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C=IE, St=Warszawa, O=Ditorpolish Bot, Ou=St Color profile: Disabled Composite 150 lpi at 45 degrees C:\3stylers\Botanika 2007\Okladka_97.cdr 7 stycznia 2008 17:41:17 Color profile: Disabled Composite 150 lpi at 45 degrees C:\3stylers\Botanika 2007\Okladka_97.cdr 7 stycznia 2008 17:41:17 Botanika 2007.indb 1 2008-01-07 16:40:16 Botanika 2007.indb 2 2008-01-07 16:43:01 CONTENTS 1. Introduction .......................................................................................................................................... 5 2. Study area ............................................................................................................................................. 6 3. History of mycological research in the Góry Świętokrzyskie Mts. ................................................ 15 4. Material and methods ........................................................................................................................ 16 5. Basidiomycetes and plant communities ............................................................................................ 18 5. 1. Syntaxonomic classifi cation of the examined plant communities .......................................... 18 5. 2. Non-forest communities ............................................................................................................ 19 5. 3. Forest communities .................................................................................................................... 38 5. 4. Relationships between plants and Basidiomycetes ................................................................ 143 5. 5. The role and position of Basidiomycetes in biocoenoses of selected ecosystems in the Góry Świętokrzyskie Mts. ............................................................................................. 160 5. 6. Fungi in the Góry Świętokrzyskie Mts. against other regions in Poland ............................ 164 6. Basidiomycetes: changes and threat ................................................................................................ 174 6. 1. Changes of fungi in forest communities ................................................................................ 174 6. 1. 1. Primeval relicts of Basidiomycetes ................................................................................... 177 6. 2. Changes of fungi in non-forest communities ......................................................................... 181 6. 3. Threat to fungi .......................................................................................................................... 182 6. 4. Expansive species ..................................................................................................................... 183 6. 5. Threat status of Basidiomycetes in comparison with other regions in Poland .................... 186 7. Summary of results and conclusions ............................................................................................... 188 8. References ........................................................................................................................................ 191 9. Różnorodność Basidiomycetes w ekosystemach Gór Świętokrzyskich (streszczenie) ................ 205 Index of fungal names .......................................................................................................................... 210 Botanika 2007.indb 3 2008-01-07 16:43:02 ABSTRACT Janusz ŁUSZCZYŃSKI. Diversity of Basidiomycetes in Various Ecosystems of the Góry Świętokrzyskie Mts. Monogr. Bot., Vol. 97, 218 pp., 2007. Mycocoenological studies were conducted at 77 permanent research plots established in 14 leading forest com- munities and in three non-forest communities in the Góry Świętokrzyskie Mts. The greatest numbers of Basidio- mycetes were recorded in phytocoenoses in the following plant communities: Tilio-Carpinetum (393 species), Querco-Pinetum (292 species) and Dentario glandulosae-Fagetum (268 species). Saprobionts dominated the myco- biota of the forest communities (593 species, that is 57% of the total number of species), including 332 species of pedobionts (32%), 251 species of xylobionts (24%) and 10 species of allobionts (0.9%). Furthermore, 375 species of mycorrhizal fungi (36% of the total number of the recorded species) and 59 species of parasites (6% of the total number of the mycobiota studied) were recorded. The current species composition of Basidiomycetes in the Góry Świętokrzyskie Mts. has been infl uenced by the location of the area in relation to the adjacent geographical regions, climatic conditions, natural topography, geological structure and plant cover as well as human economy. Abies alba, Acer pseudoplatanus, Fagus sylvatica, Larix decidua ssp. polonica and Picea abies, which encourage the