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Home , Connective tissue, Elastic fiber, Loose connective tissue, Reticular fiber

Review: Epithelial

• “There are 2 basic kinds of epithelial tissues.” What could that mean? * simple vs. stratified * absorptive vs. protective * glands vs. other

• You are looking at epithelial cells from the intestine. What do you expect to see? tight junctions; simple columnar; gobet cells; microvilli

• You are looking at epithelial cells from the trachea. What do you expect to see? cilia; pseudostratified columnar; goblet cells

1 4-1 Four Types of Tissue

Tissue Type Role(s)

- Covers surfaces/passages - Forms glands - Structural support CONNECTIVE - Fills internal spaces - Transports materials

- Contraction!

- Transmits information (electrically) 2 Classification of 1. Connective tissue proper 1a. Loose: areolar, adipose, reticular 1b. Dense: dense regular, dense irregular, elastic

2. Fluid connective tissue 2a. : red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets 2b. Lymph

3. Supporting connective tissue 3a. : hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage 3b.

3 Defining connective tissue by the process of elimination

if not epithelial, muscle, or nervous, must be connective!

4 LAB MANUAL Figure 6.4 Areolar connective tissue: A prototype (model) connective tissue.

Cell types Extracellular Fibers = • fiber • •

Lymphocyte

Adipocyte Mast

5 The Cells of Connective Tissue Proper and , mesenchymal, mast; Adipo- / lympho- / and also . These are the cells of connective tissue proper; Sing this song the whole day long until you know them all!

Melody playback: http://www.noteflight.com/scores/view/172efe927723615fe7c94fc62ff05ab7bc5ce26a

6 4-4 Connective Tissue: importance of !

Tissue Type Extracellular stuff?

epithelial

connective ground substance (fluid with polysaccharides) fibers like collagen

muscular ???

nervous ???

7 Extracellular matrix = everything outside/between the cells ground substance + extracellular protein fibers collagen fibers (thickest) sticky, viscous elastic fibers (made out of ) reticular fibers (thinnest)

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 8 Proteins’ structures suggest their functional properties

collagen

elastin

Which is elastin, and which is collagen? 9 Tie-in with Chapter 3: Where are extracellular proteins made? How do they reach their final destination?

vesicles dump proteins outside cell ER sent proteins to Golgi, packaged as vesicles proteins synthesized on ribosomes on ER

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 10 LAB MANUAL Figure 6.5a Connective tissues.

Embryonic connective tissue:

Description: * gel-like ground substance * sparse, fine fibers * star-shaped mesenchymal cells Fibers

Location: Ground Primarily in substance

Mesenchymal cell

Function: gives rise to all connective tissues 11 LAB MANUAL Figure 6.5b Connective tissues. all older from here Connective tissue proper: , areolar Ward's 93-3224 Description: * gel-like matrix with all 3 fiber types Collagen * cells: many types! fibers

Fibroblast nuclei Location: Widely distributed under epithelia

Elastic fibers

Epithelium

Lamina propria

(1) cushioning! (2) macrophages and mast cells Function: contribute to and immune response 12 LAB MANUAL Figure 6.5c Connective tissues.

Connective tissue proper: loose connective tissue, adipose

Description: * sparse matrix (unusual for connective tissue) * closely packed * nucleus pushed to the side

Location: * under Vacuole * around kidneys & eyes containing * abdomen fat droplet * Nuclei of fat cells

Function: cushioning; energy storage; warmth/insulation 13 LAB MANUAL Figure 6.5d Connective tissues.

Connective tissue proper: loose connective tissue, reticular

Description: * network of reticular fibers * loose ground substance * reticular cells

Location: Lymphoid organs (lymph White nodes, , ) blood cell (lymphocyte)

Reticular fibers

Spleen

blood cell development; "cleaning" blood of old cells Function: 14 LAB MANUAL Figure 6.5e Connective tissues.

Connective tissue proper: dense connective tissue, dense regular

Description: * primarily parallel collagen fibers * major cell type: fibroblast

Collagen Location: IMPORTANT fibers * *

Nuclei of fibroblasts Shoulder joint

Ligament

Tendon

Function: Connect bone to and bones to muscle 15 Figure 6.5f Connective tissues.

Connective tissue proper: dense connective tissue, elastic

Description: * Mostly elastic fibers

Location: * Walls of large Elastic * Between vertebrae fibers

Aorta

Heart Photomicrograph: Elastic connective tissue in the wall of the (250).

Function: allows tissues to stretch (and then relax) 16 LAB MANUAL Figure 6.5g Connective tissues.

Connective tissue proper: dense connective tissue, dense irregular

Description: * primarily irregularly arranged collagen fibers (not all parallel) * major cell type: fibroblast Nuclei of fibroblasts

Location: * capsules of organs & joints * of skin

Collagen fibers capsule

93-2360 ligamentum nuchae includes this

Function: strong in all directions 17 LAB MANUAL Figure 6.5h Connective tissues. Supporting connective tissue = cartilage + bone Cartilage: hyaline

Description: * amorphous but firm matrix * collagen fibers form an imperceptible network Chondrocyte (can't see collagen) in lacuna Location: * ends of long bones * ribs * nose, trachea, larynx Matrix

Costal

Function: strength; resists compression 18 LAB MANUAL Figure 6.5i Connective tissues.

Cartilage: elastic Description: * Similar to hyaline cartilage, but more elastic fibers cartilage cell Chondrocyte in lacuna Location: * external (auricle) * epiglottis Matrix

Function: flexible, maintains shape 19 LAB MANUAL Figure 6.5j Connective tissues.

Cartilage: fibrocartilage

Description: * Matrix similar to butXXXXXX less firm than hyaline cartilage’s * Mostly thick collagen fibers

Location: * intervertebral discs * pubic bones * knee joint Chondrocytes in lacunae Intervertebral discs Collagen fiber

Photomicrograph: Fibrocartilage of an intervertebral disc (160). Special produced the blue color seen.

Function: strength/support, resists compression 20 LAB MANUAL Figure 6.5k Connective tissues.

Bones (osseous tissue)

Description: * hard, calcified matrix with many collagen fibers Central * osteocytes in lacunae * abundant blood supply canal

Lacunae Location:

Lamella

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Function: support/strength; levers for muscles; marrow => blood cell development 21 LAB MANUAL Figure 6.5l Connective tissues.

Blood Description: * fluid matrix (plasma) Plasma

Neutrophil

Location: Red blood cells

Lymphocyte

Photomicrograph: Smear of human blood (1000); two white blood cells ( and lymphocyte) are seen surrounded by red blood cells. transport... RBCs carry O2, white blood cells => immune Function: system, platelets do clotting 22 4-4 Connective Tissue

• Functions of Connective Tissues? (summary of previous slides…)

1. Connective tissue proper cushioning, connection

2. Fluid connective tissues transport

3. Supporting connective tissues strength and support

23 Review: Connective Tissue

• Which is stiffer? Collagen - resists stretching

24 Review: Connective Tissue IGNORE!!!!!!

• Which is stiffest, based on location in body?

• Hyaline cartilage

•

• Fibrocartilage

25