2013 (Himachal Pradesh) [8]. Here it is being described for the first Collections examined: Uttarakhand: Haridwar, Shayampur, time from Uttarakhand. Anjanichaur, on dead decaying wood logs of M. indica, Nina 10200 (PUN), September 6, 2015; Haridwar, Shayampur, 4. Trametes pubescens (Schumach.) Pilát, Atlas Champ. Anjanichaur, on dead decaying wood logs of D. sisso, Nina Eur., Polypor., B: 268, 1939. Boletus pubescens 10201 (PUN), September 6, 2015. Schumach., Enumeratio Plantarum, in Partibus Sællandiae Septentrionalis et Orientalis Crescentium 2: Remarks: It is a tropical species characterized by glabrous, 384, 1803. concentrically zonate abhymenial surface with round to elongate pores, becoming sinuous with age, in combination (Plate-4. Figs. A-N) with large sized basidiospores. It has earlier been reported Basidiocarps annual, effused-reflexed to pileate, imbricate, from India by Bakshi 1971 (West Bengal and Tamil Nadu) [6], sessile; pilei applanate to slightly conchate, flabelliform to Dhanda 1977 (Himachal Pradesh) [10], Bhosle 2005 dimidiate, attached by a broad lateral base or by a disc, (Maharashtra) [11], Sharma 2012 (Arunachal Pradesh) [5], sometimes fuse laterally, coriaceous when collected, becoming hard on drying, up to 6.6 cm wide, 3.1 cm long and 0.6 cm thick near the base; abhymenial surface velutinate to pubescent to somewhat hirsute, concentrically zonate, with fine concolorous zones, creamish white to greyish white when collected to brownish orange to greyish orange to light brown on drying; hymenial surface poroid, creamish white to creamish yellow when collected, brownish orange to light brown on drying; pores round to angular, regular, 3-4 per mm; dissepiments entire, thick to thin, rarely fuse to form larger pores; context homogeneous, up to 3 mm thick, orange white to greyish orange; pore tubes up to 2.5 mm long, paler concolorous with the hymenial surface; margins acute, entire, somewhat wavy to wavy, sterile up to 1 mm, sometimes slightly incurved on drying, concolorous with the pore surface. Hyphal system trimitic. Skeletal hyphae thick-walled to solid, aseptate, unbranched, of varying width, more or less straight, subhyaline, up to 6.5 µm wide. Binding hyphae thick-walled with narrow lumen, aseptate, branched, somewhat wavy, with long or short branches, subhyaline, up to 3.3 µm wide. Generative hyphae thin-walled, septate, clamped, branched, subhyaline, up to 2.5 µm wide. Basidia 14.2-20.7 × 4.9-5.8 µm, clavate with elongated base, thin-walled, clamped at the base, subhyaline, 4-sterigmate, sterigmata up to 5 µm long. Basidiospores 4.9-6.8 × 2.1-2.8 µm, ellipsoid to subcylindrical, smooth, thin-walled, subhyaline, inamyloid, acyanophilus.

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5. Trametes marianna (Pers.) Ryvarden, Persoonia 7: 309, 1973. Polyporus mariannus Pers., Botanique (Nagpur) 5: 173, 1827.

(Plate-5. Figs. A-H) Basidiocarps annual, pileate, solitary to imbricate, sessile; pilei applanate, dimidiate, attached to the substrate by disc, coriaceous when collected, somewhat hard on drying, up to 3.7 cm wide, 2.1 cm long and 0.6 cm thick near the base; abhymenial surface glabrous, concentrically zonate, sulcate, semi glossy, smooth, orange white to pale orange to greyish orange when collected not changing much on drying; hymenial surface poroid, orange white to orange grey to