development of mountain fungi, infl uence the biota of Basidiomycetes in particular. The occurrence of 87 species of the mountain element sensu lato was recorded. Trophic relationships between Basidiomycetes and 34 species of vascular plants as well as 11 genera of mosses were analysed. The most numerous groups of fungi accompany pine trees (114 species), beech trees (105 species), fi r trees (102 species) and oak trees (100 species). Despite signifi cant damage, well-preserved and fairly intact forest areas are still found in the Góry Świętokrzyskie Mts. They now serve as refugia of Albatrellus confl uens, Bankera fuligineoalba, Fomitopsis offi cinalis, Hericium coralloides, H. fl agellum, Pycnoporellus fulgens, Skeletocutis odora and S. stellae. Both natural and anthropogenic factors determine the changes of the mycologi- cal profi le in the Góry Świętokrzyskie Mts. Some of the newly arrived Basidiomycetes have features of expansive species, for instance Clathrus archeri, Mutinus ravenelii and Psilocybe rugosoannulata. Key words: macrofungi; mycocoenoses; old-growth forest fungi; expansive, synanthropic and threatened fungi; C. Poland Botanika 2007.indb 4 2008-01-07 16:43:04 1. INTRODUCTION The Góry Świętokrzyskie Mts. offer some of the most interesting nature areas in Poland. Old and eroded, they are unique both locally and in Europe. A great variety of habitats, resulting from the diverse and complex geological structure, natural topography and plant cover, creates conditions favourable for the development of an impressive and varied biota of Basidiomycetes. Human economy has been an important factor that infl uences the pres- ervation of fungal diversity. Its traces, dating back to the Neolithic period, spanning the times of ancient and medieval mining or metallurgy, are still visible in the study area while mining of rock raw material persistently continues. The interest in the plant cover and fun- gi of the Góry Świętokrzyskie Mts. goes back to the 19th century. The natural forests of the Puszcza Świętokrzyska Forest have been reduced both in size and degree. Beech, beech-fi r and fi r forests are some of the most characteristic natural communities in the region. The most natural section of the forest, fondly known as the Puszcza Jodłowa Forest, the name inherited from Polish literary works, is now protected within the Świętokrzyski National Park. In spite of considerable forest deformations, a range of diverse fungi still fi nd suit- able habitats here. Equally interesting habitats of this interesting and still underexplored mycobiota can be found in semi-natural communities of meadows as well as xerothermic and psammophilous grasslands. The great richness of the contemporary biota of Basidiomycetes and the changes that have been taking place together with those of the plant cover have been at the centre of the present author’s studies for almost 20 years. Different mycological elements condi- tioned by geographical, ecological and biocoenotic factors have occurred and competed in the Góry Świętokrzyskie Mts. over this period. The occurrence of mountain fungi makes the mycological profi le of the area similar to the mycobiota and forest biocoenoses of the Carpathian Mts. while it also shows an affi nity with lowland biocoenoses. A great diversity of both forests and non-forest ecosystems provides an excellent opportunity to study the correlation between the behaviour of Basidiomycetes and the level of a biocoenosis’ natu- ral state. Mycocoenological studies aim at investigating and defi ning the role of fungi in biocoenoses. Basidiomycetes belong to sensitive natural indicators of ecological and bio- coenotic changes, which makes them particularly suitable for this type of research. The history of mycocoenological studies boasts a fairly long tradition that spans a period of 95 years in Europe (EDDELBÜTTEL 1911; HAAS 1932) and 50 years in Poland (NESPIAK 1956). Despite this background, as well as a rich body of the literature on the subject, there is a great need to continue studies of this type (ŁAWRYNOWICZ et al. 2004). The scope and depth of knowledge of mycocoenoses in relation to plant communities vary and are still insuffi cient in the case of some types of forest communities. Mycosociological studies in the Góry Świętokrzyskie Mts. have so far been conducted at small plots and are by no means representative of the entire region (LISIEWSKA 1978a; ŁUSZCZYŃSKI 1998, 2000a, b, c, 2001, 2004a, b, 2006). This project is the fi rst mycocoenological monograph study of the Góry Świętokrzyskie Mts., a vast and physiographically well-differentiated area. A critical list of Basiodiomy- cetes is a necessary supplement of the monograph (ŁUSZCZYŃSKI 2007a, in print). 5 Botanika 2007.indb 5 2008-01-07 16:43:05 Fungi of the class Basidiomycetes
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