L'organisation Des Forces De Répression
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Representing the Algerian Civil War: Literature, History, and the State
Representing the Algerian Civil War: Literature, History, and the State By Neil Grant Landers A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in French in the GRADUATE DIVISION of the UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY Committee in charge: Professor Debarati Sanyal, Co-Chair Professor Soraya Tlatli, Co-Chair Professor Karl Britto Professor Stefania Pandolfo Fall 2013 1 Abstract of the Dissertation Representing the Algerian Civil War: Literature, History, and the State by Neil Grant Landers Doctor of Philosophy in French Literature University of California, Berkeley Professor Debarati Sanyal, Co-Chair Professor Soraya Tlatli, Co-Chair Representing the Algerian Civil War: Literature, History, and the State addresses the way the Algerian civil war has been portrayed in 1990s novelistic literature. In the words of one literary critic, "The Algerian war has been, in a sense, one big murder mystery."1 This may be true, but literary accounts portray the "mystery" of the civil war—and propose to solve it—in sharply divergent ways. The primary aim of this study is to examine how three of the most celebrated 1990s novels depict—organize, analyze, interpret, and "solve"—the civil war. I analyze and interpret these novels—by Assia Djebar, Yasmina Khadra, and Boualem Sansal—through a deep contextualization, both in terms of Algerian history and in the novels' contemporary setting. This is particularly important in this case, since the civil war is so contested, and is poorly understood. Using the novels' thematic content as a cue for deeper understanding, I engage through them and with them a number of elements crucial to understanding the civil war: Algeria's troubled nationalist legacy; its stagnant one-party regime; a fear, distrust, and poor understanding of the Islamist movement and the insurgency that erupted in 1992; and the unending, horrifically bloody violence that piled on throughout the 1990s. -
The Algerian Armed Forces: National and International Challenges
THE ALGERIAN ARMED FORCES: NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL CHALLENGES Carlos Echeverría Jesús Working Paper (WP) Nº 8/2004 1/4/2004 Area: Mediterranean & Arab World / Defence & Security – WP Nº 8/2004 (Trans. Spanish) 1/4/2004 The Algerian Armed Forces: National and international challenges ∗ Carlos Echeverría Jesús THE ROLE OF THE ARMED FORCES: FROM INDEPENDENCE TO THE FIRST STEPS TOWARD DEMOCRACY (1962-1988) The Algerian Armed Forces arose from the National Liberation Army (ALN), particularly from the so-called ‘border army’ which, as General Jaled Nezzar recalls in his Memoirs, began to play a dominant role under the command of Colonel Houari Boumedienne in late 1959: this army relentlessly waged war on the French forces deployed on the borders of Morocco and Tunisia until the conflict ended in 1962 (1). Although the creation of the ALN itself dates back to 1954, it was not until the Summam Congress, on August 20, 1956, that its structure was determined and it became considered an instrument for implementing the policies developed by the party: the National Liberation Front (FLN). The internal struggles within the FLN-ALN tandem, both in and outside Algeria, have been described by many authors: both the confrontations within the National Council of the Algerian Revolution (CNRA) and those at the various FLN congresses during and immediately after the war –the Summam Congress (1956), Tripoli Congress (1962) and Algiers Congress (1964)– aimed at taking control of the embryo of the future Armed Forces. According to Mohamed Harbi, the session of the CNRA held in December 1959 – January 1960 was crucial, as it abolished the Ministry of the Armed Forces, replacing it with an Inter-Ministerial War Committee (CIG), directed by military officers of a General Chiefs of Staff (EMG) led by Boumedienne, who went on to become Defense Minister of the first independent government and, starting in June 1965, President until his death in 1978. -
Rapport Alternatif Aux Troisième Et Quatrième Rapports Du
Rapport alternatif aux troisième et quatrième rapports du gouvernement algérien sur l’application du Pacte international relatif aux droits économiques, sociaux et culturels 4 avril 2010 Présenté conjointement par : — Syndicat national autonome des personnels de l’administration publique (SNAPAP) 23 Rue Boualem Zeriat Belfort, Harrach Alger, Algérie Email : [email protected] ‐ Tel/Fax : +213 21 52 03 72 — Comité international de soutien au Syndicalisme Autonome Algérien (CISA) 21 ter rue Voltaire – 75011 Paris – France Email : [email protected] – Tél : +33 6 29 64 66 33 — Institut Hoggar Case Postale 305, CH‐1211 Genève 21, Suisse Email : [email protected] – Tél : +41 22 734 15 03 Introduction Ceci est un rapport alternatif aux troisième et quatrième rapports du gouvernement algérien sur l’application du Pacte international relatif aux droits économiques, sociaux et culturels. La structure de ce rapport suit la liste des questions (List of issues) établie dans le Rapport du Groupe de travail pré‐session du Comité sur les droits économiques, sociaux et culturels « E/C.12/DZA/Q/4 »1 daté du 27 mai 2009. Chaque section correspond à une ou deux questions. Onze thèmes ont été abordés comme le montre le tableau suivant. Section Thème Question 1 Commission nationale consultative de promotion et de protection Q3 des droits de l’homme 2 Extraction de ressources naturelles Q4 3 Corruption Q7 4 Personnes déplacées à l’intérieur du pays Q8 et Q11 5 Etat d’urgence Q18 6 Chômage Q19 7 Salaire minimum Q22 8 Droit de grève et autonomie des syndicats Q24 et Q25 9 Logement Q31 et Q32 10 Problèmes qui se posent en matière de services de santé Q36 11 Qualité de l’enseignement Q39 et Q40 A la fin du rapport des recommandations sont faites au Comité au sujet des onze thèmes abordés. -
