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By Parrel A. Branson, Reuben F. Miller, and Stephen K. Sorenson Water TOLERANCES OF PLANTS TO DROUGHT AND SALINITY IN THE WESTERN UNITED STATES By Parrel A. Branson, Reuben F. Miller, and Stephen K. Sorenson U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Water-Resources Investigations Report 88-4070 O I r^ CN O CO Sacramento, California 1988 DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR DONALD PAUL HODEL, Secretary U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Dallas L. Peck, Director For additional information write to: Copies of this report may be purchased from: District Chief U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Geological Survey Books and Open-File Reports Section Federal Building, Room W-2234 Federal Center, Bldg. 810 2800 Cottage Way Box 25425 Sacramento, CA 95825 Denver, CO 80225 CONTENTS Page Abstract........................................................................ 1 Introduction.................................................................... 2 Purpose and scope.......................................................... 2 Concepts................................................................... 2 Tolerances of plants to drought and salinity.................................... 4 Measurement of xylem pressure potentials................................... 4 Measurement of cell osmotic potentials..................................... 5 Measurement of soil salinity and osmotic potentials........................ 6 Osmotic potentials of plants.................................................... 6 Range of xylem pressure potentials......................................... 6 Range of cell osmotic potentials........................................... 9 Range of soil osmotic potentials........................................... 10 Summary......................................................................... 13 References...................................................................... 13 Glossary........................................................................ 16 ILLUSTRATIONS Page Figure 1. Map showing major desert classifications in the Western United States................................................... 3 2-5. Graphs showing: 2. Hypothetical energy profile for the soil-plant-atmosphere continuum for a habitat that has shallow ground water in a hot arid climate........................................ 5 3. Minimum, mean, and maximum total xylem pressure potentials for 71 plant species...................................... 7 4. Minimum, mean, and maximum cell osmotic potentials in 31 plant species measured by freezing-point depression method or by pressure-volume curve method................. 11 5. Minimum, mean, and maximum soil osmotic potentials at field capacity for the upper 10 centimeters of soils in 40 plant habitats...................................... 12 Contents III CONVERSION FACTORS For use of readers who prefer inch-pound units rather than the metric (International System) units used in this report, the following conversion factors may be used: Multiply metric unit By To obtain inch-pound unit meter (m) 3.281 feet centimeter (cm) 0.3937 inch megapascal (MPa) 0.1 bar IV Conversion Factors TOLERANCES OF PLANTS TO DROUGHT AND SALINITY IN THE WESTERN UNITED STATES By Parrel A. Branson, Reuben F. Miller, and Stephen K. Sorenson ABSTRACT Differing capacities of plant species found to be the most drought tolerant. to tolerate drought and salinity are Saltbushes Atriplex confertifolia, A. causative factors for presence of species nuttallii, A. canescens, and A. torreyi and communities in various habitats. It had the lowest measured cell osmotic is proposed that minimum xylem pressure potential. Although pickleweed Alien- potentials are indicative of drought rolfea occidentalis grows in the tolerance and that minimum cell osmotic saltiest soil measured, it did not have potentials are indicative of salt the lowest cell osmotic potential. This tolerances of plant species. apparent inconsistency may be explained Of 85 species measured, Nuttall by the succulent characteristics of saltbush Atriplex nuttallii nuttallii was pickleweed. Abstract 1 INTRODUCTION Published data of xylem pressure poten­ tial, cell osmotic potential, and soil The variation of species of plants salinity, along with extensive unpub­ from one habitat to another has intrigued lished data collected by the authors, mankind for centuries. Ecological in­ were reviewed and summarized. Xylem quiry is mostly directed towards ex­ pressure potential, cell osmotic poten­ plaining distribution patterns of organ­ tial, and soil salinity were calculated isms (Ritchie and Hinckley, 1975). Many for each species for which there were environmental factors affect the capacity data. Relative drought tolerances were of plants to grow in certain habitats, estimated by listing the plant