Plate-4. Figs. A-N. Trametes pubescens. Figs. A-D. Basidiocarp (A: Attachment with the host; B: Abhymenial surface; C: Hymenial surface; D: Pores). Figs. E-H. Microphotographs (E: Spores; F: Skeletal hyphae; G: Tortuous binding hyphae and Binding hyphae; H: Generative hyphae). Figs. I-N. Microscopic structures (I: Spores; J: Basidia; K: Generative hyphae; L: Tortuous binding hyphae; Plate-5. Figs. A-H. Trametes marianna. Figs. A-C. M: Binding hyphae; N: Skeletal hyphae). Basidiocarp (A: Abhymenial surface; B: Hymenial surface; C: Pores). Fig. D. Microphotograph (D: Spores) Figs. E-H. Collections examined: Uttarakhand: Haridwar, Shayampur, Microscopic structures (E: Spores; F: Generative hyphae; G: Anjanichaur, on dead decaying angiospermous wood, Nina Binding hyphae; H: Skeletal hyphae). 10203 (PUN), September 6, 2015; Haridwar, Chilla range, on dead decaying angiospermous wood, Nina 10202 (PUN), brownish orange on drying; pores round to angular, 4-6 per September 8, 2015. mm; dissepiments entire, thick to thin; context homogenous, orange white to pale orange, up to 2 mm thick; pore tubes up Remarks: This species is characterized by velutinate to to 1.5 mm long, concolorous with the hymenial surface; pubescent, concentrically zonate abhymenial surface with margins acute, entire, regular, sterile up to 0.5 mm, concolorus zones. It has earlier been reported from concolorous with the pore surface. Hyphal system trimitic. Uttarakhand by Lalji 2003 (Nainital) [12] and Sharma 2012 Skeletal hyphae thick-walled to solid, aseptate, unbranched, (Nainital and Udhamsingh Nagar) [5]. Here it is being of varying width, more or less straight, subhyaline, up to 5.8 described as a new record for district Haridwar. µm wide. Binding hyphae thick-walled with narrow lumen, aseptate, branched, somewhat curved, subhyaline, up to 3.6 µm wide. Generative hyphae thin-walled, septate, clamped, 4127 IJSTR©2020 www.ijstr.org INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC & TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH VOLUME 9, ISSUE 01, JANUARY 2020 ISSN 2277-8616 branched, subhyaline, up to 2.2 µm wide. Basidia not [9] Kaur G. Taxonomic studies on poroid and resupinate observed. Basidiospores 4.9-6.5 × 2.1-2.5 µm, narrowly non-poroid Agaricomycetes fungi of Punjab and adjoining ellipsoid to cylindrical, smooth, thin-walled, subhyaline, areas, Ph.D. thesis, Punjabi University, Patiala, 2017. inamyloid, acyanophilus. [10] Dhanda RS. Studies on Polyporaceae of North Western Collection examined: Uttarakhand: Haridwar, Gaurikhata, Himalaya, Ph.D. thesis, Panjab University, Chandigarh, Chiriapur (log depot-1), on dead decaying D. sisso wood, 1977. Nina 10199 (PUN), September 5, 2015. [11] Bhosle SR, Vaidya JG, Lamrood PY. Diversity of Remarks: The species is characteristic in having glabrous, Aphyllophoraceous fungi from the Western Ghats of semiglossy, broadly concentrically zonate, sulcate, pale tan Maharashtra. The Fungi–Diversity and Conservation in coloured abhymenial surface. It has earlier been reported India. Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh, Dehradun, from Kumaon division of Uttarakhand by Dhanda 1977 [10]. 2005. However, it is being described as a new report for district Haridwar as well as Gharwal division. [12] Lalji K. Mycoflora associated with multipurpose tree species of North–West India, Ph.D. thesis, Punjabi CONCLUSION University, Patiala, 2003. The present taxonomical study reports five species of genus Trametes for the first time from district Haridwar (Uttarakhand), along with their locality and host information and further adds two new records (T. leonina and T. menziesii) to the mycoflora of Uttarakhand.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST Authors have no conflict of interest.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT The authors thank Department of Science and Technology, New Delhi for providing financial assistance through Women Scientist Scheme-A (WOS-A) awarded to corresponding author and Head, Department of Botany, Punjabi University, Patiala for providing the required laboratory facilities.

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[2] www. mycobank. org.

[3] Kornerup A, Wanscher JH. Metheun’s Handbook of colour (3rd ed.). Metheun and Co. Ltd, London, 1978.

[4] Roy A, De AB. Polyporaceae of India. International Book Distributor, Dehradun, India, 1996.

[5] Sharma JR. Aphyllophorales of Himalaya. Botanical Survey of India, Calcutta, 2012.

[6] Bakshi BK. Indian Polyporaceae (on trees and timber). Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi, 1971.

[7] Ranadive KR, Vaidya JG, Jite PK, Ranade VD, Bhosle SR, Rabba AS, Hakimi M, Deshpande GS, Rathod MM, Forutan A, Kaur M, Naik–Vaidya CD, Bapat GS, Lamrood P. Checklist of Aphyllophorales from the Western Ghats of Maharashtra State, India. Mycosphere. 2011; 2: 91- 114.

[8] Kaur H. Systematics of pileate poroid Agaricomycetes of Himachal Pradesh, Ph.D. thesis, Punjabi University, Patiala, 2013.

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