12 June 2001: Final Report
The views and opinions stated in this report do not necessarily reflect the views of the organizers of the workshop. This paper is not, and does not purport to be, fully exhaustive with regard to conditions in the country surveyed, or conclusive as to the merits of any particular claim to refugee status or asylum. Algeria Country Report Table of Contents I. Background: A history of violence as a form of political expression I.1. The influence of the colonial period I.2. The current regime A comedy of pluralism The function of the head of state The rhetoric of éradication The symbolic function of Islam Freedom of expression The judiciary I.3 Prospects for the future II. Specific groups at risk II.1. The current security situation Continuing violence Armed groups Criminal activity Extent of violence - effective control of the government Continuing political repression Surrender of the repentants The Kabylia riots II.2. Targeted groups Persons expressing an unfavourable political opinion Family members of security forces and police Members or suspected sympathisers of Islamic opposition groups Activities and surveillance in exile Family members and sympathisers of the Islamic opposition "Collaborators" - imputed political opinion Returnees from Islamic countries UNHCR/ACCORD: 7th European Country of Origin Information Seminar 17 Berlin, 11-12 June 2001 - Final report Country report - Algeria Women Deserters (from the army, the magistrates, and the police) II.3. Special issues The Tamazight Homosexuals Conscripts and draft evaders Human rights -
Army, State and Nation in Algeria Lahouari Addi
Army, State and Nation in Algeria Lahouari Addi To cite this version: Lahouari Addi. Army, State and Nation in Algeria. The Military and Nation Building in the Age of Democracy., Zed books, New-York, USA, pp.159-178, 2001. halshs-00398637 HAL Id: halshs-00398637 https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00398637 Submitted on 24 Jun 2009 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Army, State and Nation in Algeria Lahouari ADDI Professor at the Institut of Political Studies of Lyon In Kees Kooning and Dirk Kruijt, Political Armies. The Military and Nation Building in the Age of Democracy,chapter 8, Zed books, New-York, February 2001 Sommaire • The Bipolar Nature of Power; A Contradiction in Motion • Houari Boumediene: A Charismatic Military Leader • Political Legitimacy and Sovereign Power • The Ambiguity of Political Reform under Chadli Bendjedid • The Presidency of Abdelaziz Bouteflika • The Army as a Political Party • The Army as Embodiment of the Nation and Master of the State • Conclusion Texte intégral Ever since Independence in 1962, the army has played a critical role in the political life of Algeria. "The army's prominence is based on three factors: its historical legitimacy, the personal popularity and charisma of Colonel Houari Boumediene, and the army's populist discourse, which offered the prospect of a form of social and economic development oriented towards poverty alleviation. -
Mémoires. Tome 1: Les Contours D’Une Vie, 1929-1979
The Journal of North African Studies ISSN: 1362-9387 (Print) 1743-9345 (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/fnas20 Mémoires. Tome 1: Les contours d’une vie, 1929-1979 Clement M. Henry To cite this article: Clement M. Henry (2017) Mémoires. Tome 1: Les contours d’une vie, 1929-1979, The Journal of North African Studies, 22:3, 494-498, DOI: 10.1080/13629387.2017.1303580 To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/13629387.2017.1303580 Published online: 16 Mar 2017. Submit your article to this journal Article views: 22 View Crossmark data Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=fnas20 494 BOOK REVIEWS the national movement. His indictment of the political bureau of the PPA-MTLD in these crucial years is unflinching, yet in many respects he is less interested in judging the past than in warning future generations of the dangers of mythologis- ing anti-colonial heroes. In many respects, Ali Yahia is, decades later, Frantz Fanon’s idealised intellec- tual, as posited in The Wretched of the Earth (New York: Grove Press, 2004, p. 148), ‘work[ing] away with raging heart and furious mind to renew contact with [his] people’s oldest, inner essence, the furthest removed from colonial times’. One cannot help but notice, of course, that this goal requires Ali Yahia to provide new heroes to represent his Algerian ideal. While students of modern nationalism may cringe at such essentialist claims of ‘true’ culture and national ‘essences’, these categories matter deeply in the multiparty age of iden- tity politics. -
A History of Vietnamese-Algerian Relations (1946-2015)