species but most important are those factors according to the minimum xylem pressure associated with availability of water potentials reported. A similar index of (Kozlowski, 1964). Water is not only the drought tolerance was determined from driving variable of most importance for the data on cell osmotic potential. Data almost all contemporary desert community on soil salinity associated with differ­ interactions, but is probably the basis ent species of plants were compiled to of community evolution in the past estimate an index of tolerance to soil (McMahon and Schimpf, 1981). salinity. Water is being pumped from aquifers in closed basins in the Western United Concepts States for various uses. This pumping is likely to cause a reduction in the Water moves through a plant in a amount of ground water available for continuous, cohesive hydraulic system existing vegetation. Responses of vege­ that extends from the roots to the tation to a reduction in water is now leaves. Water enters the system through and will continue to be of considerable the roots and is transpired from the interest to the residents of these system primarily through evaporation from areas. Questions that concern managers the leaves. Movement of water throughout of these lands include, which species this "soil-plant-atmosphere continuum" will survive if water availability is (Philip, 1957) is caused by differences greatly reduced and which species are in chemical potential from one part of likely to replace those present before the continuum to the next (Dileanis and pumping? By compiling published and Groeneveld, 1988). unpublished data on the drought toler­ ances of plants in the Western United Total water potential within a plant is States (fig. 1), it is possible to deter­ represented by the equation (Kramer, mine which plants will be most affected 1983): by the water-level declines caused by ground-water withdrawals. 0) IT m where = total water potential, Purpose and Scope 0) = osmotic potential, The purpose of this report is to pre­ sent data on xylem pressure potential, = pressure potential, cell osmotic potential, and soil salinity = matric potential, and that may be used to estimate the relative m drought and salinity tolerances of plants in the Western United States. = gravitational potential. 2 Plant Tolerances to Drought and Salinity, Western United States EXPLANATION ~^ NORTHERN DESERT T:] MOJAVIAN DESERT >^y HIGHLANDS j SONORAN DESERT g^j CALIFORNIAN DESERT '/N| CHICHUAHUAN DESERT SAMPLING SITES 0 100 200 300 MILES I i " i r1 ' 0 100 200 300 KILOMETERS FIGURE 1.-Major desert classifications in the Western United States. Dots on the map represent sites studied by F.A. Branson and R.F. Miller. Study areas of other authors cited in this report are not shown. Gravitational water potential is not and others, 1965). For instance a 100- considered in shrubs because it repre­ meter-tall Sequoia would require 1 MPa sents only 0.01 MPa per meter of plant of gravitational potential to transport height. In tall trees, gravity effects water from the roots to the top. Matric are measurable and important (Scholander potential within the plant is also Introduction 3 considered to be small in proportion to and thick cuticular layers reduce tran­ pressure potential and osmotic potential. spiration. Adjustment of stomatal openings is the most important regulator Differences in pressure potential of transpiration (Hsiao, 1973). The pri­ (usually measured as xylem pressure mary mechanism used by plants to enable potential) is primarily induced by atmos­ extraction of water from soils, as lower pheric potential, which is often less soil matric potentials develop, is osmot­ than -200 MPa in desert environments. ic regulation (Dileanis and Groeneveld, This low potential results in evaporation 1988). This mechanism, particularly well of water from substomatal chambers of developed in desert plants, concentrates leaves by transpiration. The loss of solutes in root cells where water is this water through transpiration results absorbed selectively through semipermea- in a negative potential within the sub­ ble membranes even when soil matric stomatal chambers , which in turn draw potentials are less than -2 to -3 MPa. water from areas of higher potentials in the xylem tissues. Water then moves into the root tissues in response to the TOLERANCES OF PLANTS TO potential gradient to replace that tran­ DROUGHT AND SALINITY spired through the leaves. The graph in In reviewing the available literature figure 2 illustrates the soil-plant- for drought and salinity tolerances of atmosphere continuum. The large differ­ plants, it is apparent that different ences in potentials from one end of the authors have used many different methods continuum to the other only occur during to evaluate the capacity of plants. In the day when large negative potential this
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