University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons CUREJ - College Undergraduate Research Electronic Journal College of Arts and Sciences 5-1-2016 The Time-Honored Friendship: A History of Vietnamese-Algerian Relations (1946-2015) Ngoc H. Huynh University of Pennsylvania, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.upenn.edu/curej Part of the Asian History Commons, Diplomatic History Commons, and the Islamic World and Near East History Commons Recommended Citation Huynh, Ngoc H., "The Time-Honored Friendship: A History of Vietnamese-Algerian Relations (1946-2015)" 01 May 2016. CUREJ: College Undergraduate Research Electronic Journal, University of Pennsylvania, https://repository.upenn.edu/curej/214. This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/curej/214 For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Time-Honored Friendship: A History of Vietnamese-Algerian Relations (1946-2015) Abstract In 1958, the newly established Democratic Republic of Vietnam initiated a top secret program to ship a “large quantity” of submachine guns disguised as commercial goods to Algeria to assist the Front de libération nationale in its struggle for independence from French colonial rule. In 1973, Algeria leveraged its position as the host of the fourth Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement to issue a draft resolution requesting that all member nations pledge diplomatic support to the Việt Cộng, contribute to Vietnam’s post-war reconstruction, and demand the wholescale withdrawal of foreign troops from the Southeast Asian nation. At the close of 2015, Vietnam and Algeria celebrated the first commercial oil flow from the joint Vietnamese-Algerian Bir Seba oil project, located in the Algerian Sahara. -
Algerian Civil War 1989- 1999 Descend Into What Has Been Called a “Savage War”?
Why did the Algerian civil war 1989- 1999 descend into what has been called a “savage war”? Explaining the nature of the Algerian civil war Cato Stensland Master thesis, (60sp,MØNA 4590) “Midtøsten og Nord- afrikastudier” Institutt for kulturstudier og orientalske språk UNIVERSITY OF OSLO Spring 2015 © Author Cato Stensland Year 2015 Why did the Algerian civil war 1989-1999 descend into what has been called a “savage war”? Author Cato Stensland http://www.duo.uio.no/ Print: Reprosentralen, Universitetet i Oslo II Abstract This paper tries to answer some perplexing questions surrounding the Algerian civil war of the 1990‟s. The country went through a civil war that descended into a bloody chaos that few can reconcile with. It is this “decent” that is explored in the paper. By relying on a set of categories and rules for these interactions set forth in the selectorate theory the negligence of the people at large by the government is sought to be explained. Particular actions like the massacres, assassinations, bombings, killings and sabotage are put into a context that however grisly it may be portrays a rationale making sense of the violence. It discusses the rationale behind the massacres that took place from 1995 and the inaction to prevent these. To find this rational it is necessary to start the paper with a political analysis that can identify the key players and to link the political happenings as an extension of politics to acts of war. Therefore the first part of the paper is primarily concerned with the reasons behind the conflict, aligning the different parties of it and describing their primary motives. -
Algeria: Between Internal Challenges and International Courtship Natalia
Area: Mediterranean & Arab World- ARI Nº 119/2005 24/10/2005 Algeria: Between Internal Challenges and International Courtship Natalia Sancha ∗ Theme: At the global level, Algeria is a key player in the fight against international terrorism. At the national level, the draft Charter for Peace and National Reconciliation, unveiled by President Abdelaziz Bouteflika and put to public referendum on September 29, appears to grant impunity to the authors of the internal conflict of the 1990s. Summary: A year after winning a second mandate at the ballot box, President Bouteflika now faces a double challenge: at home, in order for state institutions to regain their legitimacy, he must try to free political power from military control, improve socioeconomic conditions and shed light on military involvement in Algeria’s so-called dirty war. At the international level, the proliferation of agreements and the gradual recognition of Algeria as a partner in the fight against international terrorism could lend new legitimacy to a government suffering from a serious lack of credibility within the country. Algeria now finds itself in a contradictory position as fighting terrorism becomes the key to solving internal challenges and gaining international recognition. Analysis Towards Independent Political Power? On the eve of the presidential elections in April 2004, a spokesman of the Islamic Salvation Front (FIS) said, ‘At the political level, Algeria is an atypical country in the Arab world. The government leader cannot impose his son as his successor, or even organise elections with a sole candidate or win elections with 99% of the vote’. Although these statements describe one of the facts of Algerian politics –that it is a more democratic country than its Arab neighbours– the Algerian elections remain a political ritual used to perpetuate power. -
In the Shadow of Revolution
In the Shadow of Revolution University Press Scholarship Online Liverpool Scholarship Online Algeria: Nation, Culture and Transnationalism: 1988-2015 Patrick Crowley Print publication date: 2017 Print ISBN-13: 9781786940216 Published to Liverpool Scholarship Online: May 2018 DOI: 10.5949/liverpool/9781786940216.001.0001 In the Shadow of Revolution James McDougall DOI:10.5949/liverpool/9781786940216.003.0002 Abstract and Keywords This chapter surveys Algerian society and politics from 1999 to 2012, considering the country’s domestic and international situation in the context of the transition from the violence of the 1990s and the regional upheaval of the ‘Arab Spring’ revolutions of 2011. In an era of neoliberalism, generational change, new forms of regional and global connectivity and a renewed wave of popular protest, Algeria’s revolution and the once-imagined future of the Third World that it long stood for remained an inspiration and, at the same time, a long-unfulfilled aspiration. As Algeria celebrated fifty years of independence, the wave of protest and change engulfing the Arab world from Tunisia to Syria largely bypassed the region’s most iconically revolutionary nation. The chapter will consider the long- and short-term reasons for this, and explore how, after the war of the 1990s, Algeria’s political system has been able to maintain a status quo that, however structurally untenable in the longer term, seems capable of reproducing itself indefinitely for the present. Behind the successive revolutionary experiences of the 1960s-70s, 1988, and 2011, remain the unfulfilled promises of the insurrection of 1 November 1954, the unresolved question of establishing the rule of law and that of a state constituted by and for its people. -
France and Algeria
France and Algeria A History of Decolonization and Transformation Phillip C. Naylor Notes to Pages 000–000 | i France and Algeria Florida A&M University, Tallahassee Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton Florida Gulf Coast University, Ft. Myers Florida International University, Miami Florida State University, Tallahassee University of Central Florida, Orlando University of Florida, Gainesville University of North Florida, Jacksonville University of South Florida, Tampa University of West Florida, Pensacola France and Algeria A History of Decolonization and Transformation Phillip C. Naylor University Press of Florida Gainesville · Tallahassee · Tampa · Boca Raton Pensacola · Orlando · Miami · Jacksonville · Ft. Myers Copyright 2000 by the Board of Regents of the State of Florida Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper All rights reserved 05 04 03 02 01 00 6 5 4 3 2 1 Excerpts from Songs of the F.L.N., copyright Folkways Records, Album No. FD 5441, copyright 1962. Reprinted with permission. Excerpt from “Some Kinda Love” by Lou Reed, copyright 1991 Metal Machine Music, Inc., appeared in Between Thought and Expression: Selected Lyrics of Lou Reed, published by Hyperion. For information contact Hyperion, 114 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10011. Reprinted with permission. ISBN 0-8130-1801-3 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data are available. The University Press of Florida is the scholarly publishing agency for the State University System of Florida, comprising Florida A&M University, Florida Atlantic University, Florida Gulf Coast University, Florida International University, Florida State University, University of Central Florida, University of Florida, University of North Florida, University of South Florida, and University of West Florida. -
The Organisation of the Forces of Repression
The organisation of the forces of repression Jeanne Kervyn and François Gèze September 2004 Extracts from a report presented by the Justice Commission for Algeria at the 32nd Session of the Permanent Peoples' Tribunal on HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS IN ALGERIA (1992-2004) 5 - 8 November 2004 The full report in French: http://www.algerie-tpp.org/tpp/pdf/dossier_16_forces_repression.pdf Contents ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................ 4 INTRODUCTION: THE CENTRAL ROLE OF THE ARMY AND ITS SERVICES ...... 5 The Military Security apparatus at the heart of the regime......................................5 The reorganisation of the MS from September 1990.................................................5 I. THE OBJECTIVES OF REPRESSION: THE MAIN STAGES OF WAR ................. 7 1990-1991: Breaking the Islamist movement and keeping it out of power ...............7 1992-1993: rallying the military and civil society behind the Generals’ anti-Islamist option. ..........................................................................................................................8 1994-early 1996: Outburst of State hyper-violence..................................................10 1996-1998: building the Generals’ power through terror, or the scorched earth policy..........................................................................................................................12 1999-2004: maintaining diffuse terror, strengthening support from the international community...........................................................................................12